In situ atomic force microscopy study of polypyrrole synthesis and the volume changes induced by oxidation and reduction of the polymer

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

Volumn 462, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 211-221

  Suárez, Marco F ^a   Compton, Richard G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atomic force microscopy; Conducting polymers; Polypyrrole

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CARBON; CONDUCTIVE FILMS; DOPING (ADDITIVES); ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODES; GOLD; MORPHOLOGY; PLASTIC FILMS; PLATINUM; POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; REDOX REACTIONS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

PERCHLORATE;

POLYPYRROLES;

EID: 0033077564     PISSN: 15726657     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00414-8     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Walton D.J. Mat. Des. 11:1990;142.
2. Rodríguez J., Grande H.J., Otero T.F. Nalwa H.S. Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers. 2:1997;452 Wiley, Chichester.
3. A.F. Diaz, K.K. Kanazawa, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1979) 635.
4. Diaz A.F. Chem. Scripta. 17:1981;145.
5. Christensen P. A., Hamnett A. Electrochim. Acta. 36:1991;1263.
6. Eyk S.J., Naarmann H. Synth. Met. 58:1993;233.
7. E.W. Tsai, G. Jang, K. Rajeshwar, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1987) 1776.
8. Pei Q., Inganäs O. J. Phys. Chem. 96:1992;10507.
9. Arca M., Mirkin M.V., Bard A. J. Phys. Chem. 99:1995;5040.
10. Mitchell G.R., Davis F.J., Legge C.H. Synth. Met. 26:1988;247.
11. Volk F.T.A., Schuermans B.C.A.M., Barendrendrecht E. Electrochim. Acta. 35:1990;567.
12. Yang R., Evans D.F., Christensen L., Hendrickson W.A. J. Phys. Chem. 94:1990;6117.
13. Yang R., Naoi K., Evans D.F., Smyrl W.H., Hendrickson W.A. Langmuir. 7:1991;556.
14. Yang R., Smyrl W.H., Evans D.F., Hendrickson W.A. J. Phys. Chem. 96:1992;1428.
15. Caple G., Wheeler B.L., Swift R., Porter T.L., Jeffers S. J. Phys. Chem. 94:1990;5641.
16. Mitchell G.R., Davis F.J., Cywinski R., Hannon A.C. Polym. Comm. 30:1989;98.
17. Dyreklev P., Granström M., Inganäs O., Gunaratne L., Senadeeera G., Skaarup S., West K. Polymer. 37:1996;2609.
18. Corish J., Morton-Blake D.A., Veluri K., Bénière F. J. Mol. Struc. Theochem. 283:1993;121.
19. Radhakrishnan S. R. Saini. Synth. Met. 58:1993;243.
20. Cai X.W., Gao J.S., Xie Z.X., Xie Y., Tian Z.Q., Mao B.W. Langmuir. 14:1998;2508.
21. Lukkari J., Heikkilä L., Alanko M., Kankare J. Synth. Met. 55-57:1993;1311.
22. Naoi K., Oura Y., Maeda M., Nakamura S. J. Electrochem. Soc. 142:1995;417.
23. Yang Y., Mu S., Chen H. Synth. Met. 92:1998;173.
24. Cho G. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 70:1997;2309.
25. Kaynak A. Mater. Res. Bull. 32:1997;271.
26. Abel M.L., Camalet J.L., Chehimi M.M., Watts J.F., Zhdan P.A. Synth. Met. 81:1996;23.
27. Eufinger S., Ooij W.J.V., Ridgway T.H. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 61:1996;1503.
28. Wurm D.B., Brittain S.T., Kim Y.T. Langmuir. 12:1996;3756.
29. Froeck C., Bartl A., Dunsch L. Electrochim. Acta. 40:1995;1421.
30. Shapiro J.S., Smith W.T., MacRae C. Polymer. 36:1995;1133.
31. Li J., Wang E. Synth. Met. 66:1994;67.
32. Borgwarth K., Ricken C., Ebling D.G., Heinze J. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 356:1996;288.
33. Semenikhin O.A., Jiang L., Iyoda T., Hashimoto K., Fujishima A. J. Phys. Chem. 100:1996;18603.
34. Zhang X., Kang E.T., Neoh K.G., Tan K.L., Kim D.Y., Kim C.Y. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60:1996;625.
35. Dietler G., Heuberger M., Tresch S., Bujard P. Synth. Met. 67:1994;211.
36. Chaînet E., Billon M. J. Electroanal. Chem. 451:1998;273.
37. Silk T., Hong Q., Tamm J., Compton R.G. Synth. Met. 93:1998;59.
38. Silk T., Hong Q., Tamm J., Compton R.G. Synth. Met. 93:1998;65.
39. Li J., Wang E., Green M., West E.P. Synth. Met. 74:1995;127.
40. Topometrix Corporation, Santa Clara, CA.
41. Coles B.A., Compton R.G., Suárez M., Booth J., Hong Q., Sanders G. Langmuir. 14:1998;218.
42. B.A. Coles, R.G. Compton, J. Booth, Q. Hong, G. Sanders, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1997) 619.
43. Nyffenegger R., Ammann E., Siegenthaler H., Kötz R., Hass O. Electrochim. Acta. 40:1995;1411.
44. Tourillon G., Dartyge E., Fontaine A., Garrett R., Sagurton M., Xu P., Williams G. Europhys. Lett. 4:1987;1391.
45. Mitchell G.R., Cywinski R., Mondal S., Sutton S. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 22:1989;1231.
46. Scharifker B.R., García-Pantoriza E., Marino W. J. Electroanal. Chem. 300:1991;91.
47. Otero T.F., Santamaria C. Solid State Ionics. 63-65:1993;810.
48. Hamnett A., Christensen P., Higgins S. Analyst. 119:1994;735.
49. Pei Q., Inganäs O. J. Phys. Chem. 97:1993;6034.
50. Slama M., Tanguy J. Synth. Met. 28:1989;171.