메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 1133-1145

Climate and the northern distribution limits of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Author keywords

Climatic variance; Dendroctonus frontalis; Distribution; Geographic Information System; Global change; Lower lethal temperature; Southern forest

Indexed keywords

BEETLE; MORTALITY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

EID: 0033375162     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00363.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (181)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0029659150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of interannual climate variability and climate change on rice yield in Java, Indonesia
    • Amien, I., Rejekiningrum, P., Pramudia, A. & Susanti, E. (1996) Effects of interannual climate variability and climate change on rice yield in Java, Indonesia. Water, Air Soil Pollution, 92, 29-39.
    • (1996) Water, Air Soil Pollution , vol.92 , pp. 29-39
    • Amien, I.1    Rejekiningrum, P.2    Pramudia, A.3    Susanti, E.4
  • 2
    • 0001907296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global change and disturbance in southern forest ecosystems
    • (ed. by R. A. Mickler and S. Fox), Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Ayres, M.P. & Reams, G.A. (1997) Global change and disturbance in southern forest ecosystems. Global change and disturbance in southern ecosystems (ed. by R. A. Mickler and S. Fox), pp. 741-752. Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1997) Global Change and Disturbance in Southern Ecosystems , pp. 741-752
    • Ayres, M.P.1    Reams, G.A.2
  • 3
    • 0028163421 scopus 로고
    • Local adaptation to regional climates in Papilio canadensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
    • Ayres, M.P. & Scriber, J.M. (1994) Local adaptation to regional climates in Papilio canadensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Ecol. Monogr. 64, 465-482.
    • (1994) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.64 , pp. 465-482
    • Ayres, M.P.1    Scriber, J.M.2
  • 4
    • 0001292441 scopus 로고
    • Insect cold-hardiness: Freezing and supercooling-an ecolophysiological perspective
    • Bale, J.S. (1987) Insect cold-hardiness: freezing and supercooling-an ecolophysiological perspective. J. Insects Physiol. 33, 899-908.
    • (1987) J. Insects Physiol. , vol.33 , pp. 899-908
    • Bale, J.S.1
  • 5
    • 0000013023 scopus 로고
    • Insects at low temperature a predictable relationship
    • Bale, J.S. (1991) Insects at low temperature a predictable relationship. Funct. Ecol. 5, 291-298.
    • (1991) Funct. Ecol. , vol.5 , pp. 291-298
    • Bale, J.S.1
  • 6
    • 12944301587 scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publiications 1175, Washington, D.C.
    • Beaker, W.L. (1972) Eestern forest insects, 642 pp. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publiications 1175, Washington, D.C.
    • (1972) Eestern Forest Insects
    • Beaker, W.L.1
  • 7
    • 0005895499 scopus 로고
    • Temperature extremes as a factor in the ecology of the southern pine beetle
    • Beal, J.A. (1933) Temperature extremes as a factor in the ecology of the southern pine beetle. J. Forest. 31, 329-336.
    • (1933) J. Forest. , vol.31 , pp. 329-336
    • Beal, J.A.1
  • 8
    • 12944251470 scopus 로고
    • Developing a system for mapping the abundance and distribution of southern pine beetle habitats in East Texas
    • Billings, R.F. & Bryant, V.C.M. (1983) Developing a system for mapping the abundance and distribution of southern pine beetle habitats in East Texas. Z. ang. Entomol. 96, 208-216.
    • (1983) Z. Ang. Entomol. , vol.96 , pp. 208-216
    • Billings, R.F.1    Bryant, V.C.M.2
  • 9
    • 0030618332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling micro-habitat temperature for Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
    • Bolstad, P.V., Bentz, B.J. & Logan, J.A. (1997) Modelling micro-habitat temperature for Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ecol. Model. 94, 287-297.
    • (1997) Ecol. Model. , vol.94 , pp. 287-297
    • Bolstad, P.V.1    Bentz, B.J.2    Logan, J.A.3
  • 10
    • 0030304346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does low temperature cause the dominance of Acacia on the Central Australia mountains
    • Bowman, D.M.J.S. & Connors, G.T. (1996) Does low temperature cause the dominance of Acacia on the Central Australia mountains. J. Biogeogr. 23, 245-256.
    • (1996) J. Biogeogr. , vol.23 , pp. 245-256
    • Bowman, D.M.J.S.1    Connors, G.T.2
  • 11
    • 0013597895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General circulation model scenarios for Southern United States
    • (ed. by R. A. Mickler and S. Fox), Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Cooter, E.J. (1997) General circulation model scenarios for Southern United States. Global change and disturbance in southern ecosystems (ed. by R. A. Mickler and S. Fox), pp. 15-54. Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1997) Global Change and Disturbance in Southern Ecosystems , pp. 15-54
    • Cooter, E.J.1
  • 12
    • 84959619834 scopus 로고
    • Southern pine beetle. A review of present knowledge
    • Dixon, J.C. & Osgood, E.A. (1961) Southern pine beetle. a review of present knowledge. USDA Forest Service Research Paper, SE-128, 1-34.
    • (1961) USDA Forest Service Research Paper , vol.SE-128 , pp. 1-34
    • Dixon, J.C.1    Osgood, E.A.2
  • 13
    • 12944283763 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the effects of sub-zero temperatures on epidemic southern pine beetle population, Nantahala and Cherokee National Forest and Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina
    • Flavell, T.H., Barry, P.J.W.J.D. & Clerke, W.H. (1970) An evaluation of the effects of sub-zero temperatures on epidemic southern pine beetle population, Nantahala and Cherokee National Forest and Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina. USDA For Service Report, 70-1-46, 1-13.
    • (1970) USDA for Service Report , vol.70 , pp. 1-46
    • Flavell, T.H.1    Barry, P.J.W.J.D.2    Clerke, W.H.3
  • 15
    • 0008390424 scopus 로고
    • Re-emergence of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) at constant temperatures
    • Gagne, J.A., Wagner, T.L., Sharpe, P.J.H., Coulson, R.N. & Fargo, W.S. (1982) Re-emergence of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) at constant temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 11, 1216-1222.
    • (1982) Environ. Entomol. , vol.11 , pp. 1216-1222
    • Gagne, J.A.1    Wagner, T.L.2    Sharpe, P.J.H.3    Coulson, R.N.4    Fargo, W.S.5
  • 16
    • 0343934959 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the species of Galerucella (Col., Chrysomelidae) on cloudberry in Fennoscandia
    • Hippa, H. & Koponen, S. (1977) Distribution of the species of Galerucella (Col., Chrysomelidae) on cloudberry in Fennoscandia. Report Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 13, 40-43.
    • (1977) Report Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. , vol.13 , pp. 40-43
    • Hippa, H.1    Koponen, S.2
  • 17
    • 0028162283 scopus 로고
    • Temperature and the biogeographical distributions of species
    • Jeffree, E.P. & Jeffree, C.E. (1994) Temperature and the biogeographical distributions of species. Funct. Ecol. 8, 640-650.
    • (1994) Funct. Ecol. , vol.8 , pp. 640-650
    • Jeffree, E.P.1    Jeffree, C.E.2
  • 18
    • 0031784073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling fauna responses to climatic gradients with GIS: Land snails as a case study
    • Kadmon, R. & Heller, J. (1998) Modeling fauna responses to climatic gradients with GIS: land snails as a case study. J. Biogeogr. 25, 527-539.
    • (1998) J. Biogeogr. , vol.25 , pp. 527-539
    • Kadmon, R.1    Heller, J.2
  • 19
    • 0028979544 scopus 로고
    • Trends in high-frequency climate variability in the twentieth century
    • Karl, T.R., Knight, R.W. & Plummer, N. (1995) Trends in high-frequency climate variability in the twentieth century. Nature, 377, 217-220.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.377 , pp. 217-220
    • Karl, T.R.1    Knight, R.W.2    Plummer, N.3
  • 20
    • 4143111824 scopus 로고
    • The southern pine beetle in Pennsylvania
    • Knull, J.W. (1934) The southern pine beetle in Pennsylvania. J. Econ. Entomol. 27, 716-720.
    • (1934) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.27 , pp. 716-720
    • Knull, J.W.1
  • 21
    • 0026350319 scopus 로고
    • Cold tolerance of pupae in relation to the distribution of swallowtail butterflies
    • Kukal, O., Ayres, M.P. & Scriber, J.M. (1991) Cold tolerance of pupae in relation to the distribution of swallowtail butterflies. Can. J. Zool. 69, 3028-3037.
    • (1991) Can. J. Zool. , vol.69 , pp. 3028-3037
    • Kukal, O.1    Ayres, M.P.2    Scriber, J.M.3
  • 22
    • 0001033489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of supercooling point and ice nucleation in insects
    • Lee, R.E., Constanzo, S.P. & Mugnano, J.A. (1996) Regulation of supercooling point and ice nucleation in insects. Eur. J. Entomol. 93, 405-418.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Entomol. , vol.93 , pp. 405-418
    • Lee, R.E.1    Constanzo, S.P.2    Mugnano, J.A.3
  • 23
    • 0030274320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model-based assessments of climate change effects on forests: A critical review
    • Loehle, C. & Leblanc, D. (1996) Model-based assessments of climate change effects on forests: a critical review. Ecol. Model. 90, 1-31.
    • (1996) Ecol. Model. , vol.90 , pp. 1-31
    • Loehle, C.1    Leblanc, D.2
  • 24
    • 0021059732 scopus 로고
    • Life cycles and the distribution of psyllids (Homoptera) in arctic and subarctic Alaska
    • MacLean, S.F. Jr (1983) Life cycles and the distribution of psyllids (Homoptera) in arctic and subarctic Alaska. Oikos, 40, 445-451.
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.40 , pp. 445-451
    • MacLean Jr., S.F.1
  • 25
    • 0343547331 scopus 로고
    • Survival of declining Dendroctonus frontalis populations during a severe and nonsevere winter
    • McClelland, W.T. & Hain, F.P. (1979) Survival of declining Dendroctonus frontalis populations during a severe and nonsevere winter. Environ. Entomol. 8, 231-235.
    • (1979) Environ. Entomol. , vol.8 , pp. 231-235
    • McClelland, W.T.1    Hain, F.P.2
  • 26
    • 0024939053 scopus 로고
    • Importance of weather to the distribution and abundance of introduced adelgid and scale insects
    • McClure, M.S. (1989) Importance of weather to the distribution and abundance of introduced adelgid and scale insects. Agr. For Meteor. 47, 291-302.
    • (1989) Agr. for Meteor. , vol.47 , pp. 291-302
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 28
    • 0021639176 scopus 로고
    • Extreme high temperatures events: Changes in their probabilities and changes in mean temperature
    • Mearns, L.O., Katz, R.W. & Schneider, S.H. (1984) Extreme high temperatures events: changes in their probabilities and changes in mean temperature. J. Climatic Appl. Metereol. 23, 1601-1613.
    • (1984) J. Climatic Appl. Metereol. , vol.23 , pp. 1601-1613
    • Mearns, L.O.1    Katz, R.W.2    Schneider, S.H.3
  • 29
    • 0029668197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of changes in daily and interannual climatic variability on CERES-wheat: A sensitivity study
    • Mearns, L.O., Rosenzweig, C. & Goldberg, R. (1996) The effect of changes in daily and interannual climatic variability on CERES-wheat: a sensitivity study. Clim. Change, 32, 257-292.
    • (1996) Clim. Change , vol.32 , pp. 257-292
    • Mearns, L.O.1    Rosenzweig, C.2    Goldberg, R.3
  • 30
    • 0030616924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mean and variance change in climatic scenarios: Methods, agricultural applications, and measures of uncertainly
    • Mearns, L.O., Rosenzweig, C. & Goldberg, R. (1997) Mean and variance change in climatic scenarios: methods, agricultural applications, and measures of uncertainly. Clim. Change, 35, 367-396.
    • (1997) Clim. Change , vol.35 , pp. 367-396
    • Mearns, L.O.1    Rosenzweig, C.2    Goldberg, R.3
  • 31
    • 0342806907 scopus 로고
    • Cold-hardiness of adult and larval spruce beetles Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) in interior Alaska
    • Miller, L.K. & Werner, R.A. (1987) Cold-hardiness of adult and larval spruce beetles Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) in interior Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 65, 2927-2930.
    • (1987) Can. J. Zool. , vol.65 , pp. 2927-2930
    • Miller, L.K.1    Werner, R.A.2
  • 32
    • 0004120287 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina
    • NOAA. (1995) Cooperative Summary of the Day. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
    • (1995) Cooperative Summary of the Day
  • 33
    • 0001939569 scopus 로고
    • Life history and habits
    • The Southern Pine Beetle (ed. by R. C. Thatcher, J. L. Searcy, J. E. Coster and G. D. Hertel), United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program, Pineville, LA
    • Payne, T.L. (1980) Life history and habits. The Southern Pine Beetle (ed. by R. C. Thatcher, J. L. Searcy, J. E. Coster and G. D. Hertel), pp. 7-28. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program, Pineville, LA, Technical Bulletin 1631.
    • (1980) Technical Bulletin , vol.1631 , pp. 7-28
    • Payne, T.L.1
  • 35
    • 38249021841 scopus 로고
    • Effects of low temperature on diapausing Aglais urticae and Inachis is (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): cold hardiness and overwintering survival
    • Pullin, A.S. & Bale, J.S. (1989) Effects of low temperature on diapausing Aglais urticae and Inachis is (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): cold hardiness and overwintering survival. J. Insect Physiol. 35, 277-281.
    • (1989) J. Insect Physiol. , vol.35 , pp. 277-281
    • Pullin, A.S.1    Bale, J.S.2
  • 36
    • 0042607138 scopus 로고
    • Effects of subzero fahrenheit temperatures on southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis populations in the southern Appalachians USA
    • Ragenovich, I. (1980) Effects of subzero fahrenheit temperatures on southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis populations in the southern Appalachians USA. South. J. appl. Forestry, 4, 201-203.
    • (1980) South. J. Appl. Forestry , vol.4 , pp. 201-203
    • Ragenovich, I.1
  • 37
    • 0002385073 scopus 로고
    • Host suitability, predation, and bark beetle population dynamics
    • (eds N. Cappuccino & P. W. Price), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • Reeve, J.R., Ayres, M.P., & Lorio, P.L. Jr (1995) Host suitability, predation, and bark beetle population dynamics. Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis (eds N. Cappuccino & P. W. Price), pp. 339-357. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
    • (1995) Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis , pp. 339-357
    • Reeve, J.R.1    Ayres, M.P.2    Lorio Jr., P.L.3
  • 38
    • 11244353966 scopus 로고
    • Winter mortality of Oncideres pustulatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae induced by freezing temperatures
    • Rice, M.E. (1986) Winter mortality of Oncideres pustulatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae induced by freezing temperatures. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59, 423-427.
    • (1986) J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. , vol.59 , pp. 423-427
    • Rice, M.E.1
  • 39
    • 0029668205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of temperature and precipitation variability on crop model predictions
    • Riha, S.J., Wilks, D.S. & Simoens, P. (1996) Impact of temperature and precipitation variability on crop model predictions. Climatic Change 32, 293-311.
    • (1996) Climatic Change , vol.32 , pp. 293-311
    • Riha, S.J.1    Wilks, D.S.2    Simoens, P.3
  • 40
    • 0001988002 scopus 로고
    • Scenarios of global warming
    • (ed. by P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver and R. B. Huey), Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
    • Schneider, S.H. (1993) Scenarios of global warming. Biotic interactions and global change (ed. by P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver and R. B. Huey), pp. 9-23. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
    • (1993) Biotic Interactions and Global Change , pp. 9-23
    • Schneider, S.H.1
  • 41
    • 0019508156 scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear regression of biological temperature-dependent rate models based on absolute reaction-rate theory
    • Schoolfield, R.M., Sharpe, P.J.H. & Magnuson, C.E. (1981) Nonlinear regression of biological temperature-dependent rate models based on absolute reaction-rate theory. J. Theor. Biol. 88, 717-731.
    • (1981) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.88 , pp. 717-731
    • Schoolfield, R.M.1    Sharpe, P.J.H.2    Magnuson, C.E.3
  • 42
    • 0017360586 scopus 로고
    • Reaction kinetics of poi-kilotherm development
    • Sharpe, P.J.H. & DeMichele, D.W. (1977) Reaction kinetics of poi-kilotherm development. J. Theor. Biol. 64, 649-670.
    • (1977) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.64 , pp. 649-670
    • Sharpe, P.J.H.1    DeMichele, D.W.2
  • 43
    • 0000937104 scopus 로고
    • Supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods
    • Somme, L. (1982) Supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods. Comparative Biochem. Physiology, 73A, 519-543.
    • (1982) Comparative Biochem. Physiology , vol.73 A , pp. 519-543
    • Somme, L.1
  • 44
    • 12944267527 scopus 로고
    • The factors determining the distribution of North-American bark beetles
    • Swaine, J.M. (1925) The factors determining the distribution of North-American bark beetles. Can. Entomol. 58, 261-267.
    • (1925) Can. Entomol. , vol.58 , pp. 261-267
    • Swaine, J.M.1
  • 45
    • 0030304341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A bioclimatic model for the potential distributions of north European tree species under present and future climates
    • Sykes, M.T., Prentice, I.C. & Cramer, W. (1996) A bioclimatic model for the potential distributions of north European tree species under present and future climates. J. Biogeogr. 23, 203-233.
    • (1996) J. Biogeogr. , vol.23 , pp. 203-233
    • Sykes, M.T.1    Prentice, I.C.2    Cramer, W.3
  • 46
    • 0001196892 scopus 로고
    • Egg cold hardiness and topoclimatic limitations to outbreaks of Epirrita autumnata in northern Fennoscandia
    • Tenow, O. & Nilssen, A. (1990) Egg cold hardiness and topoclimatic limitations to outbreaks of Epirrita autumnata in northern Fennoscandia. J. Appl. Ecol. 27, 723-734.
    • (1990) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 723-734
    • Tenow, O.1    Nilssen, A.2
  • 48
    • 0005899975 scopus 로고
    • Winter brood development of Southern Pine Beetle in Southeast Texas
    • Thatcher, R.C. (1967) Winter brood development of Southern Pine Beetle in Southeast Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 599-600.
    • (1967) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.60 , pp. 599-600
    • Thatcher, R.C.1
  • 49
    • 0037798643 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal development of the southern pine beetle in East Texas
    • Thatcher, R.C. & Pickard, L.S. (1967) Seasonal development of the southern pine beetle in East Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 656-568.
    • (1967) J. Econ. Entomol. , vol.60 , pp. 656-1568
    • Thatcher, R.C.1    Pickard, L.S.2
  • 50
    • 0003372060 scopus 로고
    • The southern pine beetle
    • United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program, Pineville, LA
    • Thatcher, R.C., Searcy, J.L., Coster, J.E. & Hertel, G.D. (1980) The southern pine beetle, 267 pp. Technical Bulletin 1631, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program, Pineville, LA.
    • (1980) Technical Bulletin , vol.1631
    • Thatcher, R.C.1    Searcy, J.L.2    Coster, J.E.3    Hertel, G.D.4
  • 51
    • 0000177358 scopus 로고
    • Why do populations of southern pine beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) fluctuate?
    • Turchin, P., Lorio, P.L. Jr, Taylor, A.D. & Billings, R.F. (1991) Why do populations of southern pine beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) fluctuate? Environ. Entomol. 20, 401-409.
    • (1991) Environ. Entomol. , vol.20 , pp. 401-409
    • Turchin, P.1    Lorio Jr., P.L.2    Taylor, A.D.3    Billings, R.F.4
  • 52
    • 0027430478 scopus 로고
    • Quantifying dispersal of southern pine beetles with mark-recapture experiments and a diffusion model
    • Turchin, P. & Thoeny, P.&. (1993) Quantifying dispersal of southern pine beetles with mark-recapture experiments and a diffusion model. Ecol. Appl. 3, 187-198.
    • (1993) Ecol. Appl. , vol.3 , pp. 187-198
    • Turchin, P.1    Thoeny, P.2
  • 53
    • 0000422711 scopus 로고
    • Latent cold injury and its conditional expression in the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    • Turnock, W.J. & Bodnaryk, R.P. (1991) Latent cold injury and its conditional expression in the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Cryoletters, 12, 377-384.
    • (1991) Cryoletters , vol.12 , pp. 377-384
    • Turnock, W.J.1    Bodnaryk, R.P.2
  • 54
    • 0010563225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and the macrolepidopteran biodiversity in Finland
    • in press
    • Virtanen, T. & Neuvonen, S. (1999) Climate change and the macrolepidopteran biodiversity in Finland. Chemosphere, in press.
    • (1999) Chemosphere
    • Virtanen, T.1    Neuvonen, S.2
  • 55
    • 0031903754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling topoclimatic patterns of egg mortality of Epirrita autumnata (Lep: Geometridae) with Geographical Information System: predictions in current climate and scenarios with warmer climate
    • Virtanen, T., Neuvonen, S. & Nikula, A. (1998) Modelling topoclimatic patterns of egg mortality of Epirrita autumnata (Lep: Geometridae) with Geographical Information System: predictions in current climate and scenarios with warmer climate. J. appl. Ecol. 35, 311-322.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.35 , pp. 311-322
    • Virtanen, T.1    Neuvonen, S.2    Nikula, A.3
  • 56
    • 0030423548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and the risks of Neodiprion sertifer outbreaks on Scots pine
    • Virtanen, T., Neuvonen, S., Nikula, A., Varama, M. & Niemelä, P. (1996) Climate change and the risks of Neodiprion sertifer outbreaks on Scots pine. Silva Fennica, 30, 169-177.
    • (1996) Silva Fennica , vol.30 , pp. 169-177
    • Virtanen, T.1    Neuvonen, S.2    Nikula, A.3    Varama, M.4    Niemelä, P.5
  • 57
    • 0021608112 scopus 로고
    • A biophysical model of southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) development
    • Wagner, T.L., Gagne, J.A., Sharpe, P.J.H. & Coulson, R.N. (1984) A biophysical model of southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) development. Ecol. Model. 21, 125-147.
    • (1984) Ecol. Model. , vol.21 , pp. 125-147
    • Wagner, T.L.1    Gagne, J.A.2    Sharpe, P.J.H.3    Coulson, R.N.4
  • 58
    • 0000849294 scopus 로고
    • Impact of extreme events
    • Wigley, T.M.L. (1985) Impact of extreme events. Nature, 316, 106-107.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.316 , pp. 106-107
    • Wigley, T.M.L.1
  • 59
    • 0000266190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental effects on pine tree carbon budgets and resistance to bark beetles
    • (ed. by R. A. Mickler and S. Fox), Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Wilkens, R.T., Ayres, M.P., Lorrio, P.L. Jr & Hodges, J.D. (1997) Environmental effects on pine tree carbon budgets and resistance to bark beetles. Global change and disturbance in southern ecosystems (ed. by R. A. Mickler and S. Fox), pp. 591-616. Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1997) Global Change and Disturbance in Southern Ecosystems , pp. 591-616
    • Wilkens, R.T.1    Ayres, M.P.2    Lorrio Jr., P.L.3    Hodges, J.D.4
  • 60
    • 0029503932 scopus 로고
    • Forest defoliators and climatic change: Potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
    • Williams, D.W. & Liebhold, A.M. (1995) Forest defoliators and climatic change: Potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environ. Entomol. 24, 1-9.
    • (1995) Environ. Entomol. , vol.24 , pp. 1-9
    • Williams, D.W.1    Liebhold, A.M.2
  • 61
    • 0031419298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latitudinal shifts in spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) outbreaks and spruce-fir forest distributions with climatic change
    • Williams, D.W. & Liebhold, A.M. (1997) Latitudinal shifts in spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) outbreaks and spruce-fir forest distributions with climatic change. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hungarica, 32, 205-215.
    • (1997) Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hungarica , vol.32 , pp. 205-215
    • Williams, D.W.1    Liebhold, A.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.