Direct and indirect estimation of leaf area index, f(APAR), and net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems

Remote Sensing of Environment

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 29-51

  Gower, Stith T ^a   Kucharik, Chris J ^a   Norman, John M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; CORRELATION METHODS; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; ERROR ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; VEGETATION;

LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI); NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION (NPP);

REMOTE SENSING;

ALGORITHM; LEAF AREA INDEX; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; REMOTE SENSING; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM;

EID: 0033215503     PISSN: 00344257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00056-5     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Allen E.J., Scott R.K. An analysis of the growth of the potatoe crop. J. Agric. Sci. 94:1980;583-606.
2. Asrar G., Greenstone R. MTPE/EOS Reference Handbook. 1995;NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. 277 pp.
3. Azam-Ali S.N., Gregory P.J., Monteith J.L. Effects of planting density on water use and productivity of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) grown on stored water II. Water use, light interception and dry matter production. Exp. Agric. 20:1984;215-224.
4. Binkley D., Arthur M. How to count dead trees. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 74:1993;15-16.
5. Bonan G.B. Importance of leaf area index and forest type when estimating photosynthesis in boreal forests. Rem. Sens. Environ. 43:1993;303-314.
6. Brix H., Mitchell A.K. Thinning and nitrogen fertilization effects on sapwood development and relationships of foliage quantity to sapwood area and basal area in Douglas-fir. Can. J. For. Res. 13:1983;384-389.
7. Buyanosky G.A., Wagner G.H. Post-harvest residue input to croplands. Plant Soil. 93:1986;57-65.
8. Cannell M.G.R., Milne R., Sheppard L.J., Unsworth M.H. Radiation interception and productivity in willow. J. Appl. Ecol. 24:1987;261-278.
9. Cannell M.G.R., Sheppard L.J., Milne R. Light use efficiency and woody biomass production of poplar and willow. Forestry. 61:1988;125-136.
10. Chapman J.W., Gower S.T. Above-ground production and canopy dynamics in sugar maple and red oak trees in southwestern Wisconsin. Can. J. For. Res. 21:1991;1533-1543.
11. Chason J.W., Baldocchi D.D., Huston M.A. A comparison of direct and indirect methods for estimating forest canopy leaf area. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57:1991;107-128.
12. Chen J.M. Canopy architecture and remote sensing of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by boreal conifer forests. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 34:1996;1353-1368.
13. Chen J.M., Black T.A. Measuring leaf area index of plant canopies with branch architecture. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57:1991;1-12.
14. Chen J.M., Black T.A. Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 15:1992;421-429.
15. Chen J.M., Cihlar J. Quantifying the effect of canopy architecture on optical measurements of leaf area index using two gap size analysis methods. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33:1995;777-787.
16. Chen J.M., Rich P.M., Gower S.T., Norman J.M., Plummer S. Leaf area index of boreal forests. Theory, techniques, and measurements J. Geophys. Res. 102(D24):1997;29,429-29,443.
17. Clarkson D.T. Factors affecting nutrient acquisition by plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36:1985;77-115.
18. Coulson C.L. Radiant energy conversion in three cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris. Agric. For. Meteorol. 35:1985;21-29.
19. Daughtry C.S.T., Gallow K.P., Bauer M.E. Spectral estimates of solar radiation intercepted by corn canopies. Agron. J. 75:1983;527-531.
20. Deblonde G., Penner M., Royer A. Measuring leaf area index with the LI -COR LAI-2000 in pine stands. Ecology. 75:1994;1507-1511.
21. Fahey, T., Bledsoe, C., Day, F., Ruess, R., and Smucker, A. (1998), Fine Root Production and Demography, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, in press.
22. Fasheun A., Dennett M.D. Interception of radiation and growth efficiency in field beans (Vicia faba L.). Agric. Meteorol. 26:1981;221-229.
23. Fassnacht, K. S. (1996), Characterization of the structure and function of upland forest ecosytems in north central Wisconsin, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
24. Fassnacht K.S., Gower S.T. Interrelationships among the edaphic and stand characteristics, leaf area index, and aboveground net primary production of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin. Can. J. For. Res. 27:1997;1058-1067.
25. Fassnacht K.S., Gower S.T., Norman J.M., McMurtrie R.E. A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage surface area index in forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 71:1994;183-207.
26. Field C.B. Ecological scaling of carbon gain to stress and resource availability. Mooney H.A. Responses of Plants to Multiple Stresses. 1991;35-65 Academic Press, San Diego.
27. Field C.B., Randerson J.T., Malmstrom C.M. Global net primary production. combining ecology and remote sensing Remote Sens. Environ. 51:1995;74-88.
28. Flenet F., Kiniry J.R. Efficiency of biomass accumulation by sunflower as affected by glucose requirement of biosynthesis and leaf nitrogen content. Field Crops Res. 44:1995;119-127.
29. Foth H.D. Root and top growth of corn. Agron. J. 54:1962;49-52.
30. Fournier R.A., Landry R., August N.M., Fedosejevs G., Gauthier R.P. Modelling light obstruction in three conifer forests using hemispherical photography and fine tree architecture. Agric. For. Meteorol. 82:1996;47-72.
31. Gallagher J.N., Biscoe P.V. Radiation absorption, growth and yield of cereals. J. Agric. Sci. 91:1978;47-60.
32. Garcia R., Kanemasu E.T., Blad B.L.et al. Interception and use efficiency of light in winter wheat under different nitrogen regimes. Agric For. Meteorol. 44:1988;175-186.
33. Gallo K.P., Daughtry C.S.T. Techniques for measuring intercepted and absorbed photosynthetic active radiation in corn canopies. Agron. J. 78:1986;752-756.
34. Gallo K.P., Daughtry C.S.T., Wiegand C.L. Errors in measuring absorbed radiation and computing canopy crop radiation use efficiency. Agron. J. 85:1993;1222-1228.
35. Gholz, H. L., Grier, C. C., Campbell, A. G., and Brown, A. T. (1979), Equations and their use for estimating biomass and leaf area of Pacific Northwest plants, Res. Paper No. 41, For. Res. Lab., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.
36. Gholz H.L., Vogel S.A., Cropper W.P.et al. Dynamics of canopy structure and light interception in Pinuselliottii stands, north Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 61:1991;33-51.
37. Goetz S.J., Prince S.D. Remote sensing of net primary production in boreal forest stands. Agric. For. Meteorol. 78:1996;149-179.
38. Goward S.N., Dye D. Global biospheric monitoring with remote sensing. Gholz H.L., Nakane K., Shimoda H. The Use of Remote Sensing in Modeling the Productivity at Scales from the Stand to the Globe. 1997;241-272 Kluwer Academic, New York.
39. Gower S.T., Norman J.M. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology. 72:1991;1896-1900.
40. Gower S.T., Vogt K.A., Grier C.C. Carbon dynamics of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. influence of water and nutrient availability Ecol. Monogr. 62:1992;43-65.
41. Gower S.T., Haynes B.E., Fassnacht K.S., Running S.W., Hunt E.R. Jr. Influence of fertilization on the allometric relations for two pines in contrasting environments. Can. J. For. Res. 23:1993;1704-1711. a.
42. Gower S.T., Reich P.B., Son Y. Canopy dynamics and aboveground production of five tree species with different leaf longevities. Tree Physiol. 12:1993;327-345. b.
43. Gower S.T., Pongracic S., Landsberg J.J. A global trend in belowground carbon allocation. can we use the relationship at smaller scales? Ecology. 77:1996;1750-1755. a.
44. Gower S.T., McMurtrie R.E., Murty D. Aboveground net primary production decline with stand age. potential causes TREE. 11:1996;378-382. b.
45. Gower S.T., Vogel J., Norman J.M., Kucharik C.J., Steele S.J., Stow T.K. Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 102(D24):1997;29,029-29,041.
46. Grace J.C. Theoretical ratio between "one-sided" and total surface area for pine needles. N.Z. J. For. Sci. 17:1987;292-295.
47. Green C.F. Nitrogen nutrition and wheat growth in relation to absorbed solar radiation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 41:1987;207-248.
48. Grier C.C. Foliage loss due to snow, wind, and winter drying damage:its effects on leaf biomass of some western conifer forests. Can. J. For. Res. 18:1988;1097-1102.
49. Grier C.C., Logan R.S. Old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii communities of a western Oregon watershed. biomass distribution and production budgets Ecol. Monogr. 47:1977;373-400.
50. Grier C.C., Milne W.A. Regression equations for calculating component biomass of young Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes. Can. J. For. Res. 11:1981;184-187.
51. Grier C.C., Lee K.M., Archibald R.M. Effect of urea fertilization on allometric relations in young Douglas-fir trees. Can. J. For. Res. 14:1984;900-904.
52. Hall F.G., Huemmrich F., Goward S.N. Use of narrow-band spectra to estimate the fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation. Remote Sens. Environ. 32:1990;47-54.
53. Harrington R.A., Fownes J.H. Radiation interception and growth of planted and coppice stands of four fast-growing tropical trees. J. Appl. Ecol. 32:1995;1-8.
54. Haxeltine A., Prentice I.C. A general model for the light-use efficiency of primary production. Funct. Ecol. 10:1996;551-561.
55. Hendrick R.L., Pregitzer K.S. The dynamics of fine root length, biomass and nitrogen content in two northern hardwood ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 23:1993;2507-2520.
56. 2 transport based on observed winds. 2. Model description and simulated tracer experiments Peterson D.H. Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. 1989;Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC.
57. Hesketh J., Baker D. Light and carbon assimilation by plant communities. Crop Sci. 7:1967;285-293.
58. Hughes G., Keatinge J.D.H., Scott J.P. Pigeon pea as a dry season crop in Trinidad, West Indies II. Interception and utiliztion of solar radiation. Trop. Agric. 358:1981;191-199.
59. 2 concentrations predicted by an ecosystem process model and three dimensional atmospheric transport model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 10:1996;431-456.
60. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Synthesis Report:1995;World Meteorological Organization and Cambridge University Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
61. Joel G., Gamon J.A., Field C.B. Production efficiency in sunflower. the role of water and nitrogen stress Remote Sens. Environ. 62:1997;176-188.
62. Keyes M.R., Grier C.C. Above- and below-ground net production in 40-year-old Douglas-fir stands on low and high productivity sites. Can. J. For. Res. 11:1981;599-605.
63. Kiniry J.R. Radiation-use efficiency and grain yield of maize competing with johnson grass. Agron J. 86:1994;554-557.
64. Kiniry J.R., Jones C.A., O'Toole J.C., Blanchet R., Cabelgue M., Spanel D.A. Radiation use efficiency in biomass accumulation prior to grain filling for five grain field crops species. Field Crop Res. 20:1989;51-64.
65. Kloeppel, B. K. (1998), Carbon and nitrogen allocation and resource use efficiency in mixed Larix spp. and evergreen conifer forests along an resource availability gradient. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
66. Kucharik, C. J., (1997), Characterizing the radiation regime in nonrandom forest canopies, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
67. Kucharik C.J., Norman J.M., Murdock L.M., Gower S.T. Characterizing canopy nonrandomness with a Multiband Vegetation Imager (MVI). J. Geophys. Res. 102(D24):1997;29,445-29,473.
68. Kucharik C.J., Norman J.M., Gower S.T. Characterizing the radiation regime in nonrandom forest canopies. theory, measurements, modeling and a simplified approach Tree Physiol. in press:1998;. a.
69. Kucharik C.J., Norman J.M., Gower S.T. Measurements of branch area and adjusting leaf area index indirect measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91:1998;61-88. b.
70. Kucharik C.J., Norman J.M., Gower S.T. Measurements of leaf orientation, light distribution, and sunlit leaf area in a boreal aspen forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91:1998;127-148. c.
71. Kumar M., Monteith J.L. Remote sensing of plant growth. Huxley P.A. Plants and the Daylight Spectrum. 1981;347-364 International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi.
72. Landsberg J.J., Gower S.T. Applications of Physiological Ecology to Forest Management. 1997;Academic, San Diego, CA. 354 p.
73. Landsberg J.J., Prince S.D., Jarvis P.G., McMurtrie R.E., Luxmoore R., Medlyn B.E. Energy conversion and use in forests. the analysis of forest production in terms of radiation utilization efficiency (e) Gholz H.L., Nakane K., Shirada H. The Use of Remote Sensing in the Modeling of Forest Productivity at Scales from Stands to Globe. 1997;273-298 Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
74. Lang A.R.G. An instrument for measuring canopy structure. Goel N.S., Norman J.M. Instrumentation for Studying Vegetation Canopies for Remote Sensing in Optical and Thermal Infrared Regions. 1990;66-71 Harwood Academic, London.
75. Lang A.R.G., Yueguin X., Norman J.M. Crop structure and the penetration of direct sunlight. Agric. For. Meteorol. 35:1985;83-101.
76. Lang A.R.G., McMurtrie R.E., Benson M.L. Validity of surface area indicies of Pinus radiata estimated from transmittance of the sun's beam. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57:1991;157-170.
77. Lauenroth W.K., Hunt H.W., Swift D.M., Singh J.S. A reply to Vogt et al. Ecology. 67:1986;580-582.
78. Linder S., Benson M.L., Meyers B.J., Raison R.J. Canopy dynamics and growth of Pinus radiata. I. Effects of irrigation and fertilization during a drought. Can. J. For. Res. 17:1987;1157-1165.
79. Littleton E.J., Dennett M.D., Monteith J.L., Elston J. The growth and development of cow peas (Vigna unguiculata) under tropical field conditions. J. Agric. Sci. 93:1979;309-320.
80. Liu J., Chen J.M., Cihlar J., Park W.M. A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs. Remote Sens. Environ. 62:1997;155-175.
81. Major D.J., Beasley B.W., Hamilton R.I. Effect of maize maturity on radiation use efficiency. Agron. J. 83:1991;895-903.
82. Marshall B., Willey R.W. Radiation interception and growth in an intercrop of pearl millet and groundnut. Field Crops Res. 7:1983;141-160.
83. Marshall J.D., Waring R.H. Comparison of methods of estimating leaf area index in old-growth Douglas-fir. Ecology. 67:1986;975-979.
84. McCree K.J. The action spectrum, absorptance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants. Agric. Meteorol. 9:1972;191-216.
85. McMurtrie R.E., Gholz H.L., Linder S., Gower S.T. Climatic factors controlling the productivity of pine stands. a model-based analysis Ecol. Bull. 43:1994;173-188.
86. Mencuccini M., Grace J. Climate influences the leaf area/sapwood area ratio in Scots pine. Tree Physiol. 15:1995;1-10.
87. Montieth J.L. Solar radiation and production in tropical ecosystems. J. Appl. Ecol. 9:1972;747-766.
88. Muchow R.C., Coates D.B. An analysis of the environmental limitations to yield of irrigated grain sorghum during the dry season in tropical Australia using a radiation interception model. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 37:1986;135-148.
89. Myneni R.B., Maggion S., Iaquinta J.et al. Optical remote sensing of vegetation. modeling, cavaets, and algorithms Remote Sens. Environ. 51:1995;169-188. a.
90. Myneni R.B., Hall F.G., Sellers P.J., Marshak A.L. The interpretation of spectral vegetation indexes. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33:1995;481-486. b.
91. Nadelhoffer K.J., Raich J.W. Fine root production estimates and belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. Ecology. 73:1992;1139-1147.
92. Nadelhoffer K.J., Aber J.D., Melillo J.M. Fine roots, net primary production, and soil nitrogen availability. a new hypothesis Ecology. 66:1985;1377-1390.
93. Nilson T. A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands. Agric. Meteorol. 8:1971;25-38.
94. Norman J.M. Modeling the complete crop canopy. Barfield B.J., Gerber J. Modification of the Aerial Environment of Crops. 1979;249-277 Am. Soc. Agric. Eng, St. Joseph, MI.
95. Norman, J. M., and Arkebauer, T. J. (1991), Predicting canopy light-use efficiency from leaf characteristics. In Plant and Soil Systems, Agronomy Monograph No. 31, ASACSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
96. Norman J.M., Campbell G.S. Canopy structure. Pearcy R., Ehleringer J., Mooney H., Rundel P. Plant Physiological Ecology. Field Methods and Instrumentation:1989;301-325 Chapman and Hall, New York.
97. Norman J.M., Jarvis P.G. Photosynthesis in sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) III. Measurements of canopy structure and interception of radiation. J. Appl. Ecol. 11:1974;375-398.
98. Oker-Blom P., Smolander H. The ratio of shoot silhouette area to total needle area in Scots pine. For. Sci. 34:1988;894-906.
99. Penning de Vries F.W.T., Brunsting A.H.M., van Laar H.H. Products, requirements, and efficiency of biosynthesis. a quantitative approach J. Theor. Biol. 45:1974;339-377.
100. Potter C.S., Randerson J.T., Field C.B.et al. Terrestrial ecosystem production. a process model based on global satellite and surface data Global Biogeochem. Cycle. 7:1993;811-841.
101. Prince S.D., Goward S.N. Global primary production. a remote sensing approach J. Biogeogr. 22:1995;815-835.
102. Publicover D.A., Vogt K.A. A comparison of methods for estimating forest fine root production with respect to sources of error. Can. J. For. Res. 23:1993;1179-1186.
103. Raich J.W., Nadelhoffer K.J. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. global trends Ecology. 70:1989;1346-1354.
104. Reddy M.S., Willey R.W. Growth and resource use studies in an intercrop of pearl millet/groundnut. Field Crops Res. 4:1981;13-24.
105. Reich P.B., Koike T., Gower S.T., Schoettle A.W. Causes and consequences of variation in conifer leaf life-span. Smith W.K., Hinckley T.M. Ecophysiology of Conifers. 1995;225-254 Academic, San Diego, CA.
106. Rochette P., Desjardins R.L., Pattey E., Lessard R. Crop net carbon dioxide exchange rate and radiation use efficiency in soybeans. Agron. J. 87:1995;22-28.
107. Rosenthal W.D., Gerik T.J. Radiation use efficiency among cotton cultivars. Agron. J. 83:1991;655-658.
108. Rosenthal W.D., Gerik T.J., Wade L.J. Radiation use efficiency among grain sorghum cultivars and plant densities. Agron. J. 85:1993;703-705.
109. Ruess R.W., Van Cleve K., Yarie J., Viereck L.A. Contributions of fine root production and turnover to the carbon and nitrogen cycling in taiga forests of the Alaskan interior. Can. J. For. Res. 26:1996;1326-1336.
110. Ruimy A., Saugier B., Dedieu G. Methodology for the estimation of terrestrial net primary production from remotely sensed data. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;5263-5283.
111. Running S.W., Gower S.T. FOREST-BGC, a general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications, II, Dynamic carbon allocation and nitrogen budgets. Tree Physiol. 9:1991;147-160.
112. Running S.W., Hunt E.R. Generalization of a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes, BIOME-BGC, and an application for global-scale models. Ehleringer J.R., Field C.B. Scaling Physiological Processes. Leaf to Globe:1993;141-158 Academic, San Diego, CA.
113. Runyon J., Waring R.H., Goward S.N., Welles J.M. Environmental limits on net primary production and light-use efficiency across the Oregon transect. Ecol. Appl. 4:1994;226-237.
114. Russell G., Ellis R.P. The relationship between leaf canopy development and yield of barley. Ann. Appl. Biol. 113:1988;357-374.
115. Russell G., Jarvis P.G., Monteith J.L. Absorption of radiation by canopies and stand growth. Russell G., Marshall B., Jarvis P.G. Plant Canopies. Their Growth, Form and Function:1989;21-39 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
116. Saldarriaga J.G., Luxmoore R.J. Solar energy efficiencies during succession of a tropical rain forest in Amazonia. J. Trop. Ecol. 7:1991;233-242.
117. Santantonio D., Hermann R.K., Overton W.S. Root biomass studies in forest ecosystems. Pedobiologia. 17:1977;1-31.
118. Schowalter T.D., Hargrove W.W., Crossley D.A. Herbivory in forested ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 31:1986;177-196.
119. Shinozaki K., Yoda K., Hozumi K., Kira T. A quantitative analysis of plant form - the pipe theory model theory I. Basic analysis. Jpn. J. Ecol. 14:1964;97-104. a.
120. Shinozaki K., Yoda K., Hozumi K., Kira T. A quantitative analysis of plant form - the pipe theory model theory II. Further evidence of the theory and its application in forest ecology. Jpn. J. Ecol. 14:1964;133-139. b.
121. Sims P.L., Singh J.S. The structure and function of ten western North America grasslands. II. Intra-seasonal dynamics in primary producer compartments. J. Ecol. 66:1978;251-285. a.
122. Sims P.L., Singh J.S. The structure and function of ten western North America grasslands. III. Net primary production, turnover, and efficiencies of energy capture and water use. J. Ecol. 66:1978;251-285. b.
123. Sims P.L., Singh J.S., Lauenroth W.K. The structure and function of ten western North America grasslands. I. Abiotic and vegetational characteristics. J. Ecol. 66:1978;251-285. c.
124. Singh J.S., Lauenroth W.K., Hunt H.W., Swift D.M. Bias and random errors in estimators of net root production. a simulation approach Ecology. 65:1984;1760-1764.
125. Sivikumar M.V.K., Virmani S.M. Crop productivity in relation to interception of photosynthetically active radiation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 31:1984;131-141.
126. Smith N.J., Chen J.M., Black T.A. Effects of clumping on estimates of stand leaf area index using the LI-COR LAI-2000. Can. J. For. Res. 23:1993;1940-1943.
127. Sprugel D.J. Correcting for bias in log-transformed allometric equations. Ecology. 64:1983;209-210.
128. Steele S.J., Gower S.T., Vogel J., Norman J.M. Root mass, production and turnover of boreal aspen, jack pine and black spruce forests. Tree Physiol. 17:1997;577-587.
129. Steinmetz S., Guerif M., Delecolle R., Baret F. Spectral estimates of the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and light-use efficiency of a winter wheat crop subjected to nitrogen and water deficiencies. Int. J. Remote Sens. 11:1990;1797-1808.
130. Stenberg P., Linder S., Smolander H., Flower-Ellis J. Performance of the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer in estimating leaf area index of some Scots pinestands. Tree Physiol. 14:1994;981-995.
131. Steven M.D., Biscoe P.V., Jaggard K.W. Estimation of sugar beet productivity from reflection in the red and infrared spectral bands. Int. J. Remote Sens. 4:1983;325-334.
132. Tollenaar M., Bruulsema T.W. Efficiency of maize dry matter production during periods of complete leaf area expansion. Agron. J. 80:1988;580-585.
133. Vogel J.G., Gower S.T. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics of boreal jack pine stands with and without a green alder understory. Ecosystems. 1:1998;386-400.
134. Vogt K.A., Persson H. Measuring growth and development of roots. Lassoie J.P., Hinckley T.M. Techniques and Approaches in Forest Tree Ecophysiology. 1991;477-501 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
135. Vogt K.A., Grier C.C., Vogt D.J. Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above- and belowground detritus of world forests. Adv. Ecol. Res. 15:1986;303-377. a.
136. Vogt K.A., Grier C.C., Gower S.T., Sprugel D.G., Vogt D.J. Overestimation of net root production. a real or imaginary problem? Ecology. 67:1986;577-579. b.
137. Vogt K.A., Vogt D.J., Palmiotto P.A., Boon P., O'Hara J., Asbjornsen H. Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems grouped by climate, climatic forest type and species. Plant and Soil. 187:1996;159-219.
138. Waring R.H., Schroeder P.E., Oren R. Applications of the pipe model theory to predict canopy leaf area. Can. J. For. Res. 12:1982;556-560.
139. Welles J.M. Some indirect methods of estimation canopy stucture. Goel N.S., Norman J.M. Instrumentation for Studying Vegetation Canopies for Remote Sensing in Optical and Thermal Infrared Regions. 1990;31-43 Harwood Academic, London.
140. Welles J.M., Cohen S. Canopy structure measurement by gap fraction analysis using commercial instrumentation. J. Exp. Bot. 302:1996;1335-1342.
141. Yao, N. R. (1980), Vegetative and reproductive development of corn at four spring planting dates. M.S. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.