Clinical use of cisapride and its risk-benefit in paediatric patients

European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 10, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 871-881

  Vandenplas, Yvan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Asthma; Children; Cisapride; Constipation; Cystic fibrosis; Dyspepsia; Gastro oesophageal reflux; Infants; Paediatric; Pseudo obstruction; Respiratory; Small bowel biopsy

Indexed keywords

ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CISAPRIDE; CLARITHROMYCIN; CYTOCHROME P450; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCONAZOLE; IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MACROLIDE; MICONAZOLE; NEFAZODONE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; TROLEANDOMYCIN;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ANOREXIA; ASTHMA; CHILD; CHOLESTASIS; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; COLIC; CONSTIPATION; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIARRHEA; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPEPSIA; ENURESIS; ESOPHAGITIS; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEADACHE; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; INFANT; INTESTINE BIOPSY; NEWBORN; PEDIATRICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOOBSTRUCTION; QT INTERVAL; REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SLURRED SPEECH; STOMACH EMPTYING; TREMOR; VERTIGO;

EID: 0031786877     PISSN: 0954691X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00042737-199810000-00011     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Verlinden M, Welburn P. The use of prokinetic agents in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders in childhood. In: Disorders of Gastrointestinal Motility in Childhood. Milla JP (editor). Chichester: Wiley; 1988. pp. 125-140.
2. Reyntjens A, Verlinden M, Aerts T. Development and clinical use of the new gastrointestinal drug cisapride (R 51619). Drug Develop Res 1986; 8:251-265.
3. Vandenplas Y, Belli D, Benhamou Ph, Cadranel S, Cezard JP, Cucchiara S, et al. A critical reappraisal of current practices for infant regurgitation. Recommendations from a working party. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156:3543-3567.
4. Castro HE, Ferrero GB, Cortina LS, Salces C, Lima M. Efectividad del cisapride en el tratamiento del reflujo gastroesofagico (R.G.E.) en niños. Valoración de un estudio a doble ciego. An Espagnol Ped 1994; 40:5-8.
5. Cucchiara S, Staiano A, Boccieri A, De Stefano M, Capozzi C, Manzi G, et al. Effects of cisapride on parameters of oesophageal motility and on the prolonged intraoesophageal pH test in infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 1990; 31:21-25.
6. Scott RB, Ferreira C, Smith L, Jones AB, Machida H, Louhouse MJ, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of cisapride in pediatric reflux. Gut 1996; 39(suppl 3):A35.
7. Vandenplas Y, De Roy C, Sacre L. Cisapride decreases prolonged episodes of reflux in infants. J Pediat Gastroenterol Nutr 1991; 12:44-47.
8. Van Eygen M, Van Ravensteyn H. Effect of cisapride on excessive regurgitation in infants. Clin Ther 1989; 11:669-677.
9. Cucchiara S, Staiano A, Capozzi C, Di Lorenzo C, Boccieri A, Auricchio S. Cisapride for gastroesophageal reflux and peptic oesophagitis. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62:454-457.
10. Saye Z, Forget P, Geubelle F. Effect of cisapride on gastroesophageal reflux in children with chronic bronchopulmonary disease. Pediat Pulmonol 1987; 3:8-12.
11. Bravo Malus CA, Flores RM. Estudio comparative entre cisaprida y metoclopramida en neonatos con reflujo gastroesofágico. Invest Méd Internac 1995; 22:3-7.
12. Evans DF, Ledingham SJ, Kapilla L. The effect of medical therapy on gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. World Congresses of Gastroenterology. Sydney, Australia. August 26-31, 1990 (Abstract).
13. Gonzalėz Galicia JAG, Galindo SJ, Moran ES. Valoracion clinica y endoscopica de la eficacia de cisaprida en comparacion con metoclopramida en el reflujo gastroesofagico en minos. Invest Méd Internac 1992;19:10-15.
14. Greally P, Hampton FJ, MacFadyen UM, Simpson H. Gaviscon and Carobel compared with cisapride in gastroesophageal reflux. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:618-621.
15. Mundo F, Feregrino H, Fernandez J, Teramoto O, Abad P, Rodriguez C. Clinical evaluation of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. A double blind study of cisapride vs metoclopramide. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85:A29.
16. Rode H, Stunden RJ, Millar AJW, Cywes S. Oesophageal pH assessment of gastro-oesophageal reflux in 18 patients and the effect of two prokinetic agents: cisapride and metoclopramide. J Pediatr Surg 1987; 22:931-934.
17. Wynchank S, Mann MD, Daubenton J, Coutts J, Rode H. Effects of cisapride in paediatric patients. BNMS Annual Meeting. London, UK. April 14-16, 1986 (Abstract).
18. Chevallier B, Gilles I, Dessemme P, Lagardere B. Intėrêt de la pH-metrie sous traitement anti-reflux dans les malaises du nourrison. Arch Fr Pediatr 1993; 50:628-829.
19. Brueton MJ, Clarke GS, Sandhu BK. The effects of cisapride on gastroesophageal reflux in children with and without neurological disorders. Devel Med Child Neurol 1990; 32:629-632.
20. Rode H, Stunden RJ, Millar AJW, Cywes S. Pharmacological control of gastroesophageal reflux in infants with cisapride. Pediatr Surg Intern 1987; 2:22-26.
21. Clarke GS, Sandhu BK, Brueton MJ. The effect of alkaline reflux on gastroesophageal pH monitoring in children. Gastroenterology 1987; 92:1348 (Abstract).
22. Carrasco S, Lama R, Prieto G, Polanco I. Resultados del tratamiento del reflujo gastroesofȧgico y la esofagitis pėptica con Cisapride. An Esp Pediatr 1990; 32:485-488.
23. Cucchiara S, Staiano A, Capozzi C, De Luca G, Quarto B, Boccieri A, et al. Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease by a new prokinetic agent (cisapride). Ital J Pediatr 1987; 14:96-100.
24. Cucchiara S, Minella R, Emilieno M, Scoppa A, Alfieri E, Iervolino C, et al. Do esophageal and gastric functional studies predict clinical cause of gastroesophageal reflux and disease in children? Neurogast Motil 1994; 6:171 (Abstract).
25. Deneyer M, Goossens A, Pipeleers-Marichal M, Hauser B, Blecker U, Sacre L, et al. Esophagitis of likely traumatic origin in newborns. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992; 15:81-84.
26. Daoud G, Medina M, González L, Lopez T, Abraham A, Dahdah J, et al. Cisapride treatment and gastroesophageal reflux in children: assessed by clinical and prolonged intraesophageal pH. First United European Gastroenterology Week. Athens, Greece. September 25-30, 1992 (Abstract).
27. Daoud G, Stanzione C, Abraham A, Lopez C, Henriquez S, Dahdah J, Puig M, et al. Response to cisapride in children with respiratory symptoms and gastroesophageal reflux evaluated by prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring. Second United European Gastroenterology Week. Barcelona, Spain. July 19-24, 1993 (Abstract).
28. DuPont C, Chouraqui JP, LeLuyer B, Olives JP, Poujol A, Meyer M, et al. Etude de l'efficacitė et de la tolėrance du cisapride dans la traitement du reflux gastro-oesophagien de l'enfant. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1995; 42:515-525.
29. Malfroot A, Vandenplas Y, Verlinden M, Piepsz A, Dab I. Gastroesophageal reflux and unexplained chronic respiratory disease in infants and children. Pediatr Pulmon 1987; 3:208-213.
30. Saye Z, Forget P. Effect of cisapride on gastroesophageal pH monitoring in children with reflux-associated chronic bronchopulmonary disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 8:327-332.
31. Blecker U, De Pont SMHB, Hauser B, Chouraqui TP, Gottrand F, Vandenplas Y. The role of 'occult' gastroesophageal reflux in chronic pulmonary disease in children. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1995; 58:348-352.
32. Dordal MT, Baltazar MA, Roca I, Marques L, Server MT, Botoy J. Toux spasmodique nocturne chez l'enfant. Evolution aprės traitement antireflux. Allergie et Immunologie 1994; 26:53-58.
33. Tucci F, Resti M, Fontana R, Novembre E, Lami CA, Vierucci A. Gastroesophageal reflux and bronchial asthma: prevalence and effect of cisapride therapy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1993; 17:265-270.
34. Del Rio B, Arciniega RD, Sienra MT, Ponce H. Studies of anti-reflux treatment associated with gastroesophageal reflux (GOR) in children. Ann Allergy 1994; 72:94 (Abstract).
35. La Grutta S, Fuca MD, Pera A. Correlation between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and asthma: evaluation of an improved therapeutic approach. Ann Allergy 1993; 70:64.
36. Vanderwinden JM, Van der Veken E, Dassonville M, Lerminiaux C, Perimutter N, de Laet M-H. Long term relief after treatment with cisapride in a case of idiopathic dyskinetic Sandifer syndrome. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1989; 36:278 (F9).
37. Vandenplas Y, Deneyer M, Verlinden M, Aerts T, Sacre L. Gastroesophageal reflux incidence and respiratory dysfunction during sleep in infants: treatment with cisapride. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 8:31-36.
38. Daoud G, Gonzalez L, Medine M, Stanzione C, Abraham A, Puig M, Daoud N, et al. Efficacy of cisapride in infants with apnea and gastroesophageal reflux evaluated by prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring. Second United European Gastroenterology Week. Barcelona, Spain. July 19-24, 1993 (Abstract).
39. Vandenplas Y, Ashkenazi A, Belli D, Bolge N, Gouquet J, Cadranel S, et al. A proposition for the diagnosis and treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children. Eur J Paediatr 1993; 152:704-711.
40. Rode H, Melis J, Cywes S. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: a double-blind, controlled comparison of cisapride with either infant Gaviscon, Nestargel or placebo-primary result. In: Gastrointestinal Dysmotility: Focus on Cisapride. Heading RC. Wood JD (editors). New York: Raven Press; 1992. p. 326.
41. Cucchiara S, Santamaria F, Andreotti MR, Minella R, Ercolini P, Oggero V, et al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66:617-622.
42. Dab I, Malfroot A. Gastroesophageal reflux: a primary defect in cystic fibrosis? Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23(suppl 143):125-131.
43. Bali A, Stableforth DE, Asquith P. Prolonged small-intestinal transit time in cystic fibrosis. BMJ 1983; 287:1011.
44. Daoud G, Abraham A, Gonzȧlez L, Puig M, Daoud N, Haskour Y, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in children with cystic fibrosis assessed by prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring. Second United European Gastroenterology Week. Barcelona, Spain. July 19-24, 1993.
45. Dab I, Malfroot A. Long term follow-up of cystic fibrosis patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux and treated with cisapride. 10th International Cystic Fibrosis Congress. Sydney, Australia. March 5-9, 1988 (Abstract).
46. Cucchiara S, Raia V, Minella R, Frezza T, De Vizzia B, De Ritis G. Ultrasound measurement of gastric emptying time in patients with cystic fibrosis and effect of ranitidme on delayed gastric emptying. J Pediatr 1996; 128:485-488.
47. Koletzko S, Corey M, Ellis L, Spino M, Stringer DA, Dune PR. Effect of cisapride in patients with cystic fibrosis and distal intestinal obstruction syndrome. J Pediatr 1990; 117:815-822.
48. Prinsen JE, Thomas M. Cisapride in cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1985; 1:512-513.
49. Santamaria F, Oggero V, Raia V, Salvatore D, Vittoria L, de Ritis G. Cisapride and cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9:539.
50. Smith HL, Handy DJ, Weller PH, Booth IW. Cisapride and cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1989; 1:338.
51. Hyman PE. Absent postprandial duodenal motility in a child with cystic fibrosis. Correction of the symptoms and manometric abnormality with cisapride. Gastroenterology 1986; 90:1274-1279.
52. Cucchiara S, Minella R, Iorio R, Emiliano M, Az-Zegeh N, Vallone G, et al. Real-time ultrasound reveals gastric motor abnormalities in children investigated for dyspeptic symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 21:446-453.
53. Riezzo G, Cucchiara S, Chiloiro M, Minella R, Guerra V, Giorgio I. Gastric emptying and myoelectrical activity in children with nonulcer dyspepsia. Effect of cisapride. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:1428-1434.
54. Cucchiara S, Minella R, Riezzo G, Vallone G, Vallone P, Castellone F, et al. Reversal of gastric electric dysrhythmias by cisapride in children with functional dyspepsia. Report of three cases. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:1136-1140.
55. Cucchiara S, Bortolotti M, Minella R, Manzi G, Vitiello G, Iervolino C, et al. Children with functional gastrointestinal symptoms: effects of cisapride on fasting antroduodenal motility, gastric emptying of liquids and symptoms. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 4:627-633.
56. Cucchiara S, Staino A, Colombo C, De Stefano M, Ronchi A, Boccieri A. Effects of cisapride on anti-duodenal (A-D) motility and on duodenogastric reflux (DGR) in children with functional dyspepsia (FD). ESPGAN, Budapest, 1989 (Abstract).
57. Staiano A, Del Giudice E, Santoro L, Marsullo G, Marino A. Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in children with progressive muscular dystrophy. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:A586 (Abstract).
58. Cohen NP, Booth IW, Parashar K, Corkery JJ. Successful management of idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction with cisapride. J Pediat Surg 1988; 23:229-230.
59. Coombs RC, Booth IW. Small intestinal motor activity response to cisapride in children with dysmotility syndromes. Gut 1989; 30:A1473-1474 (Abstract).
60. Di Lorenzo C, Reddy SN, Villanueva-Meyer J, Mena I, Martin S, Hyman PE. Cisapride in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. An acute, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:1564-1570.
61. Dunbar F, Rode H, Haus M. Medical intervention in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. International Symposium on Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Motor Disorders. Adelaide, Australia. September 2-4, 1990 (Abstract).
62. Hyman PE, Napolitana JA, Diego A, Patel S, Flores AF, Grill MB, et al. Antroduodenal manometry in the evaluation of chronic functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Pediatrics 1990; 86:39-44.
63. Hyman PER, McDiarmid SV, Napolitano J, Abrams CE, Tomomasa T. Antroduodenal motility in children with chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction. J Pediat 1988; 112:899-905.
64. Hyman PE, Di Lorenzo C, McAdams L, Flores AF, Tomomosa T, Garvey TQ. Predicting the clinical response to cisapride in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:832-836.
65. Puntis JWL, Booth IW, Buick R. Cisapride in neonatal short gut Lancet 1986; 1:108-109.
66. Reid B, Berseth CL. Using diagnostic duodenal manometry to predict success of two prokinetic agents in infants and children. 9th Biennial Meeting of the American Motility Society. Traverse City, Michigan, USA. September 28-October 1, 1996.
67. Rode H, Dunbar F, Melis J, Cywes S. Medical intervention in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. In: Gastrointestinal Dysmotility: Focus on Cisapride. Heading RD, Wood JD (editors). New York: Raven Press; 1992. p. 345.
68. Santer R, Leung YK. Improvement of intestinal morphology during cisapride therapy in pediatric pseudo-obstruction. Gastroenterology 1989; 96:A439.
69. Vanderwinden J-M, Dassonville M, Van der Veken E, Cadranel S, De Laet M-H. Post-necrotising enterocolitis pseudo-obstruction treated with cisapride. Z Kinderchir 1990; 45:282-285.
70. Perisic VN, Kos R, Kokai G. Acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome): the premonitory manifestations of ongoing rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Gastroenterol 1993: 12:67-68.
71. Mazloum BW, Barnes JB, Lee M. Cisapride as a successful treatment for acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction. South Med J 1996; 89:828-830.
72. Barrett AM, Buick RG, Corkery JJ, Gornall P, Booth IW. Cisapride in prolonged post-operative functional obstruction in the newborn. Brit Ass Paed Surgeons, XXXVI Annual International Congress. Birmingham, UK. July 19-21, 1989 (Abstract).
73. Bindl L, Buderus S, Ramirez M, Kirchhoff P, Lentze MJ. Cisapride reduces postoperative gastrocaecal transit time after cardiac surgery in children. Int Care Med 1996; 22:977-980.
74. Murray RD, Ulysses B, Li K, Juhling McClung H, Heitlinger L, Rehm D. Cisapride for intractable constipation in children: observations from an open trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990; 11:503-508.
75. Nurko S, Garcia JA, Guerrero V, Use of cisapride in the treatment of children with chronic intractable constipation (CIC). Gastroenterology 1991; 100:A476.
76. Valcke R, Van Hollebeke J, De Praeter N, Samuel K. Cisapride in the treatment of children and infants with dyschezia and soiling. II Progresso Medico 1987; 43(suppl 1):181-185.
77. Cadranel S. Effect of cisapride in chronically constipated children. 19th International Congress of Pediatrics, Paris, France. July 22-28, 1989 (Abstract).
78. Staiano A, Cucchiara S, Andreotti MS, Minella R, Manzi G. Effect of cisapride on chronic idiopathic constipation in children. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 104:733-736.
79. Burns C, Spender Q, Milla PJ. The effect of cisapride on intubation for jejunal biopsy in children. Digestion 1986; 34:154-155.
80. Wärngård O, Lewander P, Stenhammar L. Effect of cisapride on duration of small bowel biopsy. Swedish Physicians Annual Meeting, December 5-7, 1990.
81. Fraser S. Gray PH. Cisapride in the neonatal unit: does it have a role? J Paediatr Child Health 1993; 29:A38.
82. Galivanes A, Alli't Ph, Devlieger H, Eggermont E. Cisapride induces cholestasis in the very low birth weight infant of postmenstrual age below 34 weeks. 19th Annual Meeting of the Belgian Society of Pediatrics, Brussels, Belgium. March 15-16, 1991.
83. Janssens G. Effect of cisapride in premature neonates at risk of pseudo-obstruction. An open pilot study. Acta Antwerpiensia 1987; 4:6-10.
84. Janssens G. Melis K, Vaerenberg M. Long-term use of cisapride (Prepulsid) in premature neonates of <34 weeks gestational age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990; 11:420-422.
85. Melis K, Janssens G. Long-term use of cisapride (Prepulsid) in premature neonates. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1990; LIII:372-375.
86. Vandenplas Y, Sacre L, Loeb H. The effect of cisapride on gastric stasis and gastroesophageal reflux in premature infants. In: Progress in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders: the Rote of Cisapride. Johnson AG, Lux G (editors). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1989. pp. 158-163.
87. Faure C, Bedu A, Lupoglazoff JM, Denjoy I, Aujard Y, Casasoprana A, et al. Allongement de l'espace QT sous cisapride chez le nouveau-ne et le nourrison. Abstract presented at Groupe Francophone d'Hepatology, Gastroenterologie et Nutrition Pediatriques. Nancy, France. March 28-29, 1996.
88. Bernardini S, Semana DS, Huet F, Gouyon JB. Effects of cisapride on QTc intervals in neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1997; 77:241-243.
89. Lewin MB, Bryant RM, Fenrich AL, Grifka RG. Cisapride induced long QT interval. J Pediatr 1996; 128:279-281.
90. Angelli L, Zorzi G, Rumi V, Nardocci N, Mennini T. Transient paroxysmal dystonia in an infant possibly induced by cisapride. Ital J Neurol Sci 1996; 17:157-159.
91. Dieckman K, Maurage C, Rolland JC, Ramponi N, Jonville AP. Torticollis as a side effect of cisapride treatment in an infant. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 22:336-338.
92. Woodard-Jenkins J, Woolf A. Spectrum of toxicity seen in cisapride poisoning. J Toxicology 1995; 33:490.
93. Bottaro G, Rotolo N, Spina M, Azzaro F, Galletta C, Romano D, et al. Efficacy of cisapride in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ped Med Chir (Med Surg Ped) 1993; 15:141-144.
94. Boel M. Case report of a cisapride treatement in a child under chronic anti-epileptic treatment. Data provided by Janssen Pharmaceutica.
95. Pettignano R, Chambliss CR, Darsey E, Heard M, Clark R. Cisapride-induced dysrhythmia in a pediatric patient receiving extracorporeal life support. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1268-1271.
96. Bavoux F, Hėron B, Panis N, Ponsot G. Interaction josamycine/cisapride torsade de pointe chez un enfant. Réunion de la Société Française de Pharmacologie Clinique et Thérapeutique, Bordeaux, France, November 7-8, 1996 (p. 74)
97. Champel V, Jonville Bera AP, Valdes L, Autret E, Olivier C. Malaise avec allongement de l'espace QT chez un nourisson de 39 jours au cours d'un traitement associant cisapride/ranitidine. Réunion de la Société Française de Pharmacologie Clinique et Thėrapeutique, 18èmes Journėes de Pharmacovigilance. Bordeaux, France. November 7-8, 1996: p. 75.
98. Cheron G, Bernard F, Sallenave JR, Dupont C. Cisapride: absence of effects on cardiac rhythm. In: Gastrointestinal Dysmotility: Focus on Cisapride. Heading RC, Wood JD (editors). New York: Raven Press; 1992. pp. 327-328.
99. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:290-291.
100. Bayes De Luna A, Vinolas X. QT dispersion and heart rate variability. Eur Heart J 1996; 17:165-166.
101. Benedict CR. The QT interval and drug-associated torsades de pointes. Drug Invest 1993; 5:69-79.
102. Bran S, Murray WA, Hirsch IB, Palmer JP. Long QT syndrome during high dose cisapride. Arch Int Med 1995; 155:765-768.
103. Woodard-Jenkins J, Woolf A. Spectrum of toxicity seen in cisapride poisoning. J Toxicology 1995; 33:490.
104. Ingman W, Kubota K. Tachycardia during cisapride treatment. BMJ 1992; 305:1019.
105. Bedford TA, Rowbotham DJ. Cisapride. Drug interactions of clinical significance. Drugs Safety 1996; 15:167-175.
106. Medical position paper. Report from the NASPGN Therapeutic Subcommittee. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23:395-398.