Progesterone action in the brain: Reproductive behavior and luteinizing hormone release;Actions de la progesterone dans le cerveau: Comportement reproducteur et liberation de l'hormone luteinisante

Reproduction Humaine et Hormones

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 277-294

  Schumacher, Michael ^a   Robert, Françoise ^a   El Etr, Martine ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

GABA; LH; LNRH; Lordosis; Ocytocin; Progesterone

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GONADORELIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; OXYTOCIN; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR;

BINDING AFFINITY; BRAIN FUNCTION; HORMONAL REGULATION; HYPOTHALAMUS; LIGAND BINDING; LORDOSIS; LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASE; OVULATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROGESTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; RECEPTOR BINDING; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW;

EID: 0033058668     PISSN: 09943919     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. AMBHAIKAR M., PURI C.: Cell surface binding sites for progesterone on human spermatozoa, Mol. Hum. Reprod., 4 (1998) 413-421.
2. APOSTOLAKIS E.M., GARAI J., CLARK J.H. ET O'MALLEY, B.W.: In vivo regulation of central nervous system progesterone receptors : cocaine induces steroid-dependent behavior through dopamine transporter modulation of D5 receptors in rats. Mol. Endocrinol., 10 (1996) 1595-1604.
3. APOSTOLAKIS E.M., GARAI J., FOX C, SMITH C.L., WATSON S.J., CLARK J.H., O'MALLEY B.W.: Dopaminergic regulation of progesterone receptors : brain D5 dopamine receptors mediate induction of lordosis by D1 -like agonists in rats. J. Neurosci., 16 (1996) 4823-4834.
4. BACKSTRÖM T.: Symptoms related to the menopause and sex steroid treatments. G.R. Bock and J.A. Goode (Eds.) Dans : Non-reproductive actions of sex steroids, CIBA Foundation Symposium 191, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1995, pp. 171-186.
5. BAI W., WEIGEL N.L.: Phosphorylation and steroid hormone action. Vitam. Horm., 51 (1995) 289-313.
6. BAI W., ROWAN B.G., ALLGOOD V.E., O'MALLEY B.W., WEIGEL N.L.: Differential phosphorylation of chicken progesterone receptor in hormone-dependent and ligand-independent activation. J. Biol. Chem., 272 (1997) 10457-10463.
7. BARBERIS C., TRIBOLLET E.: Vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the central nervous system. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 10 (1996) 119-154.
8. BAUER-DANTOIN A.C., TABESH B., NORGLE J.R., LEVINE J.E.: RU486 administration blocks neuropeptide Y potentiation of luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone-induced LH surges in prœstrous rats. Endocrinology, 133 (1993) 2418-2423.
9. BAULIEU E.E., GODEAU J.F., SCHORDERET M., SCHORDERET-SLATKINE S.: Steroid induced meiotic division in Xenopus laevis oocytes: surface and calcium. Nature, 275 (1978) 593-598.
10. BECK C.A., WEIGEL N.L., MOYER M.L., NORDEEN S.K., EDWARDS D.P.: The progesterone antagonist RU486 acquires agonist activity upon stimulation of cAMP signaling pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90 (1993) 4441-4445.
11. BETHEA C.L., WIDMANN A.A.: Differential expression of progestin receptor isoforms in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and endometrium of rhesus macaques. Endocrinology, 139 (1998) 677-687.
12. BLACKMORE P.F., BEEBE S.J., DANFORTH, D.R., ALEXANDER N.: Progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Novel stimulators of calcium influx in human sperm. J. Biol. Chem., 265 (1990) 1376-1380.
13. BLAUSTEIN, J.D.: Estrogen receptors in neurons : new subcellular locations and functional implications. Endocrine J., 2 (1994) 249-258.
14. BLAUSTEIN J.D., FEDER H.H.: Cytoplasmic progestin receptors in guinea pig brain: characteristics and relationship to the induction of sexual behavior. Brain Res., 169 (1979) 481-497.
15. BLAUSTEIN J.D., OLSTER D.H.: Gonadal steroid hormone receptors and social behaviors. Dans : J. Balthazart (Ed.) Advances in comparative and environmental physiology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989, pp. 31-104.
16. BLAUSTEIN J.D., TURCOTTE J.C.: Estradiol-induced progestin receptor immunoreactivity is found only in estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in guinea pig brain. Neuroendocrinol. 49 (1989) 454-461.
17. BLAUSTEIN J.D., OLSTER D.H., DELVILLE Y., NIELSEN K.H., TETEL M.J., TURCOTTE J.C.: Hypothalamic sex steroid hormone receptors and female sexual behavior : new insights from immunocytochemical studies. J. Balthazart (Ed) Dans : Hormones, brain and behaviour in vertebrates, Karger, Basel, 1990, pp. 75-90.
18. BLOCH G.J., KURTH S.M., AKESSON T.R., MICEVYCH P.E.: Estrogen-concentrating cells within cell groups of the medial preoptic area: sex differences and co-localization with galanin-immunoreactive cells. Brain Res., 595 (1992) 301-308.
19. BLONDEAU J.P., BAULIEU E.E.: Progesterone receptor characterized by photoaffinity labelling in the plasma membrane of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem. J., 219 (1984) 785-792.
20. BONAVERA J.J., SAHU A., KALRA P.S., KALRA S.P.: Evidence that nitric oxide may mediate the ovarian steroid-induced luteinizing hormone surge : involvement of excitatory amino acids. Endocrinology, 133 (1993) 2481-2487.
21. BRANN D.W., MAHESH V.B.: Excitatory amino acid regulation of gonadotropin secretion : modulation by steroid hormones. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 41 (1992) 847-850.
22. BRANN D.W., CHORICH L.P., MAHESH V.B.: Effect of progesterone on galanin mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and the pituitary: correlation with the gonadotropin surge. Neuroendocrinology, 58 (1993) 531-538.
23. BRANN D.W., HENDRY L.B., MAHESH V.B.: Emerging diversities in the mechanism of action of steroid hormones. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 52 (1995) 113-133.
24. BRANS D.W., PUTNAM C.D., MAHESH V.B.: Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors mediate 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one-induced gonadotropin secretion. Endocrinology, 126 (1990) 1854-1859.
25. BROWN T.J., BLAUSTEIN J.D.: Inhibition of sexual behavior in female guinea pigs by a progestin receptor antagonist. Brain Res., 301 (1984) 343-349.
26. CALDWELL J.D., BARAKAT A.S., SMITH D.D., HRUBY V.J., PEDERSEN C.A.: A uterotonic antagonist blocks the oxytocin-induced facilitation of female sexual receptivity. Brain Res., 512 (1990) 291-296.
27. CALDWELL J.D., WALKER C.H., PEDERSEN C.A., BARAKAT A.S., MASON G.A.: Estrogen increases affinity of oxytocin receptors in the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus. Peptides, 15 (1994) 1079-1084.
28. 125I-BSA] binding sites in the medial preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus. Brain Res., 693 (1995) 225-232.
29. CALDWELL J.D., WALKER C.H., O'ROURKE S.T., FAGGIN B.M., MORRIS M., MASON G.A.: Analogies between oxytocin systems of the uterus and brain. Horm. Metab. Res., 28 (1996) 65-74.
30. CAMACHO-ARROYO I., PEREZ-PALACIOS G., PASAPERA A.M., CERBON M.A.: Intracellular progesterone receptors are differentially regulated by sex steroid hormones in the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex of the rabbit. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 50 (1994) 299-303.
31. CARATY A., KARSCH F.J., HERBISON A., BRUNEAU G., DELALEU B., VENIER, G., FABRE-NYS C.: Neuro endocrine control of ovulation in sheep. Ann. Endocrinol., 56 (1995) 539-542.
32. CARMICHAEL M.S., WARBURTON V.L., DIXEN J., DAVIDSON J.M.: Relationships among cardiovascular, muscular, and oxytocin responses during human sexual activity. Arch. Sex. Behav., 23 (1994) 59-79.
33. CARTER C.S.: Oxytocin and Sexual Behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 16 (1992) 131-144.
34. CASTREN M., TRAPP T., BERNINGER B., CASTREN E., HOLSBOER F.: Transcriptional induction of rat mineralocorticoid receptor gene in neurones by corticosteroids. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 14 (1995) 285-293.
35. CELOTTI F., MELCANGI R.C., MARTINI, L.: The 5 α-reductase in the brain: molecular aspects and relation to brain function. Front. Neuro endocrinol., 13 (1992) 163-215.
36. CHADWICK D., WIDDOWS K.E.: Steroids and neuronal activity, Ciba Foundation Symposium 153, Wiley. Chichester, 1990,
37. CHAPPELL P.E., LEVINE J.E.: Progesterone receptor antisense oligonucleotides block LH surges in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts., 22 (1996) p. 958.
38. CHAPPELL P.E., LYDON J.P., CONNEELY O.M., O'MALLEY B.W., LEVINE J.E.: Endocrine defects in mice carrying a null mutation for the progesterone receptor gene. Endocrinology, 138 (1997) 4147-4152.
39. CHO B.N., SEONG J.Y., CHO H., KIM K.: Progesterone stimulates GnRH gene expression in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized, estrogen treated adult rats. Brain Res., 652 (1994) 177-180.
40. COIRINI H., SCHUMACHER M., FLANAGAN L.M., MCEWEN B.S.: Transport of estrogen-induced oxytocin receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus. J. Neurosci., 11 (1991) 3317-3324.
41. CONNEELY O., MAXWELL B., TOFT D., SCHRADER W.T., O'MALLEY B.W.: The A and B forms of the chicken progesterone receptor arise by alternate initiation of translation of a unique mRNA. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun, 149 (1987) 493-501.
42. DAVIS E.C., SHRYNE J.E., GORSKI R.A.: Structural sexual dimorphisms in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus are sensitive to gonadal steroids perinatally, but develop peripubertally. Neuro-endocrinol., 63 (1996) 142-148.
43. DEBOLD J.F., FRYE C.A.: Progesterone and the neural mechanisms of hamster sexual behavior, Psychoneuroendocrinol., 19 (1994) 563-579.
44. DE KLOET E.R., VOORHUIS T.A.M., ELANDS J.: Estradiol induces oxytocin binding sites in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 118 (1985) 185-186.
45. DENNER L.A., WEIGEL N.L., MAXWELL B.L., SCHRADER W.T., O'MALLEY B.W.: Regulation of progesterone receptor-mediated transcription by phosphorylation, Science, 250 (1990) 1740-1743.
46. DE RUITER P.E., TEUWEN R., TRAPMAN J., DIJKEMA R., BRINKMANN A.O.: Synergism between androgens and protein kinase-C on androgen- regulated gene expression. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 110(1995) R1-6.
47. DIJKEMA R., SCHOONEN W.G., TEUWEN R., VAN DER STRUIK E., DE RIES R.J., VAN DER KAR B.A., OLIJVE W.: Human progesterone receptor A and B isoforms in CHO cells. I. Stable transfection of receptor and receptor-responsive reporter genes : transcription modulation by (anti)progestagens. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 64 (1998) 147-156.
48. DROUVA S.V., LAPLANTE E., KORDON, C.: Progesterone-induced LHRH release in vitro is an estrogen as well as Ca++- and calmodulin-dependent secretory process. Neuroendocrinol., 40 (1985) 325-331.
49. DUFOURNY L., WAREMBOURG M., JOLIVET A.: Multiple peptides infrequently coexist in progesterone receptor-containing neurons in the ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus of the guinea-pig : an immunocytochemical triple-label analysis of somatostatin, neurotensin and substance P. J. Neuroendocrinol., 10 (1998) 165-173.
50. EL-ETR M, AKWA Y, FIDDES R.J., ROBEL P., BAULIEU EE: A progesterone metabolite stimulates the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from GT1-1 hypothalamic neurons via the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 3769-3773.
51. EL-ETR M., SHAZAND K., AKWA Y., ROBEL P., BAULIEU E.E.: Mechanism of progesterone-evoked release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from GT1-1 neurons, Soc. Neurosci., 22, (1996), 625.3, p 1590.
52. EMONS G., NILL J., STURM R., ORTMANN O.: Effects of progesterone on GnRH receptor concentration in cultured estrogen-primed female rat pituitary cells, J. Steroid Biochem. Biol. Mol., 42 (1992) 831-839.
53. EVANS R.M.: The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science, 240 (1988) 889-895.
54. EVERETT J.W.: Progesterone and estrogen in the experimental control of ovulation time and other features of estrous cycle in the rat, Endocrinology, 43 (1948) 389-405.
55. FIBER J.M., ETGEN A.M.: GABA augments basal and electrically stimulated 3H-norepinephrine release in hypothalamic, preoptic area and conical slices of female rats. Neurochem. Int., 31 (1997) 769-780.
56. FINIDORI-LEPICARD J., SCHORDERET-SLATKINE S., HANOUNE J., BAULIEU E.E.: Steroid hormone as regulator agent of adenylate cyclase. Inhibition by progesterone of the membrane bound enzyme in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Nature, 292 (1981) 255-256.
57. FRYE C.A., MERMELSTEIN P.G., DEBOLD J.F.: Evidence for a non-genomic action of progestins on sexual receptivity in hamster ventral tegmental area but not hypothalamus. Brain Res., 578 (1992) 87-93.
58. GALBIATI M., ZANISI M., MESSI E., CAVARRETTA I., MARTINI L., MELCANGI R.C.: Transforming growth factor-beta and astrocytic conditioned medium influence luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic cell line GT1. Endocrinology, 137 (1996) 5605-5609.
59. GIANGRANDE P.H., POLLIO G., MCDONNELL D.P.: Mapping and characterization of the functional domains responsible for the differential activity of the A and B isoforms of the human progesterone receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 272 (1997) 32889-32900.
60. GORDAN J.D., ATTARDI B.J., PFAFF D.W.: Mathematical exploration of pulsatility in cultured gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Neuroendocrinol., 67 (1998) 2-17.
61. GORSKI J., TOFT D., SHYAMALA G., SMITH D., NOTIDES A.: Hormone receptors : studies on the interaction of estrogens with the uterus. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 24 (1968) 45-80.
62. GRAZZINI E., GUILLON G., MOUILLAC B., ZINGG H.H.: Inhibition of oxytocin receptor function by direct binding of progesterone. Nature, 392 (1998) 509-512.
63. GRONEMEYER H.: Control of Transcription Activation by Steroid Hormone Receptors. FASEB J., 6 (1992) 2524-2529.
64. GU G.B., SIMERLY R.B.: Projections of the sexually dimorphic anteroventral periventricular nucleus in the female rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 384 (1997) 142-164.
65. HAGIHARA K., HIRATA S., OSADA T., HIRAI M., KATO J.: Distribution of cells containing progesterone receptor mRNA in the female rat di- and telencephalon : an in situ hybridization study. Mol. Brain Res., 14 (1992) 239-249.
66. HERBISON A.E.: Multimodal influence of estrogen upon gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Endocr. Rev., 19 (1998) 302-330.
67. HERBISON A.E., THEODOSIS D.T.: Localization of oestrogen receptors in preoptic neurons containing neurotensin but not tyrosine hydroxylase, cholecystokinin or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the male and female rat. Neuroscience, 50 (1992) 283-298.
68. HORWITZ K.B., SARTORIUS C.A., HOVLAND A.R., JACKSON T.A., GROSHONG S.D., TUNG L., TAKIMOTO G.S.: Surprises with antiprogestins : novel mechanisms of progesterone receptor action. Dans : G.R. Bock and J.A. Goode (Eds.) Non reproductive actions of sex steroids (CIBA Foundation Symposium 191), John Wiley, Chichester, 1995, pp. 235-253.
69. HOVLAND A.R., POWELL R.L., TAKIMOTO G.S., TUNG L., HORWITZ K.B.: An N-terminal inhibitory function, IF, suppresses transcription by the A-isoform but not the B-isoform of human progesterone receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 273 (1998) 5455-5460.
70. HUSE B., VERCA S.B., MATTHEY P., RUSCONI S.: Definition of a negative modulation domain in the human progesterone receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (1998) 1334-1342.
71. JENSEN E.V., JACOBSON H.I.: Basic guides to the mechanism of estrogen action. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 18 (1962) 387-414.
72. JOHNSON A.E., BALL G.F., COIRINI H., HARBAUGH C.R., MCEWEN B.S., INSEL T.R.: Time course of the estradiol-dependent induction of oxytocin receptor binding in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of the rat. Endocrinology, 125 (1989) 1414-1419.
73. JOHNSON A.E., HARBAUGH C.R., GELHARD R.E.: Rejections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus contain oxytocin binding sites. Brain Res., 567 (1991) 332-336.
74. KALRA S.P.: Mandatory neuropeptide-steroid signaling for the preovulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone discharge. Endocrine Rev, 14 (1993) 507-538.
75. KARAVITI L.P., ANGELIDES K.J.: Expression of progesterone and dopamine receptors on GnRH neurons. Endocrine Soc. Abstract. 955 (1993) 955.
76. KASTNER P., KRUST A., TURCOTTE B., STROPP U., TORA L., GRONEMEYER H., CHAMBON P.: Two distinct estrogen-regulated promoters generate transcripts encoding the two functionally different human progesterone receptor forms A and B. EMBO J., 9 (1990) 1603-1614.
77. KATO J., HIRATA S., NOZAWA A., MOURI N.: The ontogeny of gene expression of progestin receptors in the female rat brain. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 47 (1993) 173-182.
78. KATZENELLENBOGEN B.S., MONTANO M.M., LE GOFF P., SCHODIN D.J., KRAUS W.L., BHARDWAJ B., FUJIMOTO N.: Antiestrogens : mechanisms and actions in target cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 53 (1995) 387-393.
79. KE F.C., RAMIREZ V.D.: Membrane mechanism mediates progesterone stimulatory effect on LHRH release from superfused rat hypothalami in vitro. Neuro-endocrinol., 45 (1987) 514-517.
80. KEPA J.K., JACOBSEN B.M., BOEN E.A., PRENDERGAST P., EDWARDS D.P., TAKIMOTO G., WIERMAN M.E.: Direct binding of progesterone receptor to nonconsensus DNA sequences represses rat GnRH. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 117 (1996) 27-39.
81. KIMURA T., TANIZAWA O., MORI K., BROWNSTEIN M.J., OKAYAMA H.: Structure and Expression of a Human Oxytocin Receptor. Nature, 356 (1992) 526-529.
82. KING J.C., TAI D.W., HANNA I.K., PFEIFFER A., HAAS P., RONSHEIM P.M., MITCHELL S.C., TURCOTTE J.C., BLAUSTEIN J.D.: A subgroup of LHRH neurons in guinea pigs with progestin receptors is centrally positioned within the total population of LHRH neurons. Neuroendocrinol., 61 (1995) 265-275.
83. KRAUS W.L., MONTANO M.M., KATZENELLENBOGEN B.S.: Cloning of the rat progesterone receptor gene 5′-region and identification of two functionally distinct promoters. Mol. Endocrinol., 7 (1993) 1603-1616.
84. KRAUS W.L., MONTANO M.M., KATZENELLENBOGEN B.S.: Identification of multiple, widely spaced estrogen-responsive regions in the rat progesterone-receptor gene. Mol. Endocrinol., 8 (1994) 952-969.
85. KREY L.C., KAMEL F.: Progesterone modulation of gonadotropin secretion by dispersed rat pituitary cells in culture. I. Basal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone release. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 68 (1990) 85-94.
86. KREY L.C., KAMEL F.: Progesterone modulation of gonadotropin secretion by dispersed rat pituitary cells in culture. III. A23187, cAMP, phorbol ester and DiC8-stimulated luteinizing hormone release. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 70 (1990) 21-29.
87. KUBLI-GARFIAS C., WHALEN R.E.: Induction of lordosis behavior in female rats by intravenous administration of progestins. Horm. Behav., 9 (1977) 380-386.
88. KUIPER G.G.J.M., ENMARK E., PELTO-HUIKKO M., NILSSON S., GUSTAFSSON J.J.: Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93 (1996) 5925-5930.
89. KUMAR N.S., RICHER J., OWEN G., LITMAN E., HORWITZ K.B., LESLIE K.K.: Selective down-regulation of progesterone receptor isoform B in poorly differentiated human endometrial cancer cells: implications for unopposed estrogen action. Cancer Res., 58 (1998) 1860-1865.
90. Lambert, J.J., Belelli, D., Hill-Venning, C. et Peters, J.A., Neurosteroids and GABAA receptor function. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 16 (1995) 295-303.
91. LAUBER A.H., ROMANO G.J., PFAFF D.W.: Sex difference in estradiol regulation of progestin receptor mRNA in rat mediobasal hypothalamus as demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Neuroendo-crinol., 53 (1991) 608-613.
92. LÉNA C., CHANGEUX J.P.: Allosteric modulations of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Trends Neurosci., 16 (1993) 181-186.
93. LEVENE J.E.: New concepts of the neuro endocrine regulation of gonadotropin surges in rats. Biol. Reprod., 56 (1997) 293-302.
94. LIN W.W., RAMIREZ V.D.: Infusion of progestins into the hypothalamus of female New Zealand white rabbits : effect on in vivo luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release as determined with push-pull perfusion, Endocrinology, 126 (1990) 261-272.
95. LISK R.D.: A comparison of the effectiveness of intravenous, as opposed to subcutaneous, injection of progesterone for the induction of estrous behavior in the rat. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 38 (1960) 1381-1383.
96. LYDON J.P., DEMAYO F.J., FUNK C.R., MANI S.K., HUGHES A.R., MONTGOMERY C.A., SHYAMALA G., CONNEELY O.M., O'MALLEY B.W.: Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities. Genes Dev., 9 (1995) 2266-2278.
97. MA Y.J., BERG-VON DER EMDE K., WETSEL W.C., OJEDA S.R.: Hypothalamic astrocytes respond to transforming growth factor-alpha with the secretion of neuroactive substances that stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrinology, 138 (1997) 19-25.
98. MACLUSKY N.J., MCEWEN B.S.: Œstrogen modulates progestin receptor concentrations in some rat brain regions but not in others. Nature, 274 (1978) 276-277.
99. MAHESH V.B., BRANN D.W: Interaction between ovarian and adrenal steroids in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41 (1992) 495-513.
100. MAHESH V.B., BRANN D.W.: Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the control of gonadotropin secretion by steroids. Steroids, 63 (1998) 252-256.
101. MAHESH V.B., BRANN D.W.: Regulation of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge by endogenous steroids. Steroids, 63 (1998) 616-629.
102. MAJEWSKA M.D.: Neurosteroids : Endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABAA (Y112) receptor. Mechanism of action and physiological significance. Prog. Neurobiol., 38 (1992) 379-395.
103. MAJEWSKA M.D., HARRISON N.L., SCHWARTZ R.D., BARKER J.L., PAUL S.M.: Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science, 232 (1986) 1004-1007.
104. MANI S.K., BLAUSTEIN J.D., O'MALLEY B.W.: Progesterone receptor function from a behavioral perspective. Horm. Behav., 31 (1997) 244-255.
105. MANI S.K., BLAUSTEIN J.D., ALLEN J.M.C., LAW S.W., O'MALLEY B.W., CLARK J.H.: Inhibition of rat sexual behavior by antisense oligonucleotides to the progesterone receptor. Endocrinology, 135 (1994) 1409-1414.
106. MANI S.K., ALLEN J.M., LYDON J.P., MULAC-JERICEVIC B., BLAUSTEIN J.D., DEMAYO F.J., CONNEELY O., O'MALLEY B.W.: Dopamine requires. the unoccupied progesterone receptor to induce sexual behavior in mice. Mol. Endocrinol., 10 (1996) 1728-1737.
107. MARTINEZ D.L.E., CHOI A.L., WEINER R.I.: Generation and synchronization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses: intrinsic properties of the GT1-1 GnRH neuronal cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 89 (1992) 1852-1855.
108. MARTINEZ D.L.E., CHOI A.L., WEINER R.I.: Biphasic Gabaergic regulation of GnRH secretion in GT1 cell lines. J. Neuroendocrinol., 59 (1994) 420-425.
109. MARTINEZ D.L.E., CHOI A.L., WEINER R.I.: Signaling pathways involved in GnRH secretion in GT1 cells. J. Neuroendocrinol., 61 (1995) 310-317.
110. MARTINEZ D.L.E., GALLO F., CHOI A.L., WEINER R.I.: Dopaminergic regulation of the GT1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal cell lines : stimulation of GnRH release via D1-receptors positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. Endocrinology, 131 (1992) 2965-2971.
111. MCCARTHY M.M., MALIK K.F., FEDER H.H.: Increased GABAergic transmission in medial hypothalamus facilitates lordosis but has the opposite effect in preoptic area. Brain Res., 507 (1990) 40-44.
112. MCCARTHY M.M., PFAFF D.W., SCHWARTZ-GIBLIN S.: Midbrain central gray GABAA receptor activation enhances, and blockade reduces, sexual behavior in the female rat. Exp. Brain Res., 86 (1991) 108-116.
113. MCCARTHY M.M., KLEOPOULOS S.P., MOBBS C.V., PFAFF D.W.: Infusion of antisense oligodeoxy-nucleotides to the oxytocin receptor in the ventromedial hypothalamus reduces estrogen-induced sexual receptivity and oxytocin receptor binding in the female rat. Neuroendocrinology, 59 (1994) 432-440.
114. MCCARTHY M.M., FELZENBERG E., ROBBINS A., PFAFF D.W., SCHWARTZ-GIBLIN S.: Infusions of diazepam and allopregnanolone into the midbrain central gray facilitate open-field behavior and sexual receptivity in female rats. Horm. Behav., 29 (1995) 279-295.
115. MCEWEN B.S.: Steroid hormones are multifunctional messengers to the brain. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2 (1991) 62-67.
116. MELLON P.L., WINDLE J.J., GOLDSMITH P.C., PADULA C.A., ROBERTS J.L., WEINER R.I.: Immortalization of hypothalamic GnRH neurons by genetically targeted tumorigenesis. Neuron, 5 (1990) 1-10.
117. MEYER M.E., QUIRIN-STRICKER C., LEROUGE T., BOCQUEL M.T., GRONEMEYER H.: A limiting factor mediates the differential activation of promoters by the human progesterone receptor isoforms. J. Biol. Chem., 267 (1992) 10882-10887.
118. MEYERSON B.: Latency between intravenous injection of progestins and the appearance of œstrous behavior in estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats. Horm. Behav., 3 (1972) 1-10.
119. MISRAHI M., VENENCIE P. Y., SAUGER-VEBER P., SAR S., DESSEN P., MILGROM E.: Structure of the human progesterone receptor gene. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1216 (1993) 289-292.
120. 3H]norepinephrine release evoked by N-methyl-D-aspartate in the rat hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92 (1995) 3774-3778.
121. MORETTO M., LOPEZ F.J., NEGRO-VILAR A.: Nitric oxide regulates luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrino-logy, 133 (1993) 2399-2402.
122. NORDEEN S.K., BONA B.J., MOYER M.L.: Latent agonist activity of the steroid antagonist, RU486, is unmasked in cells treated with activators of protein kinase A. Mol. Endocrinol., 7 (1993) 731-742.
123. OCHOA A., DOMENZAIN C., CLAPP C., MARTINEZ D.L.E.: Differen-tial effects of basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and insulin-like growth factor-I on a hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal cell line. J. Neurosci. Res., 49 (1997) 739-749.
124. OGAWA S., OLAZABAL V.E., PARHAR I.S., PFAFF D.W.: Effects of intra-hypothalamic administration of antisense DNA for progesterone receptor mRNA on reproductive behavior and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity in female rat. J. Neurosci., 14 (1994) 1766-1774.
125. ORCHINIK M., MCEWEN B.S.: Novel and classical actions of neuroactive steroids. Neuro-transmissions, 9 (1993) 1-6.
126. PARK O.K., RAMIREZ V.D.: Pregnanolone, a metabolite of progesterone, stimulates LH-RH release : in vitro and in vivo studies. Brain Res., 437 (1987) 245-252.
127. PARSONS B., MACLUSKY N.J., KREY, L., PFAFF D.W., MCEWEN B.S.: The temporal relationship between estrogen-inducible progestin receptors in the female rat brain and the time course of estrogen activation of mating behavior. Endocrinology, 107 (1980) 774-779.
128. PARSONS B., RAINBOW T.C., MACLUSKY N.J., MCEWEN B.S.: Progestin receptor levels in rat hypothalamic and limbic nuclei. J. Neurosci., 2 (1982) 1446-1452.
129. PAUL S.M., PURDY R.H.: Neuroactive Steroids. FASEB J., 6 (1992) 2311-2322.
130. PFAFF D.W.: Estrogens and brain function, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1981, pp. 1-281.
131. PFAFF D.W.: Hormones, genes, and behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (1997) 14213-14216.
132. PFAFF D.W., SCHWARTZ-GIBLIN S., MCCARTHY M.M., KOW L.M.: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors. Dans : E. Knobil and J.D. Neill (Eds.) The physiology of reproduction, Raven Press, New York, 1994, pp. 107-219.
133. PING L., MAHESH V.B., WIEDMEIER, V.T., BRANN D.W.: Release of glutamate and aspartate from the preoptic area during the progesterone-induced LH surge : in vivo microdialysis studies. Neuroendocrinol., 59 (1994) 318-324.
134. POLETTI A., MELCANGI R.C., NEGRI-CESI P., MAGGI R., MARTINI L.: Steroid binding and metabolism in the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-producing neuronal cell line GT1-1. Endocrinology, 135 (1994) 2623-2628.
135. POLLIO G., XUE P., ZANISI M., NICOLIN A.; MAGGI A.: Antisense oligonucleotide blocks progesterone-induced lordosis behavior in ovariectomized rats. Mol. Endocrinol., 19 (1993) 135-139.
136. POWER R.F., CONNEELY O.M., O'MALLEY B.W.: New insights into activation of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 13 (1992) 318-323.
137. POWER R.F., MANI S.K., CODINA J., CONNEELY O.M., O'MALLEY B.W.: Dopaminergic and ligand-independent activation of steroid hormone receptors. Science, 254 (1991) 1636-1639.
138. PRENDERGAST P., PAN Z., EDWARDS D.P.: Progesterone receptor-induced bending of its target DNA : distinct effects of the A and B receptor forms. Mol. Endocrinol., 10 (1996) 393-407.
139. RABOW L.E., RUSSEK S.J., FARB D.H.: From ion currents to genomic analysis : recent advances in GABAA receptor research. Synapse, 21 (1995) 189-274.
140. RAMIREZ V.D., ZHENG J., SIDDIQUE K.M.: Membrane receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in the rat brain : fantasy or reality. Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 16 (1996) 175-198.
141. RAO I.M., MAHESH I.M.: Role of progesterone in the modulation of the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins and ovulation in the pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-primed immature rat and adult rat. Biol. Reprod., 35 (1986) 1154-1161.
142. RAYNAUD-JAMMET C., BAULIEU E.E.: Action of estradiol in vitro: increase of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in uterine nuclei. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 268 (1969) 3211-3214.
143. RICHER J.K., LANGE C.A., WIERMAN A.M., BROOKS K.M., TUNG L., TAKIMOTO G.S., HORWITZ, K.B.: Progesterone receptor variants found in breast cells repress transcription by wild-type receptors. Breast Cancer Res. Treat, 48 (1998) 231-241.
144. RICK C.E., YE Q., FINN S.E., HARRISON N.L.: Neurosteroids act on the GABA(A) receptor at sites on the N-terminal side of the middle of TM2. Neuroreport, 9 (1998) 379-383.
145. ROBEL P., BAULIEU E.E.: Neurosteroids. Biosynthesis and function. Trend's Endocrinol. Metab., 5 (1994) 1-8.
146. ROLDAN E.R.S., MURASE T., SHI Q.X.: Exocytosis in spermatozoa in response to progesterone and zona pellucida. Science, 266 (1994) 1578-1581.
147. ROMANO G.J., KRUST A., PFAFF D.W.: Expression and estrogen regulation of progesterone receptor mRNA in neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus: an in situ hybridization study. Mol. Endocrinol., 3 (1989) 1295-1300.
148. SARTORIUS C.A., MELVILLE M.Y., HOVLAND A.R., TUNG L., TAKIMOTO G.S., HORWITZ, K.B.: A third transactivation function (AF3) of human progesterone receptors located in the unique N-terminal segment of the B- isoform. Mol. Endocrinol., 8 (1994) 1347-1360.
149. SAVOURET J.F., MISRAHI M., LOOSFELT H., ATGER M., BAILLY A., PERROT-APPLANAT M., VU HAI M.T., GUIOCHON-MANTEL A., JOLIVET A., LORENZO F., LOGEAT F., PICHON M.F., BOUCHARD P, MILGROM E.: Molecular and cellular biology of mammalian progesterone receptors. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 45 (1989) 65-120.
150. SAVOURET J.F., BAILLY A., MISRAHI M., RAUCH C., REDEUILH G., CHAUCHEREAU A., MILGROM E.: Characterization of the hormone responsive element involved in the regulation of the progesterone receptor gene. EMBO. J., 10 (1991) 1875-1883.
151. SCHOONEN W.G., DUKEMA R., DE RIES R.J., WAGENAARS J.L., JOOSTEN J.W., DE GOOYER M.E., DECKERS G.H., KLOOSTERBOER, H.J.: Human progesterone receptor A and B isoforms in CHO cells. II. Comparison of binding, transactivation and ED50 values of several synthetic (anti)progestagens in vitro in CHO and MCF-7 cells and in vivo in rabbits and rats. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 64 (1998) 157-170.
152. SCHUMACHER M.: Rapid membrane effects of steroid hormones : an emerging concept in neurœndocrinology. Trends Neurosci., 13 (1990) 359-362.
153. SCHUMACHER M., COIRINI H., FRANKFURT M., MCEWEN B.S.: Localized actions of progesterone in hypothalamus involve oxytocin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86 (1989) 6798-6801.
154. SCHUMACHER M., COIRINI H., JOHNSON A.E., FLANAGAN L.M., FRANKFURT M., PFAFF D.W., MCEWEN B.S.: The oxytocin receptor : a target for steroid hormones. Regul. Pept., 45 (1993) 115-119.
155. SCHUMACHER M., COIRINI H., PFAFF D.W., MCEWEN B.S.: Behavioral effects of progesterone associated with rapid modulation of oxytocin receptors. Science, 250 (1990) 691-694.
156. SCHUMACHER M., COIRINI H., PFAFF D.W., MCEWEN B.S.: Light-dark differences in behavioral sensitivity to oxytocin. Behav. Neurosci., 105 (1991) 487-492.
157. SCHUMACHER M., ROBEL P., BAULIEU E.E.: Development and regeneration of the nervous system: a role for neurosteroids. Dev. Neurosci., 18 (1996) 6-21.
158. SHEN E.S., MEADE E.H., PEREZ M.C., DEECHER D.C., NEGRO-VILAR A., LOPEZ F.J.: Expression of functional estrogen receptors and galanin messenger ribonucleic acid in immortalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons: Estrogenic control of galanin gene expression. Endocrinology, 139 (1998) 939-948.
159. SHIVERS B.D., HARLAN R.E., MORELL J.I., PFAFF D.W.: Absence of estradiol concentration in cell nuclei of LHRH-immunoreactive neurons. Nature, 304 (1983) 345-349.
160. SHUGHRUE P.J.: Estrogen action in the estrogen receptor alpha-knockout mouse - is this due to ER-beta. Mol. Psychia., 3 (1998) 299-302.
161. SHUGHRUE P.J., KOMM B., MERCHENTHALER I.: The distribution of estrogen receptor-β mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Steroids, 61 (1996) 678-681.
162. SHUGHRUE P.J., LANE M.V., MERCHENTHALER I.: Regulation of progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat medial preoptic nucleus by estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds: an in situ hybridization study. Endocrinology, 138 (1997) 5476-5484.
163. SHUGHRUE P.J., LUBAHN D.B., NEGRO-VILAR A., KORACH K.S., MERCHENTHALER I.: Responses in the brain of estrogen receptor alpha-disrupted mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (1997) 11008-11012.
164. SMITH G.B., OLSEN R.W: Functional domains of GABAA receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 16 (1995) 162-167.
165. STEPHENSON A.F.: The GABAA receptors. Biochem. J., 310 (1995) 1-9.
166. SU T.P., LONDON E.D., JAFFE J.H.: Steroid binding at σ receptors suggests a link between endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. Science, 240 (1988) 219-221.
167. 2+ influx. Biochem. J., 264 (1989) 539-546.
168. TISCHKAU S.A., RAMIREZ V.D.: A specific membrane binding protein for progesterone in rat brain : sex differences and induction by estrogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90 (1993) 1285-1289.
169. TOWLE A.C., SZE P.Y.: Steroid binding of synaptic plasma membrane : differential binding of glucocorticoids and gonadal steroids. J. Steroid Biochem., 18 (1983) 135-143.
170. TRUSS M., BEATO M.: Steroid hormone receptors : Interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors. Endocr. Rev., 14 (1993) 459-479.
171. TSAI M.J., O'MALLEY B.W.: Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 63 (1994) 451-486.
172. TURGEON J.L., WARING D.W.: Rapid increase by progesterone of agonist-stimulated luteinizing hormone secretion by cultured pituitary cells. Endocrinology, 127 (1990) 773-780.
173. VALERA S., BALLIVET M., BERTRAND D.: Progesterone modulates a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89 (1992) 9949-9953.
174. VATHY I., ETGEN A.M.: Hormonal activation of female sexual behavior is accompanied by hypothalamic norepinephrine release. J. Neuroendocrinol., 1 (1989) 383-388.
175. VEGETO E., SHAHBAZ M.M., WEN D.X., GOLDMAN M.E., O'MALLEY B.W., MCDONNELL D.P.: Human progesterone receptor A form is a cell- and promoter-specific repressor of human progesterone receptor B function. Mol. Endocrinol., 7 (1993) 1244-1255.
176. WAREMBOURG M., JOLIVET A., MILGROM E.: Immunohistochemical evidence of the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the same neurons of the guinea pig hypothalamus and preoptic area. Brain Res., 480 (1989) 1-15.
177. WARING D.W., TURGEON J.L.: A pathway for luteinizing hormone releasing-hormone self- potentiation - cross-talk with the progesterone receptor. Endocrinology, 130 (1992) 3275-3282.
178. WEBSTER J.C., PEDERSEN N.R., EDWARDS D.P., BECK C.A., MILLER W.L.: The 5′-flanking region of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone- beta gene contains six progesterone response elements : three proximal elements are sufficient to increase transcription in the presence of progesterone. Endocrinology, 136 (1995) 1049-1058.
179. WEHLING M.: Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 5 (1994) 347-353.
180. WEI L.L., MINER R.: Evidence for the existence of a third progesterone receptor protein in human breast cancer cell line T47D. Cancer Res., 54 (1994) 340-343.
181. WEI L.L., HAWKINS P., BAKER C., NORRIS B., SHERIDAN P.L., QUINN P.G.: An amino-terminal truncated progesterone receptor isoform, PRc, enhances progestin-induced transcriptional activity. Mol. Endocrinol., 10 (1996) 1379-1387.
182. WEN D.X., XU Y.F., MAIS D.E., GOLDMAN M.E., MCDONNELL D.P.: The A and B isoforms of the human progesterone receptor operate through distinct signaling pathways within target cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14 (1994) 8356-8364.
183. WIEBE J.P.: Nongenomic actions of steroids on gonadotropin release. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res., 52 (1997) 71-101.
184. YANG J., SERRES C., PHILIBERT D., ROBEL P., BAULIEU E.E.: Progesterone and RU486 : opposing effects on human sperm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 529-533.