Iron metabolism

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 200-206

  Aisen, Philip ^a   Wessling Resnick, Marianne ^b   Leibold, Elizabeth A ^c  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARRIER PROTEIN; FERRITIN; IRON; IRON REGULATORY FACTOR; OXIDOREDUCTASE; TRANSFERRIN; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR;

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; IRON METABOLISM; IRON TRANSPORT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 0033120009     PISSN: 13675931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1367-5931(99)80033-7     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Feder JN, Gnirke A, Thomas W, Tsuchihashi Z, Ruddy DA, Basava A, Dormishian F, Domingo R Jr, Ellis MC, Fullan A et al.: A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet 1996, 13:399-408.
2. Fleming MD, Trenor CC III, Su MA, Foernzler D, Beier DR, Dietrich WF, Andrews NC: Microcytic anaemia mice have a mutation in Nramp2, a candidate iron transporter gene. Nat Genet 1997, 16:383-386. This paper and [3•] describe the search for and finding of divalent metal transporter 1.
3. Gunshin H, Mackenzie B, Berger UV, Gunshin Y, Romero MF, Boron WF, Nussberger S, Gollan JL, Hediger MA: Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature 1997, 388:482-488. See annotation [2•].
4. Inman RS, Wessling-Resnick M: Characterization of transferrin-independent iron transport in K562 cells. Unique properties provide evidence for multiple pathways of iron uptake. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:8521-8528.
5. Anderson BF, Baker HM, Dodson EJ, Norris GE, Rumball SV, Waters JM, Baker EN: Structure of human lactoferrin at 3.2-A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987, 84:1769-1773.
6. Bailey S, Evans RW, Garratt RC, Gorinsky B, Hasnain S, Horsburgh C, Jhoti H, Lindley PF, Mydin A, Sarra R, Watson JL: Molecular structure of serum transferrin at 3.3 Ȧ resolution. Biochemistry 1988, 27:5804-5812.
7. Dewan J, Mikami B, Hirose M, Sacchettini JC: Structural evidence for a pH-sensitive dilysine trigger in the hen ovotransferrin N-lobe: Implications for transferrin iron release. Biochemistry 1993, 32:11963-11968.
8. Steinlein LM, Ligman CM, Kessler S, Ikeda RA: Iron release is reduced by mutations of lysines 206 and 296 in recombinant N-terminal half-transferrin. Biochemistry 1998, 37:13696-13703.
9. He QY, Mason AB, Woodworth RC, Tam BM, MacGillivray RTA, Grady JK, Chasteen ND: Mutations at nonliganding residues Tyr-85 and Glu-83 in the N-lobe of human serum transferrin - Functional second shell effects. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:17018-17024. This paper and [10•] point out the unexpected importance of second-shell effects in the iron-binding properties of transferrin.
10. Zak O, Tam B, MacGillivray RTA, Aisen P: A kinetically active site in the C-lobe of human transferrin. Biochemistry 1997, 36:11036-11043. See annotation [9•].
11. Zweier JL, Wooten JB, Cohen JS: Studies of anion binding by transferrin using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 1981, 20:3505-3510.
12. El Hage Chahine J-M, Pakdaman R: Transferrin, a mechanism for iron release. Eur J Biochem 1995, 230:1102-1110.
13. Bruns CM, Nowalk AJ, Arvai AS, McTigue MA, Vaughan KG, Mietzner TA, McRee DE: Structure of Haemophilus influenzae Fe(+3)-binding protein reveals convergent evolution within a superfamily. Nat Struct Biol 1997, 4:919-924. This is a striking example of convergent evolution.
14. Pereira AS, Small W, Krebs C, Tavares P, Edmondson DE, Theil EC, Huynh BH: Direct spectroscopic and kinetic evidence for the involvement of a peroxodiferric intermediate during the ferroxidase reaction in fast ferritin mineralization. Biochemistry 1998, 37:9871-9876.
15. Hempstead PD, Yewdall SJ, Fernie AR, Lawson DM, Artymiuk PJ, Rice DW, Ford GC, Harrison PM: Comparison of the three-dimensional structures of recombinant human H and horse L ferritins at high resolution. J Mol Biol 1997, 268:424-448.
16. Douglas T, Ripoll DR: Calculated electrostatic gradients in recombinant human H-chain ferritin. Protein Sci 1998, 7:1083-1091.
17. Yang XK, Chen-Barrett Y, Arosio P, Chasteen ND: Reaction paths of iron oxidation and hydrolysis in horse spleen and recombinant human ferritins. Biochemistry 1998, 37:9743-9750. This is a lucid analysis of the initial kinetics and mechanism of iron uptake by ferritin.
18. Reilly CA, Aust SD: Iron loading into ferritin by an intracellular ferroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998, 359.
19. Hayes GR, Williams AM, Lucas JJ, Enns CA: Structure of human transferrin receptor oligosaccharides: Conservation of site-specific processing. Biochemistry 1997, 36:5276-5284.
20. Bali PK, Zak O, Aisen P: A new role for the transferrin receptor in the release of iron from transferrin. Biochemistry 1991, 30:324-328.
21. Buchegger F, Trowbridge IS, Liu LF, White S, Collawn JF: Functional analysis of human/chicken transferrin receptor chimeras indicate that the carboxy-terminal region is important for ligand binding. Eur J Biochem 1996, 235:9-17.
22. Lebrón JA, Bennett MJ, Vaughn DE, Chirino AJ, Snow PM, Mintier GA, Feder JN, Bjorkman PJ: Crystal structure of the hemochromatosis protein HFE and characterization of its interaction with transferrin receptor. Cell 1998, 93:111-123. This paper describes the structure of the molecule which, when mutated by nature, causes hemochromatosis.
23. Santos M, Schilham MW, Rademakers LHPM, Marx JJM, De Sousa M, Clevers H: Defective iron homeostasis in β2-microglobulin knockout mice recapitulates hereditary hemochromatosis in man. J Exp Med 1996, 184:1975-1985.
24. Feder JN, Penny DM, Irrinki A, Lee VK, Lebrón JA, Watson N, Tsuchihashi Z, Sigal E, Bjorkman PJ, Schatzman RC: The hemochromatosis gene product complexes with the transferrin receptor and lowers its affinity for ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:1472-1477. This paper and [25•] offer insight into mechanisms by which the HFE protein affects iron metabolism.
25. Gross CN, Irrinki A, Feder JN, Enns CA: Co-trafficking of HFE, a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I protein, with the transferrin receptor implies a role in intracellular iron regulation. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:22068-22074. See annotation [24•].
26. 2-microglobulin interaction and cell surface expression. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:14025-14028.
27. Sigal E, Sigel A (Eds): Iron transport and storage in microorganisms, plants and animals. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems, vol 35. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1998. This is a detailed review of the molecular events in iron transport and metabolism.
28. Askwith C, Kaplan J: Iron and copper transport in yeast and its relevance to human disease. Trends Biochem Sci 1998, 23:135-138.
29. Richardson DR, POnka P: The molecular mechanisms of the metabolism and transport of iron in normal and neoplastic cells. BBA - Rev Biomembr 1997, 1331:1-40.
30. Musilkova J, Kriegerbeckova K, Krusek J, Kovar J: Specific binding to plasma membrane is the first step in the uptake of non-transferrin iron by cultured cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998, 1369:103-108.
31. Umbreit JN, Conrad ME, Moore EG, Latour LF: Iron absorption and cellular transport: The mobilferrin/paraferritin paradigm. Semin Hematol 1998, 35:13-26.
32. Kennard ML, Richardson DR, Gabathuler R, Ponka P, Jefferies WA: A novel iron uptake mechanism mediated by GPI-anchored human p97. EMBO J 1995, 14:4178-4186.
33. Scheiber B, Goldenberg H: The surface of rat hepatocytes can transfer iron from stable chelates to external acceptors. Hepatology 1998, 27:1075-1080.
34. Inman RS, Coughlan MM, Wessling-Resnick M: Extracellular ferrireductase activity of K562 cells is coupled to transferrin-independent iron transport. Biochemistry 1994, 33:11850-11857.
35. Jordan I, Kaplan J: The mammalian transferrin-independent iron transport system may involve a surface ferrireductase activity. Biochem J 1994, 302:875-879.
36. Randell EW, Parkes JG, Olivieri NF, Templeton DM: Uptake of non-transferrin-bound iron by both reductive and nonreductive processes is modulated by intracellular iron. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:16046-16053.
37. Riedel HD, Remus AJ, Fitscher BA, Stremmel W: Characterization and partial purification of a ferrireductase from human duodenal microvillus membranes. Biochem J 1995, 309:745-748.
38. Gruenheid S, Cellier M, Vidal S, Gros P: Identification and characterization of a second mouse Nramp gene. Genomics 1995, 25:514-525.
39. Fleming MD, Romano MA, Su MA, Garrick LM, Garrick MD, Andrews NC: Nramp2 is mutated in the anemic Belgrade (b) rat: Evidence of a role for Nramp2 in endosomal iron transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:1148-1153. This provides evidence for a new and unsuspected role in Nramp2 (divalent metal transporter 1) in iron transport across the endosomal membrane.
40. Mukhopadhyay CK, Attieh ZK, Fox PL: Role of ceruloplasmin in cellular iron uptake. Science 1998, 279:714-717.
41. Pinner E, Gruenheid S, Raymond M, Gros P: Functional complementation of the yeast divalent cation transporter family SMF by NRAMP2, a member of the mammalian natural resistance-associated macrophage protein family. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:28933-28938.
42. Oates PS, Morgan EH: Defective iron uptake by the duodenum of Belgrade rats fed diets of differentiron contents. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 1996, 270:G826-G832.
43. Garrick MD, Gniecko K, Liu Y, Cohan DS, Garrick LM: Transferrin and the transferrin cycle in Belgrade rat reticulocytes. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:14867-14874.
44. Garrick LM, Dolan KG, Romano MA, Garrick MD: Non-transferrin bound iron uptake in Belgrade and normal rat erythroid cells. J Cell Physiol 1999, in press.
45. Chua ACG, Morgan EH: Manganese metabolism is impaired in the Belgrade laboratory rat. J Comp Physiol [B] 1997, 167:361-369.
46. Su MA, Trenor CC III, Fleming JC, Fleming MD, Andrews NC: The G185R mutation disrupts functions of the iron transporter Nramp2. Blood 1998, 92:2157-2163.
47. Gutierrez JA, Yu J, Rivera S, Wessling-Resnick M: Functional expression, cloning and characterization of SFT, a stimulator of Fe transport. J Cell Biol 1997, 139:895-905. This presents the discovery of a new protein with a major role in cellular iron transporter.
48. Stearman R, Yuan DS, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Klausner RD, Dancis A: A permease-oxidase complex involved in high-affinity iron uptake in yeast. Science 1996, 271:1552-1557.
49. Gutierrez JA, Inman RS, Akompong T, Yu J, Wessling-Resnick M: Metabolic depletion inhibits the uptake of nontransferrin bound iron by K562 cells. J Cell Physiol 1998, 177:585-592.
50. Yu JM, Wessling-Resnick M: Influence of copper depletion on iron uptake mediated by SFT, a stimulator of Fe transport. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:6909-6915.
51. Yu J, Wessling-Resnick M: Structural and functional analysis of SFT, a stimulator of Fe transport. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:21380-21385.
52. Núñez M-T, Gaete V, Watkins JA, Glass J: Mobilization of iron from endocytic vesicles. The effects of acidification and reduction. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:6688-6692.
53. McIaren GD, Nathanson MH, Jacobs A, Trevett D, Thomson W: Regulation of intestinal iron absorption and mucosal iron kinetics in hereditary hemochromatosis. J Lab Clin Med 1991, 117:390-401.
54. Raja KB, Pountney D, Bomford A, Przemioslo R, Sherman D, Simpson RJ, Williams R, Peters TJ: A duodenal mucosal abnormality in the reduction of Fe(III) in patients with genetic haemochromatosis. Gut 1996, 38:765-769.
55. 2-microglobulin knockout mice. Blood 1998, 91:3059-3065.
56. Nichols GM, Bacon BR: Hereditary hemochromatosis: Pathogenesis and clinical features of a common disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1989, 84:851-862.
57. Yu J, Yu ZK, Wessling-Resnick M: Expression of SFT (stimulator of iron transport) is enhanced by iron chelation in HeLa cells and by hemochromatosis in liver. J Biol Chem 1999, 273:34675-34678.
58. Rouault TA, Klausner RD: Iron-sulfur clusters as biosensors of oxidants and iron. Trends Biochem Sci 1996, 21:174-177.
59. Hentze MW, Kühn LC: Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism: mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:8175-8182.
60. Addess KJ, Basilion JP, Klausner RD, Rouault TA, Pardi A: Structure and dynamics of the iron responsive element RNA: Implications for binding of the RNA by iron regulatory binding proteins. J Mol Biol 1997, 274:72-83.
61. Gdaniec Z, Sierzputowska-Gracz H, Theil EC: Iron regulatory element and internal loop/bulge structure for ferritin mRNA studied by cobalt(III) hexammine binding, molecular modeling, and NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1998, 37:1505-1512.
62. Muckenthaler M, Gray NK, Hentze MW: IRP-1 binding to ferritin mRNA prevents the recruitment of the small ribosomal subunit by the cap-binding complex elF4F. Mol Cell 1998, 2:383-388.
63. Binder R, Horowitz JA, Basilion JP, Koeller DM, Klausner RD, Harford JB: Evidence that the pathway of transferrin receptor mRNA degradation involves an endonucleolytic cleavage within the 3′ UTR and does not involve poly(A) tail shortening. EMBO J 1994, 13:1969-1980.
64. Guo B, Phillips JD, Yu Y, Leibold EA: Iron regulates the intracellular degradation of iron regulatory protein 2 by the proteasome. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:21645-21651.
65. Iwai K, Klausner RD, Rouault TA: Requirements for iron-regulated degradation of the RNA binding protein, iron regulatory protein 2. EMBO J 1995, 14:5350-5357.
66. Iwai K, Drake SK, Wehr NB, Weissman AM, Lavaute T, Minato N, Klausner RD, Levine RL, Rouault TA: Iron-dependent oxidation, ubiquitination, and degradation of iron regulatory protein 2: Implications for degradation of oxidized proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:4924-4928.
67. Henderson BR, Menotti E, Kühn LC: Iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 bind distinct sets of RNA target sequences. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:4900-4908.
68. Butt J, Kim H-Y, Basilion JP, Cohen S, Iwai K, Philpott CC, Altschul S, Klausner RD, Rouault TA: Differences in the RNA binding sites of iron regulatory proteins and potential target diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:4345-4349.
69. Ke YH, Wu JY, Leibold EA, Walden WE, Theil EC: Loops and bulge/loops in iron-responsive element isoforms influence iron regulatory protein binding - Fine-tuning of mRNA regulation. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:23637-23640.
70. Menotti E, Henderson BR, Kühn LC: Translational regulation of mRNAs with distinct IRE sequences by iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:1821-1824.
71. Drapier JC, Bouton C: Modulation by nitric oxide of metalloprotein regulatory activities. Bioessays 1996, 18:549-556.
72. Hanson ES, Leibold EA: Regulation of iron regulatory protein 1 during hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:7588-7593.
73. Kennedy MC, Antholine WE, Beinert H: An EPR investigation of the products of the reaction of cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitases with nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1998, 272:20340-20347.
74. Pantopoulos K, Mueller S, Atzberger A, Ansorge W, Stremmel W, Hentze MW: Differences in the regulation of iron regulatory protein-1 (IRP-1) by extra- and intracellular oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:9802-9808.
75. Pantopoulos K, Hentze MW: Activation of iron regulatory protein-1 by oxidative stress in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:10559-10563.
76. Schalinske KL: Phosphorylation and activation of both iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:7168-7176.
77. Kuriyama-Matsumura K, Sato H, Yamaguchi N, Bannai S: Regulation of ferritin synthesis and iron regulatory protein 1 by oxygen in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1998, 249:241-246.
78. Tacchini L, Recalcati S, Bernelli-Zazzera A, Cairo G: Induction of ferritin synthesis in ischemic-reperfused rat liver: Analysis of the molecular mechanisms. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:946-953.