Cell wall dynamics in yeast

Current Opinion in Microbiology

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 348-352

  Smits, Gertien J ^a   Kapteyn, Johan C ^a   Van den Ende, Herman ^a   Klis, Frans M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL MEMBRANE PROTEIN; GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; PROTEIN KINASE C;

CELL CYCLE; CELL WALL; CYTOKINESIS; GENE EXPRESSION; MOLECULAR MODEL; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 0033178781     PISSN: 13695274     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5274(99)80061-7     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Kollár R, Petráková E, Ashwell G, Robbins PW, Cabib E: Architecture of the yeast cell wall: The linkage between chitin and β (1→3)-glucan. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:1170-1178.
2. Kollár R, Reinhold BB, Petráková E, Yeh HJC, Ashwell G, Drgonová J, Kapteyn JC, Klis FM, Cabib E: Architecture of the yeast cell wall: β (1→6)-glucan interconnects mannoprotein, β (1→3)-glucan, and chitin. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:17762-17788.
3. Mrsa V, Seidl T, Gentzsch M, Tanner W: Specific labelling of cell wall proteins by biotinylation. Identification of four covalently linked O-mannosylated proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1997, 13:1145-1154.
4. Kapteyn JC, Van Egmond P, Sievi E, Van den Ende H, Makarow M, Klis FM: The contribution of the O-glycosylated protein Pir2p/Hsp-150 to the construction of the yeast cell wall in wild-type cells and β1,6-glucan-deficient mutants. Mol Microbiol 1999, 31:1835-1844. Pir-cell wall proteins (CWPs) are attached to β1,3-glucan through a base-labile linkage. The cell compensates for decreased levels of β1,6-glucan in its wall by increased chitin deposition in the lateral walls. In addition, the transcript levels of Pir-CWP encoding genes and FKS2 are up-regulated.
5. Lipke PN, Ovalle R: Cell wall architecture in yeast: New structure and new challenges. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:3735-3740. This review describes the cell wall as a latticework of structural units, each being composed of a branched β1,3-glucan molecule, presenting multiple attachment sites for both β1,6-glucan and chitin chains.
6. Kapteyn JC, Van Den Ende H, Klis FM: The contribution of cell wall proteins to the organization of the yeast cell wall. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1426:373-383. This review proposes that the cell wall contains two structural units, one having the core structure GPI-CWP→β1,6-glucan→β1,3-glucan, and the other having the structure Pir-CWP-β1,3-glucan.
7. Manners DJ, Masson AJ, Patterson JC: The structure of a β-(1-3)-d-glucan from yeast cell walls. Biochem J 1973, 135:19-30.
8. Kapteyn JC, Ram AF, Groos EM, Kollar R, Montijn RC, Van Den Ende H, Llobell A, Cabib E, Klis FM: Altered extent of cross-linking of β1,6-glucosylated mannoproteins to chitin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with reduced cell wall β1,3-glucan content. J Bacteriol 1997, 179:6279-6284.
9. Caro LHP, Tettelin H, Vossen JH, Ram AF, van den Ende H, Klis FM: In silicio identification of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored plasma-membrane and cell wall proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1997, 13:1477-1489.
10. Hamada K, Fukuchi S, Arisawa M, Baba M, Kitada K: Screening for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-dependent cell wall proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Gen Genet 1998, 258:53-59. The identification of potential GPI-cell wall proteins using a reporter construct is described.
11. Hamada K, Terashima H, Arisawa M, Kitada K: Amino acid sequence requirement for efficient incorporation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-associated proteins into the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:26946-26953. A short amino acid region upstream of the ω site for glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment directs GPI-cell wall proteins to the cell wall.
12. Yun DJ, Zhao Y, Pardo JM, Narasimhan ML, Damsz B, Lee H, Abad LR, D'Urzo MP, Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA: Stress proteins on the yeast cell surface determine resistance to osmotin, a plant antifungal protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:7082-7087.
13. Popolo L, Vai M: The gas1 glycoprotein, a putative wall polymer cross-linker. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1426:385-400. This review discusses the evidence that Gas1 and homologs of Gas1 in other fungi function as transglucosylases involved in maturation of β1,3-glucan.
14. Ram AFJ, Kapteyn JC, Montijn RC, Caro LHP, Douwes JE, Baginsky W, Mazur P, Van Den Ende H, Klis FM: Loss of the plasma membrane-bound protein Gas1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in the release of β-1,3-glucan into the medium and induces a compensation mechanism to ensure cell wall integrity. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:1418-1424. The cell compensates for decreased levels of β1,3-glucan in its wall by enhancing the levels of chitin and mannan, and increasing expression of CWP1 and FKS2.
15. Capparello C, Mrsa V, Tanner W: New potential cell wall glucanases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their involvement in mating. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:5030-5037.
16. Popolo L, Vai M: Defects in assembly of the extracellular matrix are responsible for altered morphogenesis of a Candida albicans phr1 mutant. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:163-166.
17. Nakazawa T, Horiuchi H, Ohta A, Takagi M: Isolation and characterization of EPD1, an essential gene for pseudohyphal growth of a dimorphic yeast Candida maltosa. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:2079-2086. The GAS1 homolog EPD1 in Candida maltosa is essential for pseudohyphal growth.
18. Chaffin WL, Lopez-Ribot JL, Casanova M, Gozalbo D, Martinez JP: Cell wall and secreted proteins of Candida albicans: Identification, function, and expression. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998, 62:130-180. Extensive overview of cell wall-associated proteins in Candida albicans.
19. Hoyer LL, Payne TL, Hecht JE: Identification of Candida albicans ALS2 and ALS4 and localization of Als proteins to the fungal cell surface. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:5334-5343. The cell wall of Candida albicans contains a family of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linked cell wall proteins, encoded by the ALS genes.
20. Hoyer LL, Payne TL, Bell M, Myers AM, Scherer S: Candida albicans ALS3 and insights into the nature of the ALS gene family. Curr Genet 1998, 33:451-459.
21. Kapteyn JC, Montijn RC, Dijkgraaf GJP, van den Ende H, Klis FM: Covalent association of β-1,3-glucan with β-1,6-glucosylated mannoproteins in cell walls of Candida albicans. J Bacteriol 1995, 177:3788-3792.
22. Mormeneo S, Marcilla A, Iranzo M, Sentandreu R: Structural mannoproteins released by β-elimination from Candida albicans cell walls. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994, 123:131-136.
23. Cao L, Chan C-M, Lee C, Wong SS-Y, Yuen K-Y: MP1 encodes an abundant and highly antigenic cell wall mannoprotein in the pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei. Infect Immun 1998, 66:966-973. The cell wall of the mycelial fungus Penicillium marneffei contains a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linked cell wall protein.
24. De Nobel JG, Klis FM, Priem J, Munnik T, van den Ende H: The glucanase-soluble mannoproteins limit cell wall porosity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1990, 6:491-499.
25. Teunissen AW, Steensma HY: The dominant flocculation genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae constitute a new subtelomeric gene family. Yeast 1995, 11:1001-1013.
26. Lipke PN, Kurjan J: Sexual agglutination in budding yeasts: Structure, function, and regulation of adhesion glycoproteins. Microbiol Rev 1992, 56:180-194.
27. Lo WS, Dranginis AM: FLO11, a yeast gene related to the STA genes, encodes a novel cell surface flocculin. J Bacteriol 1996, 178:7144-7151.
28. Lo WS, Dranginis AM: The cell surface flocculin Flo11 is required for pseudohyphae formation and invasion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 1998, 9:161-171. FLO11 encodes a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linked cell wall protein essential for invasive growth.
29. Robertson LS, Fink GR: The three yeast A kinases have specific signaling functions in pseudohyphal growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:13783-13787.
30. Rupp S, Summers E, Lo HJ, Madhani H, Fink G: MAP kinase and cAmp filamentation signaling pathways converge on the unusually large promoter of the yeast FLO11 gene. EMBO J 1999, 18:1257-1269. Two signal transduction pathways mediate FLO11 gene expression, namely the cAMP/PKA pathway and the Kss1 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade.
31. Erdman S, Lin L, Malczynski M, Snyder M: Pheromone-regulated genes required for yeast mating differentiation. J Cell Biol 1998, 140:461-483. In the absence of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linked cell wall protein (GPI-CWP) Fig2, an abnormally narrow conjugation bridge is formed between two mating cells.
32. Kovacech B, Nasmyth K, Schuster T: EGT2 gene transcription is induced predominantly by Swi5 in early G1. Mol Cell Biol 1996, 16:3264-3274.
33. Spellman PT, Sherlock G, Zhang MQ, Iyer VR, Anders K, Eisen MB, Brown PO, Botstein D, Futcher B: Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by microarray hybridization. Mol Biol Cell 1998, 9:3273-3297. The expression of many Pir-CWPs, GPI-CWPs, and proteins involved in cell wall construction is cell cycle regulated.
34. Cho RJ, Campbell MJ, Winzeler EA, Steinmetz L, Conway A, Wodicka L, Wolfsberg TG, Gabrielian AE, Landsman D, Lockhart DJ, Davis RW: A genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the mitotic cell cycle. Mol Cell 1998, 2:65-73.
35. Caro LHP, Smits GJ, van Egmond P, Chapman JW, Klis FM: Transcription of multiple cell wall protein-encoding genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is differentially regulated during the cell cycle. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998, 161:345-349.
36. DeRisi JL, Iyer VR, Brown PO: Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science 1997, 278:680-686.
37. Chu S, DeRisi J, Eisen M, Mulholland J, Botstein D, Brown Po, Herskowitz I: The transcriptional program of sporulation in budding yeast. Science 1998, 282:699-705. During sporulation the transcription of a large group of genes encoding cell wall proteins is up-regulated.
38. Shimoi H, Kitagaki H, Ohmori H, Iimura Y, Ito K: Sed1p is a major cell wall protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the stationary phase and is involved in lytic enzyme resistance. J Bacteriol 1998, 180:3381-3387. The glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linked cell wall protein Sed1 is highly expressed in stationary phase cells, giving protection against lytic enzymes.
39. Donzeau M, Bourdineaud JP, Lauquin GJ: Regulation by low temperatures and anaerobiosis of a yeast gene specifying a putative GPI-anchored plasma membrane protein. Mol Microbiol 1996, 20:449-459.
40. Sertil O, Cohen BD, Davies KJ, Lowry CV: The DAN1 gene of S. Cerevisiae is regulated in parallel with the hypoxic genes, but by a different mechanism. Gene 1997, 192:199-205.
41. Russo P, Simonen M, Uimari A, Teesalu T, Makarow M: Dual regulation by heat and nutrient stress of the yeast HSP150 gene encoding a secretory glycoprotein. Mol Gen Genet 1993, 239:273-280.
42. Bony M, Barre P, Blondin B: Distribution of the flocculation protein, Flop, at the cell surface during yeast growth: The availability of Flop determines the flocculation level. Yeast 1998, 14:25-35.
43. Ram AF, Van den Ende H, Klis FM: Green fluorescent protein-cell wall fusion proteins are covalently incorporated into the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998, 162:249-255. Green fluorescent protein-tagging of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linked cell wall protein Cwp1 and Cwp2 shows that they are targeted to specific areas of the cell wall.
44. Gustin MC, Albertyn J, Alexander M, Davenport K: MAP kinase pathways in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998, 62:1264-1300. Superb review of the different mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways in yeast, and their role in controlling cell morphology, and the composition and molecular organization of the cell wall.
45. Lussier M, White AM, Sheraton J, di Paolo T, Treadwell J, Southard SB, Horenstein CI, Chen-Weiner J, Ram AF, Kapteyn JC et al.: Large scale identification of genes involved in cell surface biosynthesis and architecture in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 1997, 147:435-450.
46. Kronstad J, De Maria AD, Funnell D, Laidlaw RD, Lee N, de Sa MM, Ramesh M: Signaling via cAMP in fungi: Interconnections with mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Arch Microbiol 1998, 170:395-404.
47. Schmidt A, Bickle M, Beck T, Hall MN: The yeast phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog TOR2 activates RHO1 and RHO2 via the exchange factor ROM2. Cell 1997, 88:531-542.
48. Bickle M, Delley PA, Schmidt A, Hall MN: Cell wall integrity modulates RHO1 activity via the exchange factor ROM2. EMBO J 1998, 17:2235-2245. Destabilization of the cell wall activates Rho1, the regulatory subunit of β1,3-glucan synthase and activator of the Pkc1 MAP kinase cascade, through the exchange factor Rom2.
49. Cabib E, Drgonová J, Drgon T: Role of small G proteins in yeast cell polarization and wall biosynthesis. Annu Rev Biochem 1998, 67:307-333. Lucid review of the role of Rho1 in β1,3-glucan synthesis and the cell wall integrity pathway (Pkc1 MAP kinase pathway).
50. Dallies N, François J, Paquet V: A new method for quantitative determination of polysaccharides in the yeast cell wall. Application to the cell wall defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1998, 14:1297-1306. Presents an improved method for determining the sugar composition of yeast cell walls. Various cell wall defective mutants show strongly increased levels of chitin.
51. Kowalski LRZ, Kondo K, Inouye M: Cold-shock induction of a family of TIP1 -related proteins associated with the membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 1995, 15:341-353.
52. Manners DJ, Masson AJ, Patterson JC, Bjorndal H, Lindberg B: The structure of a β-(1-6)-D-glucan from yeast cell walls. Biochem J 1973, 135:31-36.
53. Rees DA: Polysaccharide Shapes. London: Chapman and Hall; 1977.
54. Kitagaki H, Shimoi H, Ito K: Identification and analysis of a static culture-specific cell wall protein, Tir1p/Srp1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem 1997, 249:343-349.
55. Ezaki B, Gardner RC, Ezaki Y, Kondo H, Matsumoto H: Protective roles of two aluminum (Al)-induced genes, HSP150 and SED1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in Al and oxidative stresses. FEMS Microbiol Letts 1998, 159:99-105.