The role of cisapride in the treatment of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 518-528

  Vandenplas, Yvan ^a   Belli, Dominique C ^b   Benatar, Avram ^a   Cadranel, Samy ^c   Cucchiara, Salvatore ^d   Dupont, Christophe ^e   Gottrand, Fréderique ^f   Hassall, Eric ^g   Heymans, Hugo S A ^h   Kearns, Gregory ⁱ   Kneepkens, C M Frank ^j   Koletzko, Sybille ^k   Milla, Peter ^l   Polanco, Isabel ^m   Staiano, Anna Maria ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

^b GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^c Reine Fabiola Hospital   (Belgium)

^d Clinica Pediatrica   (Italy)

^e HÔPITAL SAINT VINCENT DE PAUL   (France)

^f LILLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^g BC CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^h ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

ⁱ CHILDREN S MERCY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^j VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^k LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^l UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^m HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CISAPRIDE;

ARTICLE; CHILD; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ENURESIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INFANT; LONG QT SYNDROME; NEUROTOXICITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SKIN TOXICITY; VERTIGO;

EID: 0033512525     PISSN: 02772116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199905000-00017     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Sondheimer JM. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am 1994;4:55-74.
2. Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy: A pediatric practice-based survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:569-72.
3. McCallum RW, Prakash C, Campoli-Richards DM, Goa KL. Cisapride: A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use as a prokinetic agent in gastrointestinal motility disorders. Drugs 1988;36:652-81.
4. Vandenplas Y. Clinical use of cisapride and its risk/benefit in paediatric patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10:871-81.
5. Vandenplas Y, Belli D, Benhamou P, et al. A critical appraisal of current management practices for infant regurgitation: Recommendations from a working party. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156:343-57.
6. Bernardini S, Semama DS, Huet F, Guyon JB. Effects of cisapride in QTc interval in neonates. Arch Dis Child 1997;77: F241-3.
7. Lupoglazoff JM, Bedu A, Faure C, Denjoy I, Casasoprana A, Cézard JP, Aujard Y. Allongement de l'espace QT sous cisapride chez le nouveau-né et le nourrisson. Arch Pédiatr 1997;4:509-14.
8. Lewin MB, Bryant RM, Fenrich AL, Grifka RG. Cisapride-induced long QT interval. J Pediatr 1996;128:279-81.
9. Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Segantini A, et al. Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1709-14.
10. Guyer B, Martin JA, MacDorman MF, Anderson RN, Strobino DM. Annual summary of vital statistics - 1996. Pediatrics 1997; 100:905-18.
11. Cucchiara S. Cisapride therapy for gastrointestinal disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996;22:259-69.
12. Lander A, Redkar R, Nicholls G, et al. Cisapride reduces neonatal postoperative ileus: Randomised placebo-controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 1997;77:F119-22.
13. Enriquez A, Botisetty S, Patole S, Garvey PA, Campbell PJ. Randomized controlled trial of cisapride in feed intolerance in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998;79: F110-3.
14. Scott RB, Ferreira C, Smith L, Jones AB, Machida H, Lohoues MJ, Roy CC. Cisapride in pediatric gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997;25:499-506.
15. Hatlebakk JG, Berstad A. Pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;31:386-406.
16. Rendic S, Di Carlo F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes: A status report summarizing their reactions, substrates, inducers and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev 1997;29:413-580.
17. Watkins PB. Non-invasive tests of CYP3A enzymes. Pharmacogenetics 1994;4:171-84.
18. Ritschel WA, Kearns GL. Drug biotransformation. In: Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics, 5th Edition. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1998:138.
19. Horsmans Y. Major cytochrome P-450 families: Implications in health and liver diseases. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1997;60:2-10.
20. Vandenplas Y, Lifshitz JZ, Orenstein SR, et al. Nutritional management of regurgitation in infants. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:308-16.
21. Leeder JS, Kearns GL. Pharmacogenetics in pediatrics: Implications for practice. Pediatr Clin North Am 1997;44:55-77.
22. Lacroix D, Sonnier M, Moncion A, Cheron G, Cresteil T. Expression of CYP3A in human liver: Evidence that the shift between CYP3A7 and CYP3A4 occurs immediately after birth. Eur J Biochem 1997;247:625-3421.
23. Cresteil T. Determinants of the ontogenetic development of the human P450 system. Exp Toxic Pathol 1996;48:341.
24. Boehm G, Teichmann B, Krumbiegel P. Hepatic biotransformation capacity in low-birth-weight infants as measured with the (15N)Methacetin urine test: Influences of gestational age, postnatal age, and intrauterine growth retardation. Biol Neonate 1995; 68:19-25.
25. Zamora SA, Belli D, Ferrazzini G, Friedli B. Cisapride prolongs ventricular repolarization but does not generate ventricular late potentials in infants. Submitted for publication, 1999.
26. Gotschall RR, Marcucci K, Leeder JS, Kearns GL. Cisapride biotransformation: Not all CYP3As are created equal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:in press.
27. Meuldermans W, Van Peer A, Hendrickx J, et al. Excretion and biotransformation of cisapride in dogs and humans after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos 1988;16:403-9.
28. Preechagoon Y, Charles B, Piotrovsky V, Donovan T, Van Peer A. Population pharmacokinetics of enterally administered cisapride in young infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; submitted.
29. th Joint Meeting of ESPGHAN/NASPGN, Toulouse, France, May 1998.
30. Van't Klooster G, Piotrovsky V, Van Peer A. Cisapride pharmacokinetics in paediatrics: A review of the data available until June 1998. N 135638, August 1998, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium.
31. Ameer B, Weintraub RA. Drug interactions with grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacokinetics 1997;33:103-21.
32. Goh Y, Gross AS, Shenfeld GM. Grapefruit juice and cisapride pharmacokinetics. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists, Canberran Australia. November 30 to December 3, 1997.
33. Johnston A, Holt DW. Effect of grapefruit juice on blood cyclosporin concentration. Lancet 1995;346:122-3.
34. Verlinden M, Welburn P. The use of prokinetic agents in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders in childhood. In: Milla JP, Ed. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility in childhood. Chichester:Wiley, 1988:125-40.
35. Kelly JA, Widzer SJ. Anorexia and enuresis as side effects of cisapride therapy in children. Gastroenterology 1996;110:A153.
36. Ohta S, Itoh M, Atobe O, Zenda H. Case study of extrapyramidal syndrome apparently due to cisapride. Jap J Hosp Pharm 1996; 22:364-8.
37. Angelini L, Zorzi G, Rumi V, Nardocci N, Mennini T. Transient paroxysmal dystonia in infant possibly induced by cisapride. Ital J Neurol Sci 1996;17:157-9.
38. Ishida M, Otani K, Yasui N, Inoue Y, Kaneka S. Possible interaction between cisapride and bromperidol. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1997;21:235-8.
39. Bottaro G, Rotolo N, Spina M, et al. Cisapride efficacy in gastroesophageal reflux in children. Ped Med Chir 1993;15:141-4.
40. Dieckman K, Maurage C, Rolland JC, Ramponi N, Jonville AP. Torticollis as a side effect of cisapride treatment in an infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996;22:336-8.
41. Woodard-Jenkins J, Woolf A. Spectrum of toxicity seen in cisapride poisoning. J Toxicology 1995;33:490.
42. Franckx J, Deneyer M, VanHauthem H, Vandenplas Y. Can cisapride cause hyperprolactiinemia? IIIrd Belgian Week of Gastroenterology, Knokke, March 7-9, 1991.
43. Boel M. Case report of a cisapride treatment in a child under chronic anti-epileptic treatment. Data provided by Janssen Pharmaceutica.
44. Pillans P. Bronchospasm associated with cisapride. BMJ 1995; 311:1472.
45. Anonymous. Cisapride and asthma development. In: Information on adverse reactions to drugs, no. 138. Japan: Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1996, July 3-5.
46. White CM, Gailey RA, Lippe S. Cholestyramine ointment to treat buttocks rash and anal excoriation in an infant. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:954-6.
47. Kawai T, Kato H, Ishihara T, Nakagawa N, Fujita N, Ikoma J. The case of drug-induced hepatic damage accompanied by marked hyperlipaemia. 173rd Conference of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine, Tokai, Japan, 1997, p. 37.
48. Gavilanes A, Alliët P, Devlieger H, Eggermont E. Cisapride induces cholestasis in the very low birth weight infant of postmenstrual age below 34 weeks. 19th Annual Meeting of the Belgian Society of Paediatrics. Brussels, 1991, March 15-16.
49. Janssens G, Melis K, Vaerenberg M. Long-term use of cisapride (prepulsid) in premature neonates of < 34 weeks of gestational age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990;11:420-2.
50. Ward RW, Lemons JA, Molteni RA. Cisapride: A survey of the frequency of use and adverse effects in premature newborns. Pediatrics 1999;103:469-72.
51. Davignon A, Rautaharju P, Boiselle E, Soumis F, Mégélas M, Choquette A. Normal ECG standards for infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol 1980;1:123-31.
52. Romano C, Gemme G, Pongiglione R. Aritmie cardiache rare ell été Pediatrica. Clin Pediatr 1963;45:656-83.
53. Ward OC. New familial cardiac syndrome in children. J Irish Med Assoc 1964;54:103-6.
54. Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F. Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q-T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957;54:59-68.
55. Villain E, Levy M, Kachaner J, Garson A. Prolonged QT interval in neonates: Benign, transient, or prolonged risk of sudden death. Am Heart J 1992;124:194-7.
56. Wu JM, Wang JN, Lin CS, Lee WL, Wu MH. Long QT syndrome in children. Acta Paediatrica Sinica 1997;38:213-7.
57. Karjalainen J, Viitasalo M, Manttari M, Manninen V. Relation between QT intervals and heart rates from 40 to 120 beats/min in rest electrocardiograms of mean and a simple method to adjust QT interval values. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1547-53.
58. Malik M. If Dr. Bazett had had a computer . . . Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:1635-9.
59. Kligfield P, Lax KG, Okin PM. QT interval-heart rate relation during exercise in normal men and women: Definition by linear regression analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1547-55.
60. Sagie A, Larson MG, Goldberg RJ, Bengston JR, Levy D. An improved method for adjusting the QT-interval for heart rate (the Framingham study). Am J Cardiol 1992;70:797-801.
61. Funck-Brentano C, Jaillon P. Rate-corrected QT-interval: Techniques and limitations. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:17B-22B.
62. Rautahaju PM, Davignon A, Soumis F, Boiselle E, Choquette A. Evolution of QRS-T relationship from birth to adolescence in frank-lead orthogonal electrocardiograms of 1492 normal children. Circulation 1979;60:196-204.
63. Schwartz PJ, Montemerlo M, Facchini M, Salice P, Rosti D, Poggio G, Giorgetti R. The QT interval throughout the first 6 months of life: A prospective study. Circulation 1982;66: 496-501.
64. Drolet B, Khalifa M, Daleau P, Hamelin BA, Turgeon J. Block of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current by the prokinetic agent cisapride underlies drug-related lengthening of the QT interval. Circulation 1998;97:204-10.
65. Puissieux FL, Adamantidis MM, Dumotier BM, Dupuis BA. Cisapride-induced prolongation of cardiac action potential and early after depolarizations in rabbit Purkinje fibres. Br J Pharmacol 1996;117:1377-9.
66. Bayes De Luna A, Vinolas X. QT dispersion and heart rate variability. Eur Heart J 1996;17:165-6.
67. Benedict CR. The QT interval and drug-associated torsades de pointes. Drug Invest 1993;5:69-79.
68. Antzelevitch C, Shimizu W, Yan GX, Sicouri S. Cellular basis for QT-dispersion. J Electrocardiol 1998;30:S168-S75.
69. Cui G, Sen L, Sager P, Uppal P, Singh BN. Effects of amiodarone, sematilide, and solatol on QT-dispersion. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:896-900.
70. Olsson S, Edwards JR. Tachycardia during cisapride treatment. BMJ 1992;305:748-9.
71. Usha Rani P, Naidu MUR, Ramesh-Kumar T, Shobha JC, Kumar A. Tachycardia during cisapride treatment. Indian J Pharmacol 1994;26:233-4.
72. Ingman W, Kubota K, Pearce G, Wilton L. PEM report Number 8. Cisapride. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 1993;2: 445-71.
73. Wager E, Tooley PJH, Pearce GL, Wilton LV, Mann RD. A comparison of two cohort studies evaluating the safety of cisapride: Prescription event monitoring and a large phase IV study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52:87-94.
74. Ingman W, Kubota K. Tachycardia during cisapride treatment. BMJ 1992;305:1019.
75. Cheron G, Bernard F, Sallenave JR, Dupont C. Cisapride: Absence of effects on cardiac rhythm. In: Heading RC, Wood JD, Eds. Gastrointestinal dysmotility: Focus on cisapride. New York: Raven Press, 1992:327-8.
76. Levine A, Fogelman R, Sirota L, Zangen Z, Shamir R, Dinari G. QT-interval in children and infants receiving cisapride. Pediatrics 1998;101:E9.
77. Khongphatthanayothin A, Lane J, Thomas D, Yen L, Chang D, Bubolz B. Effects of cisapride on QT interval in children. J Pediatr 1998;133:51-6.
78. Hill SL, Evangelista JK, Pizzi AM, Mobassaleh M, Fulton DR, Berul C. Proarrhythmia associated with cisapride in children. Pediatrics 1998;101:1053-6.
79. Benatar A, Decraene T, Feenstra A, Vandenplas Y. Effects of cisapride on QTc interval, heart rate and rhythm in infants. Submitted for publication, 1999.
80. Rampe D, Roy ML, Dennis A, Brown AM. A mechanism for the proarrhythmic effects of cisapride: High affinity blockade of the human cardiac potassium channel HERG. FEBS Letters 1997; 417:28-32.
81. Mohammad S, Zhou Z, Gong Q, January CT. Blockage of the HERG human cardiac K+ channel by the gastrointestinal prokinetic agent cisapride. Am J Physiol 1997;273:2534-8.
82. Drolet B, Khalifa M, Daleau P, Hamelin BA, Turgeon J. Block of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current by the prokinetic agent cisapride underlies drug-related lengthening of the QT interval. Circulation 1998;97:204-10.
83. Bavoux F, Héron B, Panis N, Ponsot G. Interaction josamycine/ cisapride: Torsades de pointe chez un enfant. Société Franĉaise de Pharmacologie Clinique et de Thérapeutique, Bordeaux, France, November 7-8, 1996.
84. Virmani J, Hancock EW. Long QT interval in a young woman with severe weakness. Hosp Practice 1997;32:33-35.
85. Bran S, Murray WA, Hirsh JB, Palmer JP. Long QT syndrome during high dose cisapride. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:765-8.
86. van Haarst AD, van't Klooster GAE, van Gerven JMA, et al. The influence of cisapride and clarithromycin on QT intervals in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:542-6.
87. Anonymous. Cisapride: Arrhythmia awareness. Can Med Assoc J 1996;155:69-70.
88. Gibly RL, Walter FG, Kloster J, Theodorou AA, Osterloh J. Cisapride poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 1997;39:231-3.
89. Hanson R, Browne G, Pusher B, Mcaskill M, Moroney P, Hawker R. Cisapride-induced prolonged QT-interval: Too much of a good thing. J Pediatr 1997;130:164-6.
90. Sykora J, Pizingerova K, Stozicky F, Sole J. Invagination as the consequence of cisapride overdosage. Ceskoslovenska Pediatrie 1995;50:735-6.
91. Bedford TA, Rowbotham DJ. Cisapride: Drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Saf 1996;15:167-75.
92. Dziekan G, Contesse J, Werth B, Schwarzer G, Reinhart WH. Cisapride increases peak plasma and saliva ethanol levels under fasting conditions. J Intern Med 1997;242:479-82.
93. Darlington MR. Hypoprothrombinemia induced by warfarin sodium and cisapride. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997;54:320-1.
94. Thomas AR, Chan LN, Bauman JL, Olopade CO. Prolongation of the QT interval related to cisapride-diltiazem interaction. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:381-5.
95. Pettignano R, Chambliss CR, Darsey E, Heard M, Clark R. Cisapride-induced dysrhythmia in a pediatric patient receiving extracorporeal life support. Crit Care Med 1996;24:1268-71.
96. Ahmad S, Wolfe SM. Cisapride and torsades de pointes. Lancet 1995;345:508.
97. Inaba T, Fisher NE, Riddick DS, Stewart DJ, Hidaka T. HIV protease inhibitors, saquinavir, indinavir and ritonavir:inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of testosterone and benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, in human liver microsomes. Toxicology Letters 1997;93:215-9.
98. Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Grassi J, et al. Protease inhibitors of human cytochromes P450:High risk associated with ritonavir. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:106-11.
99. Periti P, Mazzei T, Minni E, Novelli A. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of macrolides. Clin Pharmacokinetic 1992;23:106-31.
100. Mansuy D. Formation of reactive intermediates and metabolites: Effects of macrolide antibiotics on cytochrome P-450. Pharmacol Ther 1987;33:41-5.
101. Jenkins IR, Gibson J. Cisapride, erythromycin and arrhythmia. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996;24:728.
102. Tierney MG, Uhthoff TL, Kravcik S, Wielgosz AT. Potential cisapride-erythromycin interaction. Can J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 4:82-4.
103. Sekkarie MA. Torsades de pointes in two chronic renal failure patients treated with cisapride and clarithromycin. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;30:437-9.
104. Von Rosenstiel NA, Adam D. Macrolide antibacterials: Drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Safety 1995;13:105-22.
105. Owen JR, Nemeroff CB. New antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system: Focus on venlafaxine, nefzodone and mirtazapine. Depress Anxiety 1998;7(Suppl):24-32.
106. De Villiers GS, Walele A, Van der Merwe PL, Kalis NN. Second-degree atrioventricular heart block after doxapram administration. J Pediatr 1998;133:149-50.
107. Kirch W, Janisch HD, Ohnhaus EE, VanPeer A. Cisapridecimetidine interaction: Enhanced cisapride bioavailability and accelerated cimetidine absorption. Ther Drug Monitor 1989;11: 411-4.
108. Valdes L, Champel V, Olivier C, Jonville-Bera AP, Autret E. Malaise avec allongement de l'espace QT chez un nourrisson de 39 jours traité par cisapride. Arch Pediatr 1997;4:535-7.
109. Rowbotham DJ, Milligan K, McHugh P. Effect of single doses of cisapride and ranitidine administered simultaneously on plasma concentrations of cisapride and ranidine. Br J Anaesth 1991;67: 302-5.
110. Castelli G, Van Peer A, Gasparini R, Woestenburghs R, Heykants J, Verlinden M, Capozzi C. Cisapride-ranitidine interaction. Janssen Research Foundation, Clinical Research Report, April 1986.
111. Gunasekaran TS, DuBrow I. Cisapride-induced long QT interval: What is the role of ranitidine? J Pediatr 1997;130:679-80.
112. Vigneri S, Tomini R, Leandro G, et al. A comparison of five maintenance therapies for reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1106-10.
113. Gray VS. Syncopal episodes associated with cisapride and concurrent drugs. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:648-51.
114. Jaillon P, Dupuis B, Dahan R. Etudes électrophysiologiques précliniques et cliniques en vue de la prédiction d'un effet proaruthmique (torsade de pointes) iatrogère. Therapie 1997;52:271-80.
115. Scott RB, Ferreira C, Smith L, Jones AB, Machida H, Lohoues MJ, Roy CC. Cisapride in pediatric gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997;25:499-506.
116. Vandenplas Y, Ashkenazi A, Belli D, et al. A proposition for the diagnosis and treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children: A report from a working group on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Pediatr 1993;152:704-11.
117. Vandenplas Y, Ashkenazi A, Belli D, et al. Reflux oesophagitis in infants and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994;18:413-22.
118. Israel D, Hassall E. Omeprazole and other proton pump inhibitors:pharmacology, efficacy, and safety, with special reference to use in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;27:568-79.
119. Wilson LB, Woodward AM, Ferrara JJ. An acute dystonic reaction with long-term use of ranitidine in an intensive care unit patient. J LA State Med Soc 1997;149:36-8.
120. Hu WH, Wang KY, Hwang DS, Ting CT, Wu TC. Histamine 2 receptor blocker-ranitidine and sinus node dysfunction. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chili Taipei 1997;60:1-5.
121. Alliet P, Devos E. Ranitidine induced bradycardia in a neonate -secondary to congenital long QT interval syndrome? Eur J Pediatr 1994;153:781.
122. Mescheder A, Ebert U, Halabi A, Kirch W. Changes in the effects of nizatidine and famotidine on cardiac performance after pretreatment with ranitidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;45:151-6.
123. 2-receptor antagonists. J Clin Pharmacol 1989;29:472-7.
124. 2-antagonist therapy on left ventricular systolic function and exercise capacity. J Clin Pharmacol 1992;32:1033-7.
125. Meyer EC, Sommers DK, van Wyck M, Avenant JC. Inotropic effects of ranitidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990;39:301-3.
126. Lewis DF, Lake BG. Molecular modelling and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on the interaction of omeprazole with cytochrome P450 isozymes. Toxicology 1998;125:31-44.
127. Yamazaki H, Inoue K, Shaw PM, Checovich WJ, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Different contributions of cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A4 in the oxidation of omeprazole by human liver microsomes: Effects of contents of these two forms in individual human samples. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283:434-42.
128. Koury SI, Stone CK, La Charite DD. Acute hepatitis induced by omeprazole. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16:550-1.
129. Navarro JF, Gallego E, Aviles J. Recurrent severe acute hepatitis and omeprazole. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:1135-6.
130. Viana de Miguel C, Alvarez Garcia M, Sanchez Sanchez A, Carvajal Garcia Pando A. Lansoprazole induced hepatitis. Med Clin Barc 1997;108:599.
131. Masubuchi N, Li AP, Okazaki O. An evaluation of the cytochrome P450 induction potential of pantoprazole in primary human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 1998;114:1-13.
132. Hassall E. Wrap session:Can medical treatment replace antireflux surgery for severe GE reflux in children? Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1212-20.
133. Hassall E. Antireflux surgery in children:Time for a harder look. Pediatrics 1998;101:467-8.
134. Pearl RH, Robie DK, Ein SH. Complications of gastroesophageal antireflux surgery in neurologically impaired versus neurologically normal children. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:1169-73.
135. Martinez DA, Ginn-Pease ME, Caniano DA. Sequelae of antireflux surgery in profoundly disabled children. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:267-73.
136. Tovar JA, Diez Pardo JA, Murcia J, Prieto G, Molina M, Polanco I. Ambulatory 24-hour manometric and pH metric evidence of permanent impairment of clearance capacity in patients with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:1224-31.
137. Lander A. The risks and benefits of cisapride in premature neonates, infants and children. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:469-71.