Signals that initiate myelination in the developing mammalian nervous system

Molecular Neurobiology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 83-100

  Colello, R J ^a   Pott, U ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

Author keywords

Axon caliber; Development; Differentiation; Electrical activity; Glia; Myelin; Oligodendrocyte; Saltatory conduction; Schwann cell

Indexed keywords

MYELIN PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CYTOLOGY; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; HUMAN; MAMMAL; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE FIBER; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SCHWANN CELL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; AXONS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEMYELINATING DISEASES; HUMANS; MAMMALS; MYELIN PROTEINS; MYELIN SHEATH; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PERIPHERAL NERVES; SCHWANN CELLS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0031195978     PISSN: 08937648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02740617     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Abney E. R., Williams B. P., and Raff M. C. (1983) Tracing the development of oligodendrocytes from precursor cells using monoclonal antibodies, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and cell culture. Dev. Biol. 100, 166-171.
2. Aguayo A. J., Dickson R., Trecarten J., Attiwell M., Bray G. M., and Richardson P. (1978) Ensheathment and myelination of regenerating PNS fibers by transplanted optic nerve glia. Neurosci. Let. 9, 97-104.
3. Aguayo A. J., Charron L., and Bray G. M. (1976) Potential of Schwann cells from unmyelinated nerves to produce myelin: a quantitative ultrastructural and autoradiographic study. J. Neurocytol. 5, 563-573.
4. Armstrong R. C., Harvath L., and Dubois-Dalcq M. E. (1991) Type 1 astrocytes and oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte progenitors migrate toward distinct molecules. J. Neurosci. Res. 27, 400-407.
5. Bahr M., Hopkins J. M., and Bunge R. P. (1991) In vitro myelination of regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons by Schwann cells. Brain Res. 574, 178-192.
6. Barres B. A., Hart I. K., Coles H. S. R., Burne J. F., Voyvodic J. T., Richardson W. D., and Raff M. C. (1992) Cell death and control of cell survival in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Cell 7, 31-46.
7. Barres B. A. and Raff M. C. (1993) Proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells depends on electrical activity in axons. Nature 361, 258-260.
8. Bermingham J. R. Jr, Scherer S. S., O'Connell S., Arroyo E., Kalla K. A., Powell F. L., and Rosenfeld M. G. (1996) Tst-1/Oct-6/SCIP regulates a unique step in peripheral myelination and is required for normal respiration. Genes Dev. 10, 1751-1762.
9. Bhat S. and Silberberg D. H. (1988) Developmental expression of neural cell adhesion molecules of oligodendrocytes in vivo and in culture. J. Neurocliem. 50, 1830-1838.
10. Blanchard A. D., Sinanan A., Parmantier E., Zwart R., Broos L., Meijer D., Meier C., Jessen K. R., and Mirsky R. (1996) Oct-6 (SCIP/Tst-1) is expressed in Schwann cell precursers, embryonic Schwann cells and postnatal myelinating Schwann cells: comparison with Oct-1, Krox-20, and Pax-3. J. Neurosci. Res. 46, 630-640.
11. Bradel E. J. and Prince F. P. (1983) Cultured rat oligodendrocytes elaborate myelin in the absence of neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 9, 381-392.
12. Brunden K. R. and Brown D. T. (1990) P0 mRNA expression in cultures of Schwann cells and neurons that lack basal lamina and myelin. J. Neurosci. Res. 27, 159-168.
13. Bunge M. B., Williams A. K., and Wood P. M. (1982) Neuron-Schwann cell interaction in basal lamina formation. Dev. Biol. 92, 449-460.
14. Bunge M. B. and Bunge R. P. (1986) Linkage between Schwann cell extracellular matrix production and ensheathment function. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 486, 241-247.
15. Carenini S., Montag D., Cremer H., Schachner M., and Martini R. (1997) Absence of the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) interferes with the maintenance, but not with the formation of peripheral myelin. Cell Tissue Res. 287, 3-9.
16. Carey D. J., Todd M. S., and Rafferty C. M. (1986) Schwann cell myelination: induction by exogenous basement membrane-like extracellular matrix. J. Cell Biol. 102, 2254-2263.
17. Chandross K. J., Chanson M., Spray D. C., and Kessler J. A. (1995) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and forskolin modulate gap junctional communication and cellular phenotype of cultured Schwann cells. J. Neurosci. 15, 262-273.
18. Cheng L. and Mudge A. W. (1996) Cultured Schwann cells constitutively express the myelin protein P0. Neuron 16, 309-319.
19. Colello R. J., Pott U., and M. E. Schwab (1994) The role of oligodendrocytes and myelin on axon maturation in the developing rat retinofugal pathway. J. Neurosci. 14, 2594-2605.
20. Colello R. J., Devey L. R., Imperato E., and Pott U. (1995) The chronology of oligodendrocyte differentiation in the rat optic nerve: evidence for a signaling step initiating myelination in the CNS. J. Neurosci. 15, 7665-7672.
21. Collarini E. J., Kuhn R., Marshall C. J., Monuki E. S., Lemke G., and Richardson W. D. (1992) Down-regulation of the POU transcription factor SCIP is an early event in oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Development 116, 193-200.
22. Compston A., Scolding N., Wren D., and Noble M. (1991) The pathogenesis of demyelinating disease: insights from cell biology. TINS 14, 175-182.
23. Crespo D., Verduga R., Villegas J., and Fernandez-viadera C. (1995) Dimorphic myelin in the rat optic nerve as a result of retinal activity blockage by tetrodotoxin during early postnatal period. Histol. Histopathol. 10, 289-299.
24. David S., Miller R. H., Patel R., and Raff M. C. (1984) Effects of neonatal transection on glial development in the rat optic nerve: evidence that the oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte lineage depends on axons for its survival. J. Neurocytol. 13, 961-974.
25. Demerens C., Stankoff B., Logak M., Anglade P., Allinquant B., Couraud F., Zalc B., and Lubetzki C. (1996) Induction of myelination in the central nervous system by electrical activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9887-9892.
26. Dong Z., Brennan A., Liu N., Yarden Y., Lefkowitz G., Mirsky R., and Jessen K. R. (1995) Neu differentiation factor is a neuron-glia signal and regulates survival, proliferation, and maturation of rat Schwann cell precursors. Neuron 15, 585-596.
27. Dubois-Dalcq M., Behar T., Hudson L., and Lazzarini R. A. (1986) Emergence of three myelin proteins in oligodendrocytes cultured without neurons. J. Cell Biol. 102, 384-392.
28. Duncan D. J. (1934) A relation between axon diameter and myelination as determined by measurements of myelinated spinal rat fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 60, 437-472.
29. Duncan I. D. (1996) Glial cell transplantation and remyelination of the central nervous system. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 22, 87-100.
30. Duncan I. D. and Hoffman R. L. (1997) Schwann cell invasion of the central nervous system of the myelin mutants. J. Anat. 190, 35-49.
31. Einheber S., Milner T. A., Giancotti F., and Salzer J. L. (1993) Axonal regulation of Schwann cell integrin expression suggests a role for alpha 6 beta 4 in myelination. J. Cell Biol. 123, 1223-1236.
32. Einheber S., Hannocks M. J., Metz C. N., Rifkin D. B., and Salzer J. L. (1995) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 regulates axon/Schwann cell interactions. J. Cell Biol. 129, 443-458.
33. Eldridge C. F., Bunge M. B., and Bunge R. P. (1989) Differentiation of axon-related Schwann cells in vitro: II. Control of myelin formation by basal lamina. J. Neurosci. 9, 625-638.
34. Espinosa de los Monteros A., Zhang M., and de Vellis J. (1993) O-2A progenitor cells transplanted into the neonatal rat brain develop into oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 50-54.
35. Felts P. A., and Smith K. J. (1992) Conduction properties of central nervous fibers remyelinated by Schwann cells. Brain Res. 574, 178-192.
36. Feltri M. L., Scherer S. S., Nemni R., Kamholz J., Vogelbacker H., Scott M. O., Canal N., Quaranta V., and Wrabetz L. (1994) Beta 4 integrin expression in myelinating Schwann cells is polarized, developmentally regulated and axonally dependent. Development 120, 1287-1301.
37. Fernandez-Valle C., Gwynn L., Wood P. M., Carbonetto S., and Bunge M. B. (1994) Anti-beta 1 integrin antibody inhibits Schwann cell myelination. J. Neurobiol. 25, 1207-1226.
38. Fraher J. P. (1972) A quantitative study of anterior root fibers during early myelination. J. Anat. 112, 99-129.
39. Fraher J. P. (1992) The CNS-PNS transitional zone of the rat. Morphometric studies at cranial and spinal levels. Prog. Neurobiol. 38, 261-316.
40. Franklin R. J. and Blakemore W. F. (1993) Requirements for Schwann cell migration within CNS environments: a viewpoint. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 11, 641-649.
41. Friede R. and Samorajski T. (1967) The relationship between the number of myelin lamellae and axon circumferance in fibers of the vagus and sciatic nerves of mice. J. comp. Neurol. 130, 223-232.
42. Friede R. L. and Samorajski T. (1968) Myelin formation in the sciatic nerve of the rat. A quantitative electron microscope, histochemical and radioautographic study. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 27, 546-571.
43. Friede R., (1972) Control of myelin formation by axon caliber (with a model of control mechanism). J. comp. Neurol. 130, 223-232.
44. Fruttiger M., Montag D., Schachner M., and Martini R. (1995) Crucial role for the myelin-associated glycoprotein in the maintenance of axon-myelin integrity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 511-515.
45. Fukui Y., Hayasaka S., Bedi K. S., Ozaki H. S., and Takeuchi Y. (1991) Quantitative study of the development of the optic nerve in rats reared in the dark during early postnatal life. J. Anat. 174, 37-47.
46. Fulton B. P., Burne J. F., and Raff M. C. (1991) Glial cells in the rat optic nerve. The search for the type-2 astrocyte. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 633, 27-34.
47. Fulton B. P., Burne J. F., and Raff M. .C (1992) Visualization of O-2A progenitor cells in developing and adult rat optic nerve by quisqualate-stimulated cobalt uptake. J. Neurosci. 12, 4816-4833.
48. Galli L. and Maffei L. (1988) Spontaneous impulse activity of rat retinal ganglion cells in prenatal life. Science 242, 90-91.
49. Gao F. B., Durand B., and Raff M. (1997) Oligodendrocyte percursor cells count time but not cell divisions before differentiation. Current Biol. 2, 152-155.
50. Gillespie C. S., Sherman D. L., Blair G. E., and Brophy P. J. (1994) Periaxin, a novel protein of myelinating Schwann cells with a possible role in axonal ensheathment. Neuron 12, 497-508.
51. Gilmore S. A. and Sims T. J. (1986) The role of Schwann cells in the repair of glial cell deficits in the spinal cord, in: Neural Transplantation and Regeneration (Das G. D. and Wallace R. B. eds.) Springer, New York, pp. 245-269.
52. Goldman J. E. (1992) Regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. TINS 15, 359-361.
53. Goldman J. E., Zerlin M., Newman S., Zhang L., and Gensert J. (1997) Fate determination and migration of progenitors in the postnatal mammalian CNS. Dev. Neurosci. 19, 42-48.
54. Gorgels T. G. (1990) A quantative analysis of axon outgrowth, axon loss, and myelination in the rat pyramidal tract. Brain. Res. Dev. Brain. Res. 54, 51-61.
55. Grinspan J. B., Marchionni M. A., Reeves M., Coulaloglou M., and Scherer S. S. (1996) Axonal interactions regulate Schwann cell apoptosis in developing peripheral nerve: neuregulin receptors and the role of neuregulins. J. Neurosci. 16, 6107-6118.
56. Groves A. K., Barnett S. C., Franklin R. J., Crang A., Mayer M., Blakemore W. F., and Noble M. (1993) Repair of demyelinated lesions by transplantation of purified O-2A progenitor cells. Nature 362, 453-455.
57. Guenard V., Gwynn L. A., and Wood P. M. (1995) Transforming growth factor-beta blocks myelination but not ensheathment of axons by Schwann cells in vitro. J. Neurosci. 15, 419-428.
58. Gyllensten L. and Malmfors T. (1963) Myelinization of the optic nerve and its dependence on visual function: a quantitative investigation in mice. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 11, 255-266.
59. Hahn A. F., Ghang Y., and deF. Webster H. (1987) Development of myelinated nerve fibers in the sixth cranial nerve of the rat: a quantitative electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 260, 491-500.
60. Hayes W. P. and Meyer R. L. (1989) Impulse blockade by intraocular tetrodoxin during optic regenerationin goldfish: HRP-EM evidence that the formation of normal numbers of optic synapses and the elimination of exuberant optic fibres is actively independent. J. Neurosci. 9, 1414-1423.
61. Hildebrand C. and Waxman S. G. (1984) Postnatal differentiation of rat optic nerve fibers: electron microscopic observations on the development of nodes of Ranvier and axoglial relations. J. Comp. Neurol. 224, 25-37.
62. Hildebrand C., Remahl S., Persson H., and Bjartmar C. (1993) Myelinated nerve fibres in the CNS. Prog. in Neurobiol. 40, 319-384.
63. Hynes R. O. and Lander A. D. (1992) Contact and adhesive specificities in the associations, migrations, and trageting of cells and axons. Cell 68, 303-322.
64. Jaegle M., Mandemakers W., Broos L., Zwart R., Karis A., Visser P., Grosveld F., and Meijer D. (1996) The POU factor Oct-6 and Schwann cell differentiation. Science 273, 507-510.
65. Jessen K. R. and Mirsky R. (1992) Schwann cells: early lineage, regulation of proliferation and control of myelin formation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2, 575-581.
66. Jessen K. R., Mirsky R., and Morgan L. (1987) Axonal signals regulate the differentiation of non-myelin-forming Schwann cells: an immunohistochemical study of galactocerebroside in transected and regenerating nerves. J. Neurosci. 7, 3362-3369.
67. Jessen K. R., Brennan A., Morgan L., Mirsky R., Kent A., Hashimoto Y., and Gavrilovic J. (1994) The Schwann cell precursor and its fate: a study of cell death and differentiation during gliogenesis in rat embryonic nerves. Neuron 12, 509-527.
68. Kidd G. J., Hauer P. E., and Trapp B. D. (1990) Axons modulate myelin protein messenger RNA levels during central nervous system myelination in vivo. J. Neurosci. Res. 26, 409-18.
69. Kiernan B. W. and ffrench-Constant C. (1993) Oligodendrocyte precursor (O-2A progenitor cell) migration: a model system for the study of cell migration in the developing central nervous system. Development 1993 (Suppl.), 219-225.
70. 2-HC finger that recognizes a glia-specific gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 12, 5632-5639.
71. Lander A. D. (1989) Understanding the molecules of neural cell contacts: emerging patterns of structure and function. TINS 12, 189-195.
72. Lemke G. and Chao M, (1988) Axons regulate Schwann cell expression of the major myelin and NGF receptor genes. Development 102, 499-504.
73. Lemke G., Lamar E., and Patterson J. (1988) Isolation and analysis of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein zero. Neuron 1, 73-83.
74. Lemke G. (1996) Neuregulins in development. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 7, 247-262.
75. Li, C., Tropak M. B., Gerlai R., Clapoff S., Abramow-Newerly W., Trapp B., Peterson A., and Roder J. (1994) Myelination in the absence of myelin-associated glycoprotein. Nature 369, 747-750.
76. Looney G. A. and Elberger A. J. (1986) Myelination of the corpus callosum in the cat; time course, topography, and functional implications. J. Comp. Neurol. 248, 336-347.
77. Lubetzki C., Demerens C., Anglade P., Villarroya H., Frankfurter A., Lee V. M.-Y., and Zalc B. (1993) Even in culture, oligodendrocytes myelinate solely axons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 6820-6824.
78. Mahanthappa N. K., Anton, E. S., and Matthew, W. D. (1996) Glial growth factor 2, a soluble neuregulin, directly increases Schwann cell motility and indirectly promotes neurite outgrowth. J. Neurosci. 16, 4673-4683.
79. Martini R. and Schachner M. (1986) Immunoelectron microscopic localization of neural cell adhesion molecules (L1, N-CAM, and MAG) and their shared carbohydrate epitope and myelin basic protein in developing sciatic nerve. J. Cell Biol. 103, 2439-2448.
80. Martini, R., Mohajeri M. H., Kasper S., Giese K. P., and Schachner M. (1995) Mice doubly deficient in the genes for PO and myelin basic protein show that both proteins contribute to the formation of the major dense line in peripheral nerve myelin. J. Neurosci. 15, 4488-4495.
81. Matthews M. A. and Duncan D. (1968) A quantitative study of morphological changes accompanying the initiation and progress of myelin production in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 142, 1-22.
82. McKinnon R. D., Toshimitsu M., Dubois-Dalq M., and Aaronson S. (1990) FGF modulates the PDGF-driven pathway of oligodendrocyte development. Neuron 5, 603-614.
83. McKinnon R. D., and Dubois-Dalcq M. (1996) Cytokines and growth factors in the development and regeneration of oligodendrocytes, in Cytokines and the CNS (Ransohoff R.M. and Benveniste E.N., eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 85-114.
84. McMorris F. A. and Dubois-Dalcq M. (1988) Insulin-like growth factor I promotes cell proliferation and oligodendroglial commitment in rat glial progenitor cells developing in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 21, 199-209.
85. McMorris F. A. and McKinnon R. D. (1996) Regulation of oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination by growth factors: prospects for therapies of demyelinating diseases. Brain Pathol. 6, 313-329.
86. McPhilemy K., Mitchell L. S., Griffiths I. R., Morrison S., Deary A. W., Sommer I., and Kennedy P. G. (1990) Effect of optic nerve transection upon myelin protein gene expression by oligodendrocytes: evidence for axonal influences on gene expression. J. Neurocytol. 19, 494-503.
87. Meador-Woodruff J. H., Lewis B. L., and DeVries G. H. (1984) Cyclic AMP and calcium as potential mediators of stimulation of cultured Schwann cell proliferation by axolemma-enriched and myelin-enriched membrane fractions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122, 373-380.
88. Mews M. and Meyer M. (1993) Modulation of Schwann cell phenotype by TGF-beta 1: inhibition of P0 mRNA expression and downregulation of the low affinity NGF receptor. Glia 8, 208-217.
89. Minghetti L., Goodearl A. D., Mistry K., and Stroobant P. (1996) Glial growth factors I-III are specific mitogens for glial cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 43, 684-693.
90. Mirsky R., Winter J., Abney E. R., Pruss R. M., Gavrilovic J., and Raff M. C. (1980) Myelin specific proteins and glycolipids in rat Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in culture. J. Cell Biol. 84, 483-494.
91. Mirsky R. and Jessen K. R. (1990) Schwann cell development and the regulation of myelination. Sem. Neurosci. 2, 423-435.
92. Montag D., Giese K. P., Bartsch U., Martini R., Lang Y., Bluthmann H., Karthigasan J., Kirschner D. A., Wintergerst E. S., Nave K. A., et al. (1994) Mice deficient for the myelin-associated glycoprotein show subtle abnormalities in myeliṅ. Neuron 13, 229-246.
93. Monuki E. S., Kuhn R., Weinmaster G., Trapp B. D., and Lemke G. (1990) Expression and activity of the POU transcription factor SCIP. Science 249, 1300-1303.
94. Monuki E. S., Kuhn R., and Lemke G. (1993) Repression of the myelin P0 gene by the POU transcription factor SCIP. Mech. Dev. 42, 15-32.
95. Moore C. L., Kalil R., and Richards W. (1976) Development of myelination in optic tract of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 165, 125-136.
96. Morell P. (1984) Myelin. New York, Plenum.
97. Morgan L., Jessen K. R., and Mirsky R. (1991) The effects of cAMP on differentiation of cultured Schwann cells: progression from an early phenotype (04+) to a myelin phenotype (P0+, GFAP-, N-CAM-, NGF-receptor-) depends on growth inhibition. J. Cell Biol. 112, 457-67.
98. Morgan L., Jessen K. R., and Mirsky R. (1994) Negative regulation of the P0 gene in Schwann cells: suppression of P0 mRNA and protein induction in cultured Schwann cells by FGF2 and TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3. Development 120, 1399-1409.
99. Morrissey T. K., Levi A. D., Nuijens A., Sliwkowski M. X., and Bunge R. P. (1995) Axon-induced mitogenesis of human Schwann cells involves heregulin and p185erbB2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1431-1435.
100. Murphy P., Topilko P., Schneider-Maunoury S., Seitanidou T., Baron-Van Evercooren A., and Charnay P. (1996) The regulation of Krox-20 expression reveals important steps in the control of peripheral glial cell development. Development 122, 2847-2857.
101. Niessen C. M., Cremona O., Daams H., Ferraresi S., Sonnenberg A., and Marchisio P. C. (1994) Expression of the integrin alpha 6 beta 4 in peripheral nerves: localization in Schwann and perineural cells and different variants of the beta 4 subunit. J. Cell Sci. 107, 543-552.
102. Notterpek L. M. and Rome L. H. (1994) Functional evidence for a role of axolemma in CNS myelination. Neuron 13, 473-485.
103. Owens G. C. and Bunge R. P. (1989) Evidence for an early role for myelin-associated glycoprotein in the process of myelination. Glia 2, 119-128.
104. Owens G. C., Boyd C. J., Bunge R. P., and Salzer J. L. (1990) Expression of recombinant myelin-associated glycoprotein in primary Schwann cells promotes the initial investment of axons by myelinating Schwann cells. J. Cell Biol. 111, 1171-1182.
105. Owens G. C. and Bunge R. P. (1991) Schwann cells infected with a recombinant retrovirus expressing myelin-associated glycoprotein antisense RNA do not form myelin. Neuron 7, 565-575.
106. Payne H. R., Hemperly J. J., and Lemmon V. (1996) N-Cadherin expression and function in cultured oligodendrocytes. Dev. Brain Res. 97, 9-15.
107. Peters A. and Vaughn J. E. (1970) Myelination. Thomas, Springfield, Il, pp. 3-79.
108. Poltorak M., Asoul E., Keilhauer G., Landa C., Fahrig T., and Schachner M. (1987) Myelin-associated glycoprotein, a member of the L2/HNK-1 family of neural cell adhesion molecultes, is involved in neuron-oligodendrocyte and oligodendrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction. J. Cell Biol. 105, 1893-1899.
109. 2 zinc finger gene, rKr2, is expressed in differentiated rat oligodendrocytes and encodes a protein with a functional represser domain. J. Neurochem. 65, 1955-1966.
110. 2 zinc finger gene, rKr1, expressed in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 38, 109-121.
111. Pringle N. and Richardson W. D. (1993) A singularity of PDGF alpha-receptor expression in the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube may define the origin of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Development 117, 525-533.
112. Raff M., Miller R. H., and Noble M. (1983) A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium. Nature 303, 390-396.
113. Raff M., Lillien L. E., Richardson W. D., Burne J. F., and Noble M. D. (1988) Platelet-derived growth factor from astrocytes drives the clock that times oligodendrocyte development in culture. Nature 333, 562-565.
114. Reh T. and Kalil K. (1982) Development of the pyramidal tract in the hamster.II. An electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 205, 77-88.
115. Rome L. H., Bullock P. N., Chiappelli F., Cardwell M., Adinoff A. M., and Swanson D. (1986) Synthesis of a myelin-like membrane by oligodendrocytes in culture. J. Neurosci. Res. 15, 49-65.
116. Samorajski T. and Friede R. L. (1968) A quantitative electron microscopic study of myelination in the pyramidal tract of rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 134, 323-338.
117. Scherer S. S., Vogelbacker H. H., and Kamholz J. (1992) Axons modulate the expression of proteolipid protein in the CNS. J. Neurosci. Res. 32, 138-148.
118. Scherer S. S., Wang D. Y., Kuhn R., Lemke G., Wrabetz L., and Kamholz J. (1994) Axons regulate Schwann cell expression of the POU transcription factor SCIP. J. Neurosci. 14, 1930-1942.
119. Scherer S. S., Xu, Y. T., Bannerman P. G., Sherman D. L., and Brophy P. J. (1995) Periaxin expression in myelinating Schwann cells: modulation by axon-glial interactions and polarized localization during development. Development 121, 4265-4273.
120. Scherer S. S. and Salzer J. L. (1996) Axon-Schwann cell interactions during peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration, in Glia Cell Development, (Jessen K. R. and Richardson W. D., eds.), Bios Scientific, Oxford, UK, pp. 165-196.
121. Shah N. M., Marchionni M. A., Isaacs I., Stroobant P., and Anderson D. J. (1994) Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to a glial fate. Cell 77, 349-360.
122. Shrager P. and Novakovic S. D. (1995) Control of myelination, axonal growth, and synapse formation in spinal cord explants by ion channels and electrical activity. Dev. Brain. Res. 88, 86-78.
123. Skoff R. P., Toland D., and Nast E. (1980) Pattern of myelination and distribution of neuroglial cells along the developing optic system of the rat and rabbit. J. Comp. Neurol. 191, 237-253.
124. Small R. K., Riddle P., and Noble M. (1987) Evidence for migration of oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte progenitor cells into the developing rat optic nerve. Nature 328, 155-157.
125. Stewart H. J. S., Eccleston P. A., Jessen K. R., and Mirsky R. (1991) Interaction between cAMP elevation, identified growth factors, and serum components in regulating Schwann cell growth. J. Neurosci. Res. 30, 346-352.
126. Stewart H. J. (1995) Expression of c-Jun, Jun B, Jun D and cAMP response element binding protein by Schwann cells and their precursors in vivo and in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1366-1375.
127. Stewart H. J., Rougon G., Dong Z., Dean C., Jessen K. R., and Mirsky R. (1995) TGF-betas upregulate NCAM and L1 expression in cultured Schwann cells, suppress cyclic AMP-induced expression of O4 and galactocerebroside, and are widely expressed in cells of the Schwann cell lineage in vivo. Glia 15, 419-436.
128. Stewart H. J., Mirsky R., and Jessen K. R. (1996a) The Schwann cell lineage: embryonic and early postnatal development, in Glial Cell Development, (Jessen K. R. and Richardson W. D., eds.), Bios Scientific, Oxford, UK, pp. 1-30.
129. Stewart H. J., Bradke F., Tabernero A., Morrell D., Jessen K. R., and Mirsky R. (1996b) Regulation of rat Schwann cell P0 expression and DNA synthesis by insulin-like growth factors in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 553-564.
130. Syroid D. E., Maycox P. R., Burrola P. G., Liu N., Wen D., Lee K. F., Lemke G., and Kilpatrick T. J. (1996) Cell death in the Schwann cell lineage and its regulation by neuregulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9229-9234.
131. Szuchet S., Polak P. E., and Yim S. H. (1986) Mature oligodendrocytes cultured in the absence of neurons recapitulate the onogenic development of myelin membranes. Dev. Neurosci. 8, 208-221.
132. Tauber H., Waehneldt T. V., and Neuhoff V. (1980) Myelination in rabbit optic nerves is accelerated by artificial eye opening. Neurosci. Let. 16, 235-238.
133. Timsit S., Martinez S., Allinquant B., Peyron F., Puelles L., and Zalc B. (1995) Oligodendrocytes. originate in a restricted zone of the embryonic ventral neural tube defined by DM-20 mRNA expression. J. Neurosci. 15, 1012-1024.
134. Topilko P., Schneider-Maunoury S., Levi G., Baron-Van Evercooren A., Chennoufi A. B., Seitanidou T., Babinet C., and Charnay P. (1994) Krox-20 controls myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Nature 371, 796-799.
135. Trapp B. D., Andrews S. B., Cootauco C., and Quarles R. (1989) The myelin-associated glycoprotein is enriched in multivesicular bodies and periaxonal membranes of actively myelinating oligodendrocytes. J. Cell Biol. 109, 2417-2426.
136. Voyvodic J. T. (1989) Target size regulates calibre and myelination of sympathetic axons. Nature 342, 430-433.
137. Weinberg H. J. and Spencer P. S. (1976) Studies on the control of myelinogenesis. II. Evidence for neuronal regulation of myelin production. Brain Res. 113, 363-378.
138. Weinberg H. J. and Spencer P. S. (1979) Studies on the control of myelinogenesis. 3. Signalling of oligodendrocy te myelination by regenerating peripheral axons. Brain Res. 162, 273-279.
139. Weinstein D. E., Burrola P. G., and Lemke G. (1995) Premature Schwann cell differentiation and hypermyelination in mice expressing a targeted antagonist of the POU transcription factor SCIP. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 6, 212-229.
140. Wood P. M. and Bunge R. P. (1975) Evidence that sensory axons are mitogenic for Schwann cells. Nature 256, 662-664.
141. Young J. Z. (1945) History of the shape of a nerve fibre, in Essays on Growth and Form, presented to d'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, pp. 41-94.
142. Zeller N. K., Behar T. N., Dubois-Dalcq M. E., and Lazzarini R. A. (1985) The timely expression of myelin basic protein gene in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes is independent of continuous neuronal influences. J. Neurosci. 5, 2955-2962.
143. Zorick T. S. and Lemke G. (1996) Schwann cell differentiation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 870-876.