Regulation of sinusoidal perfusion: In vivo methodology and control by endothelins

Seminars in Liver Disease

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 383-396

  Clemens, Mark G ^a   Zhang, Jian X ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Endothelin receptors; Endothelins; Hepatic sinusoids; Intravital microscopy

Indexed keywords

CARBON MONOXIDE; ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR; NITRIC OXIDE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD VESSEL REACTIVITY; LIVER BLOOD FLOW; LIVER INJURY; LIVER PERFUSION; LIVER SINUSOID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; STELLATE CELL; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

EID: 0033427019     PISSN: 02728087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1007127     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Lautt WW, Greenway CV. Conceptual review of the hepatic vascular bed. Hepatology 1987;7:952-963
2. Ezzat WR, Lautt WW. Hepatic arterial pressure-flow autoregulation is adenosine mediated. Am J Physiol 1987;252:H836-H845
3. Huet PM, Pomier-Layrargues G, Villeneuve JP, Varin F, Viallet A. Intrahepatic circulation in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1986;6:277-286
4. Varin F, Huet PM. Hepatic microcirculation in the perfused cirrhotic rat liver. J Clin Invest 1985;76:1904-1912
5. Villeneuve JP, Dagenais M, Huet PM, Roy A, Lapointe R, Marleau D. The hepatic microcirculation in the isolated perfused human liver. Hepatology 1996;23:24-31
6. Cai ZS, Luxon BA, Forker EL. Intralobular zonal heterogeneity and hepatic indicator dilution curves. Am J Physiol 1995;268: G189-G199
7. Weiss M. A note on the interpretation of tracer dispersion in the liver. J Theor Biol 1997;184:1-6
8. Cardoso JE, Giroux L, Kassissia I, Houssin D, Habib N, Huet PM. Liver function improvement following increased portal blood flow in cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 1994;107:460-467
9. Kassissia I, Brault A, Huet PM. Hepatic artery and portal vein vascularization of normal and cirrhotic rat liver. Hepatology 1994;19:1189-1197
10. Stammler L, Reichen J, Oehler R, Bianchi L, Landmann L. Decreased hepatocellular volume and intact morphology of tight junctions in calcium deprivation-induced cholestasis. Stereological and multiple indicator dilution analysis. J Hepatol 1990; 10:318-326
11. Gouma DK, Coelho JCU, Schlegel J, Fisher JD, Li YF, Moody FG. Estimation of hepatic blood flow by hydrogen gas clearance. Surgery 1986;99:439-444
12. Szabo G, Benyo I, Sandor J, Benyo Z. Estimation of the hepatic blood flow in the dog with the Xe133 and hydrogen wash-out, Au198-colloid uptake techniques and with the electromagnetic flowmeter. Res Exp Med 1976;169:69-76
13. Paumgartner G, Probst P, Kraines R, Leevy CM Kinetics of indocyanine green removal from the blood. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970;170:134-147
14. Asher EF, Rowe RL, Garrison RN, Fry DE. Experimental bacteremia and hepatic nutrient blood flow. Circ Shock 1986;20: 43-49
15. Chaudry IH, Schleck S, Clemens MG, Kupper TE, Baue AE. Altered hepatocellular active transport. An early change in peritonitis. Arch Surg 1982;117:151-157
16. Garrison RN, Ratcliffe DJ, Fry DE. Hepatocellular function and nutrient blood flow in experimental peritonitis. Surgery 1982; 92:713-719
17. Wang P, Ba ZF, Chaudry IH. Hepatic extraction of indocyanine green is depressed early in sepsis despite increased hepatic blood flow and cardiac output. Arch Surg 1991;126:219-224
18. Henderson JM, Hanna SS. Effective liver blood flow: determination by galactose clearance. Can J Surg 1983;26:129-132
19. Schirmer WJ, Townsend MC, Schirmer JM, Hampton WW, Fry DE. Galactose clearance as an estimate of effective hepatic blood flow: validation and limitations. J Surg Res 1986;41:543-556
20. Molino G, Avagnina P, Belforte G, Bircher J. Assessment of the hepatic circulation in humans: New concepts based on evidence derived from a D-sorbitol clearance method. J Lab Clin Med 1998;131:393-405
21. Almond NE, Wheatley AM. Measurement of hepatic perfusion in rats by laser Doppler flowmetry. Am J Physiol 1992;262: G203-G209
22. Wheatley AM. Does laser-Doppler flowmetry provide a quantitative measure of hepatic perfusion? Am J Physiol 1994;266: G960-G962
23. Wheatley AM, Almond NE, Stuart ET, Zhao D. Interpretation of the laser Doppler flow signal from the liver of the rat. Microvasc Res 1993;45:290-301
24. Wheatley AM, Hickman R. The influence of flow and hematocrit on the laser Doppler flux signal from the surface of the perfused pig liver. Microcirculation 1995;2:19-25
25. Bone HG, Schenarts PJ, Fischer SR, McGuire R, Traber LD, Traber DL. Pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate reverses hyperdynamic circulation in septic sheep. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1991-1999
26. Kassab S, Miller MT, Hester R, Novak J, Granger JP. Systemic hemodynamics and regional blood flow during chronic nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in pregnant rats. Hypertension 1998;31: 315-320
27. Martin CM, Sibbald WJ. Modulation of hemodynamics and organ blood flow by nitric oxide synthase inhibition is not altered in normotensive, septic rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1539-1544
28. Stuart ET, Wheatley AM. Redistribution of portal venous but not hepatic arterial flow is induced by hepatic nerve stimulation 7n the perfused rat liver. Arch Physiol Biochem 1995;103:99-108
29. Reilly FD, McCuskey RS, Cilento EV. Hepatic microvascular regulatory mechanisms. I. Adrenergic mechanisms. Microvasc Res 1981;21:103-116
30. Reilly FD, Dimlich RV, Cilento EV, McCuskey RS. Hepatic microvascular regulatory mechanisms. II. Cholinergic mechanisms. Hepatology 1982;2:230-235
31. Reilly FD, Dimlich RV, Cilento EV, McCuskey RS. Hepatic microvascular regulatory mechanisms. III. Aminergic mechanisms as related to mast cells. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1983;2:61-73
32. Reilly FD, Cilento EV, McCuskey RS. Hepatic microvascular regulatory mechanisms. V. Effects of lodoxamide tromethamine or phentolamine-HC1 on vascular responses elicited by serotonin. Microcirc Endothel Lymph 1984;1:671-689
33. Reilly FD, Dimlich RV. Hepatic microvascular regulatory mechanisms. VI. Effects of lodoxamide tromethamine or phentolamine-HC1 on early hemodynamic and glucoregulatory alterations evoked by endotoxin. Microcirc Endothel Lymph 1985; 2:271-292
34. McClugage SGJ, McCuskey RS. "In vivo" microscopic study of the response of the hepatic microvascular system to carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Microvasc Res 1971;3:354-360
35. McCuskey RS. A dynamic and static study of hepatic arterioles and hepatic sphincters. Am J Anat 1966;119:455-477
36. McCuskey RS. Dynamic microscopy anatomy of the fetal liver. I. Microcirculation. Angiology 1967;18:648-653
37. McCuskey RS, Urbaschek R, McCuskey PA, Urbaschek B. In vivo microscopic studies of the responses of the liver to endotoxin. Klin Wochenschr 1982;60:749-751
38. McCuskey RS, Urbaschek R, McCuskey PA, Urbaschek B. In vivo microscopic observations of the responses of Kupffer cells and the hepatic microcirculation to mycobacterium bovis BCG alone and in combination with endotoxin. Infect Immun 1983; 42:362-367
39. McCuskey RS, Reilly FD, McCuskey PA, Dimlich RV. In vivo microscopy of the hepatic microvascular system. Bibl Anat 1979;18:73-76
40. Stock RJ, Cilento EV, McCuskey RS. A quantitative study of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran transport in the microcirculation of the isolated perfused rat liver. Hepatology 1989;9:75-82
41. MacPhee PJ, Schmidt EE, Groom AC. Intermittence of blood flow in liver sinusoids, studied by high-resolution in vivo microscopy. Am J Physiol 1995;269:G692-G698
42. Chun K, Zhang J, Biewer J, Ferguson D, Clemens MG. Microcirculatory failure determines lethal hepatocyte injury in ischemic/reperfused rat livers. Shock 1994;1:3-9
43. Clemens MG, McDonagh PF, Chaudry IH, Baue AE. Hepatic microcirculatory failure after ischemia and reperfusion: improvement with ATP-MgC12 treatment. Am J Physiol 1985;248: H804-H811
44. Ferguson D, McDonagh PF, Biewer J, Paidas CN, Clemens MG. Spatial relationship between leukocyte accumulation and microvascular injury during reperfusion following hepatic ischemia. InU Microcirc Clin Exp 1993;12:45-60
45. MacPhee PJ. Schmidt EE, Groom AC. Evidence for Kupffer cell migration along liver sinusoids, from high-resolution in vivo microscopy. Am J Physiol 1992;263:G17-G23
46. Zhang JX, Pegoh WJ, Clemens MG. Endothelin-1 induces direct constriclion of hepatic sinusoids. Am J Physiol 1994;266: G624-G632
47. Zhang JX, Bauer M, Clemens MG. Vessel and target cell specific actions of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in rat liver. Am J Physiol 1995;269:G269-G277
48. Bauer M, Zhang JX, Bauer I, Clemens MG. ET-I induced alterations of hepatic microcirculation: sinusoidal and extrasinusoidal sites of action. Am J Physiol 1994;267:G143-G149
49. Pannen BHJ, Bauer M, Zhang JX, Robotham JL. Clemens MG. A time-dependent balance between endothelins and nitric oxide regulating portal resistance after endotoxin. Am J Physiol 1996;271:H1953-H1961
50. Pannen BH. Bauer M, Zhang JX, Robotham JL. Clemens MG. Endotoxin pretreatmenl enhances portal venous contractile response to endothelin-1. Am J Physiol 1996;270:H7-15
51. Drugas GT. Chun KE, Miescher EA, Clemens MG. Maturational differences in hepatic microhemodynamics in rats. J Surg Res 1993;54:246-253
52. Bauer I, Bauer M, Pannen BH, Leinwand MJ, Zhang JX. Clemens MG. Chronic ethanol consumption exacerbates liver injury following hemorrhagic shock: role of sinusoidal perfusion failure. Shock 1995;4:324-331
53. Zimmerhackl B, Parekh N, Brinkhus H, Steinhausen M. The use of fluorescent labeled erythrocytes for intravital investigation of flow and local hematocrit in glomerular capillaries in the rat. Int J Microcirc CIm Exp 1983;2:119-129
54. Gross JF. Aroesty J. Mathematical models of capillary flow: a critical review. Biorheology 1972;9:225-264
55. Scholz R. Thurman RG, Williamson JR, Chance B, Bucher T. Flavin and pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction changes in perfused rat liver. I. Anoxia and subcellular localization of fluorescent flavoproteins. J Biol Chem 1969;244:2317-2324
56. Ji S, Lemasters JJ, Thurman RG. A non-invasive method to study metabolic events within sublobular regions of hemoglobin-free perfused liver. FEBS Lett 1980;113:37-42
57. Thurman RG, Lemasters JJ. New micro-optical methods to study metabolism in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule. Drug Metab Rev 1988;19:263-281
58. Olson MJ, Thurman RG. Quantitation of ketogenesis in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987;253:26-37
59. Thurman RG, Kauffman FC. Sublobular compartmentation of pharmacologic events (SCOPE): Metabolic fluxes in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule. Hepatology 1985;5: 144-151
60. Thurman RG, Ji S, Lemasters JJ. Alcohol-induced liver injury. The role of oxygen. Recent Dev Alcohol 1984;2:103-117
61. Ji S, Lemasters JJ, Christenson V, Thurman RG. Periportal and pericentral pyridine nucleotide fluorescence from the surface of the perfused liver: Evaluation of the hypothesis that chronic treatment with ethanol produces pericentral hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:5415-5419
62. Ji S, Lemasters JJ, Thurman RG. Ethanol-induced changes in the intralobular oxygen gradient of perfused rat liver. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 13 (suppl 1):41-45
63. Suzuki H, Suematsu M, Ishii H, Kato S, Miki H, Mori M, Ishimura Y, Nishino T, Tsuchiya M. Prostaglandin El abrogates early reductive stress and zone-specific paradoxical oxidative injury in hypoperfused rat liver. J Clin Invest 1994;93: 155-164
64. Burkhardt M, Vollmar B, Menger MD. In vivo analysis of hepatic NADH fluorescence. Methodological approach to exclude Ito-cell vitamin A-derived autofluorescence. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;454:83-89
65. Pannen BH, Kohler N, Hole B, Bauer M, Clemens MG, Geiger KK. Protective role of endogenous carbon monoxide in hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Clin Invest 1998;102:1220-1228
66. Suematsu M, Oda M, Suzuki H, Kaneko H, Watanabe N, Furusho T, Masushige S, Tsuchiya M. Intravital and electron microscopic observation of Ito cells in rat hepatic microcirculation. Microvasc Res 1993;46:28-42
67. Vollmar B, Richter S, Menger MD. Liver ischemia/reperfusion induces an increase of microvascular leukocyte flux, but not heterogeneity of leukocyte trafficking. Liver 1997;17:93-98
68. Suematsu M, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Chavez-Chavez RH, Yee TT, Tamatani T, Miyasaka M, DeLano FA, Zweifach BW. In vivo visualization of oxidative changes in microvessels during neutrophil activation. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H881-891
69. Zhang JX, Jones DV, Clemens MG. Effect of activation on neutrophil-induced hepatic microvascular injury in isolated rat liver. Shock 1994;1:273-278
70. Spolarics Z, Stein DS, Garcia ZC. Endotoxin stimulates hydrogen peroxide detoxifying activity in rat hepatic endothelial cells. Hepatology 1996;24:691-696
71. Kooy NW, Royall JA, Ischiropoulos H, Beckman JS. Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123. Free Radic Biol Med 1994;16:149-156
72. Sherman IA, Pappas SC, Fisher MM. Hepatic microvascular changes associated with development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 1990;258:H460-H465
73. Clemens MG, Bauer M, Gingalewski C, Miescher E, Zhang JX. Hepatic intercellular communication in shock and inflammation. Shock 1994;2:1-9
74. Wake K. Perisinusoidal stellate cells (fat-storing cells, interstitial cells, lipocytes), their related structure in and around the liver sinusoids, and vitamin A-storing cells in extrahepatic organs. Int Rev Cytol 1980;66:303-353
75. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, Yazaki Y, Goto K, Masaki T. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988;332:411-415
76. Gandhi CR, Stephenson K, Olson MS. Endothelin, a potent peptide agonist in the liver. J Biol Chem 1990;265:17432-17435
77. Kawada N, Tran-Thi TA, Klein H, Decker K. The contraction of hepatic stellate (Ito) cells stimulated with vasoactive substances. Possible involvement of endothelin 1 and nitric oxide in the regulation of the sinusoidal tonus. Eur J Biochem 1993;213:815-823
78. Pinzani M, Failli P, Ruocco C, Casini A, Milani S, Baldi E, Giotti A, Gentilini P. Fat-storing cells as liver-specific pericytes. Spatial dynamics of agonist-stimulated intracellular calcium transients. J Clin Invest 1992;90:642-646
79. Rockey DC, Housset CN, Friedman SL. Activation-dependent contractility of rat hepatic lipocytes in culture and in vivo. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1795-1804
80. Okumura S, Takei Y, Kawano S, et al. Vasoactive effect of endothelin-1 on rat liver in vivo. Hepatology 1994;19:155-161
81. Rockey DC, Boyles JK, Gabbiani G, Friedman SL. Rat hepatic lipocytes express smooth muscle actin upon activation in vivo and in culture. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1992;24:193-203
82. Rockey D. The cellular pathogenesis of portal hypertension: stellate cell contractility, endothelin, and nitric oxide. Hepatology 1997;25:2-5
83. Rockey DC, Weisiger RA. Endothelin induced contractility of stellate cells from normal and cirrhotic rat liver: implications for regulation of portal pressure and resistance. Hepatology 1996; 24:233-240
84. Suematsu M, Goda N, Sano T, Kashiwagi S, Egawa T, Shinoda Y, Ishimura Y. Carbon monoxide: An endogenous modulator of sinusoidal tone in the perfused rat liver. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2431-2437
85. 4-cirrhotic rat are heterogeneous with regard to proliferation, expression of extracellular matrix components, interleukin-6, and connexin 43. Lab Invest 1993;69:210-216
86. Shah V, Haddad FG, Garcia-Cardena G, Frangos JA, Mennone A, Groszmann RJ, Sessa WC. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are responsible for nitric oxide modulation of resistance in the hepatic sinusoids. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2923-2930
87. Bauer M, Zhang JX, Bauer I, Clemens MG. Endolhelin-1 as a regulator of hepatic microcirculation: sublobular distribution of effects and impact on hepatocellular secretory function. Shock 1994;1:457-465
88. Higuchi H, Satoh T. Endothelin-1 induces vasoconstriction and nitric oxide release via endothelin ET(B) receptors in isolated perfused rat liver. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;328:175-182
89. Ito Y, Katori M, Majima M, Kakita A. Constriction of mouse hepatic venules and sinusoids by endothelins through ETB receptor subtype. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1996;16:250-258
90. Kurihara T, Akimoto M, Kurokawa K, et al. ET-3 sensitive reduction of tissue blood How in rat liver. Life Sci. 1992;51:L101-L106
91. Wang HG, Shibamoto T, Miyahara T. Endothelin-1 selectively contracts portal vein through both ETA and ETB receptors in isolated rabbit liver. Am J Physiol 1997;273:G1036-G1043
92. Aharinejad S, Nourani F, Egerbacher M, et al. Sphincters of canine hepatic sublobular veins respond to endothelin-1 and 3. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1997;196:299-309
93. Faro R, Grassi-Kassisse DM, Donato JL, et al. Role of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in the arterial vasculature of the isolated canine liver. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;26(suppl 3): S204-S207
94. Yokoyama Y, Baveja R, Sonin NV, Nakanishi K. Zhang JX, Clemens MG. Expression and localization of endothelin B receptors in LPS priming. Shock 1999;11(suppl):A16
95. Rockey DC. Characterization of endothelin receptors mediating rat hepatic stellate cell contraction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;207:725-731
96. Bauer M, Bauer I, Sonin NV, et al. Functional significance of endothelin-B receptor expression in endotoxemia. Shock 1999;11 (suppl):A13
97. Imakita M, Yamanaka N, et al. Effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist TAK-044 on hepatocyte element alterations in the ischemic-reperfused liver in Beagle dogs. J Hepatol 1998;28: 204-211
98. Kawamura E, Yamanaka N, Okamoto E, Tomoda F, Furukawa K. Response of plasma and tissue endothelin-1 to liver ischemia and its implication in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatology 1995;21:1138-1143
99. Nakamura S, Nishiyama R, Serizawa A, et al. Hepatic release of endothelin-1 after warm ischemia. Reperfusion injury and its hemodynamic effect. Transplantation 1995;59:679-684
100. Liu B, Zhou J, Chen H, et al. Expression and cellular location of endothelin-1 mRNA in rat liver following endotoxemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 1997;110:932-935
101. Sonin NV, Garcia-Pagan JC, Nakanishi K, Zhang JX, Clemens MG. Patterns of vasoregulatory gene expression in the liver response to ischemia/reperfusion and endotoxemia. Shock 1999; 11:175-179
102. Poo JL, Jimenez W, Maria MR, et al. Chronic blockade of endothelin receptors in cirrhotic rats: hepatic and hemodynamic effects. Gastroenterology 1999;116:161-167
103. Gandhi CR, Nemoto EM, Watkins SC, Subbotin VM. An endothelin receptor antagonist TAK-044 ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury and portal hypertension in rats. Liver 1998;18:39-48
104. Gandhi CR, Sproat LA, Subbotin VM. Increased hepatic endothelin-1 levels and endothelin receptor density in cirrhotic rats. Life Sci 1996;58:55-62
105. Bauer M, Paquette NC, Zhang JX, et al. Chronic ethanol consumption increases hepatic sinusoidal contractile response to endothelin-1 in the rat. Hepatology 1995;22:1565-1576
106. Nanji AA, Khwaja S, Khettry U, Sadrzadeh SM. Plasma endothelin levels in chronic ethanol fed rats: Relationship to pathologic liver injury. Life Sci 1994;54:423-428
107. Oshita M, Takei Y, Kawano S, et al. Roles of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in the mechanism for ethanol-induced vasoconstriction in rat liver. J Clin Invest 1993;91:1337-1342
108. Dhar DK, Yamanoi A, Ohmori H, et al. Modulation of endothelin and nitric oxide: a rational approach to improve canine hepatic microcirculation. Hepatology 1998;28:782-788
109. Ohuchi T, Tada K, Akamatsu K. Endogenous ET-1 contributes to liver injury induced by galactosamine and endotoxin in isolated perfused rat liver. Am J Physiol 1995;268:G997-1003
110. Pannen BH, Bauer M, Noldge-Schomburg GF, et al. Regulation of hepatic blood flow during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock: Role of NO and endothelins. Am J Physiol 1997;272: H2736-H2745
111. Pannen BH, Al-Adili F, Bauer M, Clemens MG, Geiger KK. Role of endothelins and nitric oxide in hepatic reperfusion injury in the rat. Hepatology 1998;27:755-764
112. Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Endothelin antagonism in experimental hepatic fibrosis. Implications for endothelin in the pathogenesis of wound healing. J Clin Invest 1996;98:1381-1388
113. Urakami A, Todo S, Zhu Y, et al. Attenuation of ischemic liver injury by monoclonal anti-endothelin antibody, AwETN40. J Am Coll Surg 1997;185:358-364
114. Marsden PA, Brenner BR. Transcriptional regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by TNF-α. Am J Physiol 1992;262:C854-C861
115. Kourembanas S, Marsden PA, McQuillan LP, Faller DV. Hypoxia induces endothelin gene expression and secretion in cultured human endothelium. J Clin Invest 1991;88:1054-1057
116. Gallois C, Habib A, Tao J, et al. Role of NF-kappaB in the antiproliferative effect of endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human hepatic stellate cells. Involvement of cydooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 1998;273:23183-23190
117. Clemens MG, Bauer M, Pannen BH, Bauer I, Zhang JX. Remodeling of hepatic microvascular responsiveness after ischemia/ reperfusion. Shock 1997;8:80-85
118. Garcia-Pagán J-C, Zhang JX, Sonin NV, Nakanishi K, Clemens MG. Ischemia/reperfusion induces an increase in the hepatic portal vasoconstrictive response to endothelin-1. Shock 1999;11: 325-329
119. Pastor CM, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide causes hyporeactivity to phenylephrine in isolated perfused livers from endotoxin-treated rats. Am J Physiol 1995;268:G177-G182
120. Clemens MG, Chun K, Miescher E, Jones DV, Zhang J. Leukocyte dependent and independent hepatic microvascular injury during reperfusion after warm ischemia. Prog Appl Microcirc 1993;19:139-151
121. Mayumi T, Chan CK, Clemens MG, Bulkley GB. Zonal heterogeneity of hepatic injury following shock/resuscitation: relationship of xanthine oxidase activity to localization of neutrophil accumulation and central lobular necrosis. Shock 1996;5:324-332
122. Rai RM, Zhang JX, Clemens MG, Diehl AM. Gadolinium chloride alters the acinar distribution of phagocytosis and balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Shock 1996;6:243-247
123. Unger LS, Cryer HM, Garrison RN. Differential response of the microvasculature in the liver during bacteremia. Circ Shock 1989;29:335-344
124. Eguchi H, Sato N, Minamiyama M, Matsumura T, Kawano S, Kamada T. Heterogeneous response in hepatic sinusoidal blood flow to acute ethanol ingestion in rats. Alcohol Alcohol 1987; (suppl 1):519-521
125. Faro F, Ferraz JG, Stella HJ, et al. Ethanol reduces the endothelin-B receptor-mediated increase in portal inflow resistance in the isolated, perfused canine liver. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;31 (Suppl 1): S284-S286
126. Reinehr RM, Kubitz R, Peters-Regehr T, Bode JG, Haussinger D. Activation of rat hepatic stellate cells in culture is associated with increased sensitivity to endothelin 1. Hepatology 1998;28: 1566-1577
127. Redmond EM, Cahill PA, Hodges R, Zhang R, Sitzmann JV. Regulation of endothelin receptors by nitric oxide in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 1996;166: 469-479
128. Mustafa SB, Gandhi CR, Harvey SA, Olson MS. Endothelin stimulates platelet-activating factor synthesis by cultured rat Kupffer cells. Hepatology 1995;21:545-553
129. Suematsu M, Wakabayashi Y, Ishimura Y. Gaseous monoxides: a new class of microvascular regulator in the liver. Cardiovasc Res 1996;32:679-686
130. Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat hepatic lipocytes and the effect of nitric oxide on lipocyte contractility. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1199-1206
131. Helyar L, Bundschuh DS, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Induction of hepatic Ito cell nitric oxide production after acute endotoxemia. Hepatology 1994;20:1509-1515
132. Goda N, Suzuki K, Naito M, et al. Distribution of heme oxygenase isoforms in rat liver. Topographic basis for carbon monoxide-mediated microvascular relaxation. J Clin Invest 1998;101:604-612
133. Bauer I, Wanner GA, Rensing H, et al. Expression pattern of heme oxygenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 in normal and stress-exposed rat liver. Hepatology 1998;27:829-838
134. Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Reduced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells in cirrhotic rat liver: endothelial dysfunction in portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1998;114:344-351
135. Vollmar B, Burkhardt M, Minor T, Klauke H, Menger MD. High-resolution microscopic determination of hepatic NADH fluorescence for in vivo monitoring of tissue oxygenation during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Microvasc Res 1997;54:164-173
136. 2 in response to endothelin in vivo. FASEB J 1998
137. 2 in response to endothelin-1: Exacerbation by LPS priming. Shock 1999;11(suppl):A14