Absence of growth hormone-induced avian muscle growth in vivo

Poultry Science

Volumn 78, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 759-768

  Vasilatos Younken, R ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Growth hormone; Insulin like growth factor I; Muscle; Satellite cells; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; AVES; GALLIFORMES; JANUS; SUS SCROFA;

SOMATOMEDIN C;

ANIMAL; CYTOLOGY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MEAT; MUSCLE CELL; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; POULTRY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; STANDARD;

ANIMALS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; MEAT; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE FIBERS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; POULTRY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0033126573     PISSN: 00325791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.5.759     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Agarwal, S. K., L. A. Cogburn, and J. Burnside, 1994. Dysfunctional growth hormone receptor in a strain of sex-linked dwarf-chicken: Evidence for a mutation in the intracellular domain. J. Endocrinol. 142:427-434.
2. Allander, S. V., M. Coleman, H. Luthman, and D. R. Powel, 1997. Chicken insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5: Conservation of IGFBP-5 structure and expression during evolution. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116B: 477-483.
3. Argetsinger, L. S., G. S. Campbell, X. Yang, B. A. Witthuhn, O. Silvennoinen, J. N. Ihle, and C. Carter-Su, 1993. Identification of JAK2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Cell 74:237-244.
4. Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., P.W.R. Lemon, and J. Gilloteaux, 1996. Effects of exogenous growth hormone on skeletal muscle of young female rats. Tissue Cell 28:719-724.
5. Bacon, W. L., D. W. Long, and R. Vasilatos-Younken, 1995. Responses to exogenous pulsatile turkey growth hormone by growing 8-week-old female turkeys. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 111B:471-482.
6. Baumbach, W. R., D. L. Horner, and J. S. Logan, 1989. The growth hormone binding protein in rat serum is an alternatively spliced form of the rat growth hormone receptor. Genes Dev. 3:1199-1205.
7. Beerman, D. H., V. K. Fishell, K. Roneker, R. D. Boyd, G. Armbruster, and L. Souza, 1990. Dose-response relationships between porcine somatotropin, muscle composition, muscle fiber characteristics and pork quality. J. Anim. Sci. 68:2690-2697.
8. Bell, A. W., D. E. Bauman, D. H. Beermann, and R. J. Harrell, 1998. Nutrition, development and efficacy of growth modifiers in livestock species. J. Nutr. 128:360S-363S.
9. Benedicte, D., M.-L. Sobrier, P. Dusquesnoy, M. Tixier-Boichard, E. Decuypere, G. Coquerelle, M. Zemen, M. Goosens, and S. Amselem, 1993. A naturally occurring growth hormone receptor mutation: In vivo and in vitro evidence for the functional importance of the WS motif common to all members of the cytokine receptor superfamily. Mol. Endocrinol. 7:806-814.
10. Brameld, J. M., J. L. Atkinson, J. C. Saunders, J. M. Pell, P. J. Buttery, and R. S. Gilmour, 1996. Effects of growth hormone administration and dietary protein intake on insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone receptor mRNA expression in porcine liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1832-1841.
11. Burke, W. H., J. A. Moore, J. R. Ogez, and S. E. Builder, 1987. The properties of recombinant chicken growth hormone and its effects on growth, body composition, feed efficiency, and other factors in broiler chickens. Endocrinology 120:651-658.
12. Burnside, J., and L. A. Cogburn, 1992. Developmental expression of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in the chicken. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 89:91-96.
13. Burnside, J., S. S. Liou, C. Zhong, and L. A. Cogburn, 1992. Abnormal GH receptor gene expression in the sex-linked dwarf chicken. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 88:20-28.
14. Campbell, G. S., D. J. Meyer, R. Raz, D. E. Levy, J. Schwartz, and C. Carter-Su, 1995a. Activation of acute phase response factor (APRF)/Stat3 transcription factor by growth hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 270:3974-3979.
15. Campbell, R. G., N. C. Steele, T. J. Caperna, J. P. McMurtry, M. B. Solomon, and A. D. Mitchell, 1989. Interrelationships between sex and exogenous growth hormone administration on performance, body composition and protein and fat accretion of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 67:177-186.
16. Caperna, T. J., R. G. Campbell, M.R.M. Ballard, and N. C. Steele, 1995. Somatotropin enhances the rate of amino acid deposition but has minimal impact on amino acid balance in growing pigs. J. Nutr. 125:2104-2113.
17. Caperna, T. J., D. R. Komarek, D. Gavelek, and N. C. Steele, 1991. Influence of dietary protein and recombinant porcine somatotropin administration in young pigs: II. Accretion rates of protein, collagen, and fat. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 4019-4029.
18. Cartee, G. D., E. E. Bohn, B. T. Gibson, and R. P. Farrar, 1996. Growth hormone supplementation increases skeletal muscle mass of old male Fischer 344/brown Norway rats. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 51:B214-219.
19. Carter-Su, C., J. Schwartz, and L. S. Smit, 1996. Molecular mechanism of growth hormone action. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58:187-207.
20. Chung, C. S., T. D. Etherton, and J. P. Wiggins, 1985. Stimulation of swine growth by porcine growth hormone. J. Anim. Sci. 60:118-130.
21. Cogburn, L. A., S. S. Liou, A. L. Rand, and J. P. McMurtry, 1989. Growth, metabolic and endocrine responses of broiler cockerels given a daily subcutaneous injection of natural or biosynthetic chicken growth hormone. J. Nutr. 119:1213-1222.
22. Cohick, W. S. and D. R. Clemmons, 1993. The insulin-like growth factors. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55:131-153.
23. Coleman, M. E., F. DeMayo, K. C. Yin, H. M. Lee, R. Geske, C. Montgomery, and R. J. Schwartz, 1995. Myogenic vector expression of insulin-like growth factor I stimulates muscle cell differentiation and myofiber hypertrophy in transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 270:12109-12116.
24. Coleman, M. E., L. Russell, and T. D. Etherton, 1994. Porcine somatotropin (pST) increases IGF-I mRNA abundance in liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:918-924.
25. Cravener, T. L., and R. Vasilatos-Younken, 1989. Effect of subcutaneous infusion of pituitary-derived chicken growth hormone on growth performance of broiler pullets. Poultry Sci. 68:1133-1140.
26. Cunningham, B. C., M. Ultcsh, A. M. deVos, M. G. Mulkerrin, K. R. Clauser, and J. A. Wells, 1991. Dimerization of the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone receptor by a single hormone molecule. Science 254: 821-826.
27. Czerwinski, S. M., J. M. Cate, G. Francis, F. Tomas, D. M. Brocht, and J. P. McMurtry, 1998. The effect of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on protein turnover in the meat-type chicken (Gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 119C:75-80.
28. Czerwinski, S. M., and J. M. Martin, 1994. Effect of somatotropin on myosin expression in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:124-1208.
29. Darnell, J. E., Jr., I. M. Kerr, and G. R. Stark, 1994. JAK-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264:1415-1422.
30. Dayton, W. R., and M. R. Hathaway, 1991. Myogenic cell proliferation and differentiation. Poultry Sci. 70:1815-822.
31. Decuypere, E., L. M. Huybrechts, E. R. Kuhn, M. Tixier-Boichard, and P. Merat, 1991. Physiological alterations associated with the chicken sex-linked dwarfing gene. Crit. Rev. Poult. Biol. 3:191-221.
32. Dodson, M. V., R. E. Allen, and K. L. Hossner, 1985. Ovine somatomedin, multiplication-stimulating activity, and insulin promote skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in vitro. Endocrinology 117:2357-2363.
33. Dodson, M. V., D. C. McFarland, A. L. Grant, M. E. Doumit, and S. G. Velleman, 1996. Extrinsic regulation of domestic animal-derived satellite cells. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 13: 114-126.
34. Duclos, M. J., B. Chevalier, C. Goddard, and J. Simon, 1993. Regulation of amino acid transport and protein metabolism in myotubes derived from chicken muscle satellite cells by insulin-like growth factor-I. J. Cell. Physiol. 157:650-657.
35. Duclos, M. J., R. S. Wilkie, and C. Goddard, 1991. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in chicken muscle satellite cells by insulin and insulin-like growth factors: evidence for exclusive mediation by a type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor. J. Endocrinol. 128:35-42.
36. Eisenman, H. H., A. C. Hammond, and T. S. Rumsey, 1989. Tissue protein synthesis and nucleic acid concentrations in steers treated with somatotropin. Br. J. Nutr. 62:657-671.
37. Ernst, C. W., D. C. McFarland, and M. E. White, 1990. Gene expression of IGF-I and the low molecular weight IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-2) in turkey satellite cells during myoblast differentiation. J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1) 68:285. (Abstr.)
38. Etherton, T. D., I. Louveau, M. T. Sorenson, and S. Chaudhuri, 1993. Mechanisms by which somatotropin decreases adipose tissue growth. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58:287S-295S.
39. Etherton, T. D., J. P. Wiggins, C. S. Chung, C. M. Evock, J. F. Rebhun, and P. E. Walton, 1986. Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone and growth hormone releasing factor. J. Anim. Sci. 63:1389-1399.
40. Etherton, T. D., J. P. Wiggins, C. M. Evock, C. S. Chung, J. F. Rebhun, P. E. Walton, and N. C. Steele, 1987. Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone: Determination of the dose-response relationship. J. Anim. Sci. 64:433-443.
41. Evock, C. M., T. J. Caperna, N. C. Steele, J. P. McMurtry, and R. W. Rosebrough. 1991, Influence of time of injection of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) relative to time of feeding on growth performance, hormone and metabolite status, and muscle RNA, DNA, and protein in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 69:2443-2451.
42. Fabry, J., D. Demeyer, M. F. Thielemans, C. Deroanne, G. Van de Voorde, E. Deroover, and R. H. Dalrymple, 1991. Evaluation of recombinant porcine somatotropin on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and muscle biochemical properties of belgian landrace pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 69:4007-4018.
43. Florini, J. R., and D. Z. Ewton, 1990. Highly specific inhibition of IGF-I-stimulated differentiation by an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide to myogenin mRNA; no effects on other actions of IGF-I. J. Biol. Chem. 265:13435-13437.
44. Florini, J. R., D. Z. Ewton, and S. A. Coolican, 1996. Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocr. Rev. 17:481-517.
45. Fuh, G., B. C. Cunningham, R. Fukunaga, S. Nagata, D. V. Goeddel, J. A. Wells. 1992. Rational design of potent antagonists to the human growth hormone receptor. Science 256:1677-1680.
46. Goddard, C., R. Johnson, H. J. Gilhooley, J. O. Gardener, A. Gray, R. S. Wilkie, and S. C. Butterwith, 1996. Decreased muscle cell proliferation in chicks with a deletion in the GH receptor gene. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 17:67-78.
47. Gosteli-Peter, M. K. Winterhalter, C. Schmid, E. Froesch, and J. Zapf, 1994. Expression and regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid levels in tissues of hypophysectomized rats infused with IGF-I and GH. Endocrinology 135: 2558-2567.
48. Gronowski, A. M., and P. Rotwein, 1994. Rapid changes in nuclear protein tyrosine phosphorylation after growth hormone treatment in vivo. Identification of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase and STAT 91. J. Biol. Chem. 69:7874-7878.
49. Halevy, O., V. Hodik, and A. Mett, 1996. The effects of growth hormone on avian skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 101: 43-52.
50. Hargis, P. S., C. E. Dean, and B. M. Hargis, 1991. In-ovo endocrine manipulation of growth. Crit. Rev. Poult. Biol. 3:307-323.
51. Harvey, S., R. A. Fraser, and R. W. Lea, 1991. Growth hormone secretion in poultry. Crit. Rev. Poult. Biol. 3:239-282.
52. Hikida, R. S., J. R. Knapp, W. Y. Chen, J. A. Gozdanovic, and J. J. Kopchick, 1995. Effects of bovine growth hormone analogs on mouse skeletal muscle structure. Growth Dev. Aging 59:121-128.
53. Hodik, V., A. Mett, and O. Halevy, 1997. Mutual effects of growth hormone and growth factors on avian skeletal muscle satellite cells. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 108:161-170.
54. Huybrechts, L. M., E. Decuypere, J. Buyse, E. R. Kuhn, and M. Tixier-Boichard, 1992. Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on weight gain, fat content and hormonal parameters in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 71: 181-187.
55. Jacob, R., X. Hu, D. Niederstock, S. Hasan, P. H. McNulty, R. S. Sherwin, and L. H. Young, 1996. IGF-I stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in the awake rat: Permissive role of insulin and amino acids. Am. J. Physiol. 270:E60-E66.
56. James, P.L., S. B. Jones, W. H. Busby, Jr., D. R. Clemmons, and P. Rotwein, 1993. A highly conserved insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-5) is expressed during myoblast differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 268:22305-22312.
57. Johnson, R. J., 1988. Diminution of pulsatile growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): Evidence for sexual dimorphism. J. Endocrinol. 119:101-109.
58. Lajara, R., P. Rotwein, J. D. Bortz, V. A. Hansen, J. L. Sadow, C. R. Betts, S. A. Rogers, and M. R. Hammerman, 1989. Dual regulation of insulin-like growth factor I expression during renal hypertrophy. Am. J. Physiol. 257:F252-261.
59. Laron, Z., 1982. Somatomedin, insulin, growth hormone and growth: A review. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 18:823-829.
60. Lazarus, D. D., and C. G. Scanes, 1988. Acute effects of hypophysectomy and administration of pancreatic and thyroid hormones on circulating concentrations of somatomedin-C in young chickens: Relationship between growth hormone and somatomedin-C. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 5:283-289.
61. Leung, D. W., S. A. Spencer, G. Cachianes, R. G. Hammonds, C. Collins, W. J. Henzel, R. Barnard, M. J. Waters, and W. Wood, 1987a. Growth hormone receptor and serum binding proteins: purification, cloning and expression. Nature 330:537-543.
62. Leung, F. C., W. J. Styles, C. I. Rosenblum, M. S. Lilburn, and J. A. Marsh, 1987b. Diminished hepatic growth hormone receptor binding in sex-linked dwarf broiler and leghorn chickens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 184:234-238.
63. Leung, F. C., J. E. Taylor, S. Wien, and A. V. Iderstine, 1986. Purified chicken growth hormone (GH) and a human pancreatic GH-releasing hormone increase body weight gain in chickens. Endocrinology 118:1961-1965.
64. Ludolph, D. C., and S. F. Konieczny, 1995. Transcription factor families: muscling in on the myogenic program. FASEB J. 9:1595-1604.
65. Mathews, L. S., R. E. Hammer, R. R. Behringer, A. J. D,Ercole, G. I. Bell, R. L. Brinster. and R. D. Palmiter, 1988. Growth enhancement of transgenic mice expressing human insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocrinology 123:2827-2833.
66. McCusker, R. H., W. H. Busby, M. H. Dehoff, C. Camacho-Hubner, and D. R. Clemmons, 1991. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding to cell monolayers is directly modulated by the addition of IGF-binding proteins. Endocrinology 129:939-949.
67. McCusker, R. H. and D. R. Clemmons, 1997. Use of lanthanum to accurately quantify insulin-like growth factor binding to proteins on cell surfaces. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:256-267.
68. McFarland, D. C., J. E. Pesall, and K. K. Gilkerson, 1993. The influence of growth factors on turkey embryonic myoblasts and satellite cells in vitro. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 89: 415-424.
69. McMurtry, J. P., G. L. Francis, and Z. Upton, 1997. Insulin-like growth factors in poultry. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 14: 199-229.
70. McMurtry, J. P., G. L. Francis, F. Z. Upton, G. Rosselot, and D. M. Brocht, 1994. Developmental changes in chicken and turkey insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) studied with a homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken IGF-I. J. Endocrinol. 142:225-234.
71. Minshall, R. D., D. C. McFarland, and M. E. Doumit, 1990. Interaction of insulin-like growth factor I with turkey satellite cells and satellite cell-derived myotubes. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 7:413-424.
72. Moellers, R. F., and L. A. Cogburn, 1995. Chronic intravenous infusion of chicken growth hormone increases body fat content of young broiler chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 110A:47-56.
73. Oldham, E. R., B. Bingham, and W. R. Baumbach, 1993. A functional polyadenylation signal is embedded in the coding region of chicken growth hormone receptor RNA. Mol. Endocrinol. 7:1379-1390.
74. O'Neill, I. E., B. Houston, and C. Goddard, 1990. Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor I production in primary cultures of chicken hepatocytes by chicken growth hormone. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 70:41-47.
75. Ono, Y., M. B. Solomon, C. M. Evock-Clover, N. C. Steele, and K. Maruyama, 1995. Effects of porcine somatotropin administration on porcine muscles located within different regions of the body. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2282-2288.
76. Ono, Y., M. B. Solomon, T. H. Elsasser, T. S. Rumsey, and W. M. Moseley, 1996. Effects of synovex-s and recombinant bovine growth hormone (somavubove) on growth responses of steers: II. Muscle morphology and proximate composition of muscles. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2929-2934.
77. Palmer, R. M., D. J. Flint, J. C. MacRae, F. E. Fairhurst, L. A. Bruce, S. C. Mackie, and G. E. Lobley, 1993. Effects of growth hormone and an antiserum to rat growth hormone on serum IGF-I and muscle protein synthesis and accretion in the rat. J. Endocrinol. 139:395-401.
78. Peebles, E. D., W. H. Burke, and H. L. Marks, 1988. Effects of recombinant chicken growth hormone in randombred meat-type chickens. Growth Dev. Aging 52:133-138.
79. Pell, J. M., and P. C. Bates, 1987. Collagen and non-collagen protein turnover in skeletal muscle of growth hormone-treated lambs. J. Endocrinol. 115:R1-R4.
80. Proudman, J. A., L. A. Cogburn, M. C. McGuinness, and K. A. Krishnan, 1989. Endocrine responses of hypophysectomized turkey poults given daily injection of chicken growth hormone. Poultry Sci. 68(Suppl):116. (Abstr.)
81. Radecki, S. V., L. McCann-Levorse, S. K. Agarwal, J. Burnside, J. A. Proudman, and C. G. Scanes, 1997. Chronic administration of growth hormone (GH) to adult chickens exerts marked effects on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding proteins, hepatic GH regulated gene I, and hepatic GH receptor mRNA. Endocrine 6:117-124.
82. Rosebrough, R. W., J. P. McMurtry, and R. Vasilatos-Younken, 1991. Effect of pulsatile or continuous administration of pituitary-derived chicken growth hormone (p-cGH) on lipid metabolism in broiler pullets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99A:207-214.
83. Rosselot, G., J. P. McMurtry, R. Vasilatos-Younken, and S. Czerwinski, 1995. Effect of exogenous chicken growth hormone (cGH) administration on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression in domestic fowl. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 114:157-166.
84. Scanes, C. G., E. A. Dunnington, F. C. Buonomo, D. J. Donoghue, and P. B. Siegel, 1989. Plasma concentrations of insulin like growth factors (IGF-) I and IGF-II in dwarf and normal chickens of high and low weight selected lines. Growth Dev. Aging. 53:151-157.
85. Scanes, C. G., D. R. Duyka, T. J. Lauterio, S. J. Bowen, L. M. Huybrechts, W. L. Bacon, and D. B. King, 1986. Effect of chicken growth hormone, triiodothyronine and hypophysectomy in growing domestic fowl. Growth 50: 12-31.
86. Scanes, C. G., and T. J. Lauterio, 1984. Growth hormone: Its physiology and control. J. Exp. Zool. 232:443-452.
87. Scanes, C. G., T. R. Hall, and S. Harvey, 1984. The physiology of growth hormone in poultry. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 1: 201-215.
88. Scanes, C. G., T. A. Peterla, S. Kantor, and C. A. Ricks, 1990. In vivo effects of biosynthetic chicken growth hormone in broiler-strain chickens. Growth Dev. Aging 54:95-101.
89. Seve, B., O. Ballevre, P. Ganier, J. Noblet, J. Prugnaud, and C. Obled, 1993. Recombinant porcine somatotropin and dietary protein enhance protein synthesis in growing pigs. J. Nutr. 123:529-540.
90. Smith, W. C., J. Kunikyoshi, and F. Talamantes, 1989. Mouse serum growth hormone (GH) binding protein has GH receptor extracellular and substituted transmembrane domains. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1799-1805.
91. Soloman, M. B., T. J. Caperna, R. J. Mroz, and N. C. Steele, 1994. Influence of dietary protein and recombinant porcine somatotropin administration in young pigs: III. Muscle fiber morphology and shear force. J. Anim. Sci. 72:615-621.
92. Sorenson, M. T., N. Oksbjerg, N. Agergaard, and J. S. Petersen, 1996. Tissue deposition rates in relation to muscle fibre and fat cell characteristics in lean female pigs (Sus scrofa) following treatment with porcine growth hormone (pGH). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 113:91-96.
93. Sotiropoulos, A., L. Goujon, G. Simonin, P. A. Kelly, M. C. Potel-Vinay, and J. Finidori, 1993. Evidence for generation of the growth hormone-binding protein through proteolysis of the growth hormone membrane receptor. Endocrinology 132:1863-1865.
94. Tanaka, M., Y. Hayashida, K. Sakaguchi, T. Ohkubo, M. Wakita, S. Hoshino, and K. Nakashima, 1996. Growth hormone-independent expression of insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid in extrahepatic tissues of the chicken. Endocrinology 137:30-34.
95. Thiel, L. F., D. H. Beermann, B. J. Krick, and R. D. Boyd, 1993. Dose-dependent effects of exogenous porcine somatotropin on the yield, distribution, and proximate composition of carcass tissues in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 71:827-835.
96. Tixier-Boichard, M., L. M. Huybrechts, E. Decuypere, E. R. Kuhn, J. L. Monvoisin, G. Coquerelle, J. Charrier, and J. Simon, 1992. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) infusion and dietary triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation on growth, body composition and plasma hormone levels in sex-linked dwarf mutant and normal chickens. J. Endocrinol. 133:101-110.
97. Vandenburgh, H. H., P. Karlisch, J. Shansky, and R. Feldstein, 1991. Insulin and IGF-I induce pronounced hypertrophy of skeletal myofibers in tissue culture. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Cell Physiol. 29): C475-C484.
98. Vasilatos-Younken, R., 1995. Proposed mechanisms for the regulation of growth hormone action in poultry: Metabolic effects. J. Nutr. 125:17835-17895.
99. Vasilatos-Younken, R., B. J. Andersen, R. W. Rosebrough, J. P. McMurtry, and W. L. Bacon, 1991. Identification of circulating growth hormone-binding proteins in domestic poultry: an initial characterization. J. Endocrinol. 130: 115-122.
100. Vasilatos-Younken, R., T. L. Cravener, L. A. Cogburn, M. G. Mast, and R. H. Wellenreiter, 1988. Effect of pattern of administration on the response to exogenous, pituitary-derived chicken growth hormone by broiler-strain pullets. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 71:268-283.
101. Vasilatos-Younken, R., and C. G. Scanes, 1991. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors in poultry growth: required, optimal, or ineffective? Poultry Sci. 70: 1764-1780.
102. Vasilatos-Younken, R., E. A. Dunnington, P. B. Siegel, and J. P. McMurtry, 1997. Tissue-specific alterations in insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in response to 3,3′, 5-triiodo-1-thyronine supplementation in the growth hormone receptor-deficient sex-linked dwarf chicken. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 105:31-39.
103. Vestergaard, M., S. Purup, P. Henckel, E. Tonner, D. J. Flint, L. R. Jensen, and K. Sejrsen, 1995. Effects of growth hormone and ovariectomy on performance, serum hormones, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and muscle fiber properties of prepubertal Friesian heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3574-3584.
104. Welle, S. C., and Thornton, 1997. Insulin-like growth factor-I, actin, and myosin heavy chain messenger RNAs in skeletal muscle after an injection of growth hormone in subjects over 60 years old. J. Endocrinol. 155:93-97.
105. Wilkie, R. S., I. E. O'Neill, S. C. Butterwith, M. J. Duclos, and C. Goddard, 1995. Regulation of chick muscle satellite cells by fibroblast growth factors: Interaction with insulin-like growth factor-I and heparin. Growth Reg. 5:18-27.
106. Wood, T. J. J., D. Silva, P. E. Lobie, T. J. Pircher, F. Gouilleux, H. Wakao, J. A. Gustafsson, B. Groner, G. Norstedt, and L. A. Haldosen, 1995. Mediation of growth hormone-dependent transcriptional activation by mammary gland factor/Stat5. J. Biol. Chem. 270:9448-9453.
107. Xu, B. C., X. Wang, C. J. Darus, and J. J. Kopchick, 1996a. Growth hormone promotes the association of transcription factor STATS with the growth hormone receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 271:19768-19773.
108. Zhou, W., X.-H. Wang, J. P. McMurtry, and R. Vasilatos-Younken, 1998. Induction and activation of JAK2 protein occur with chronic exposure to GH, despite lack of an anabolic response in chicken skeletal muscle. Poultry Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):33. (Abstr.)