Community-acquired pneumonia due to atypical organisms in adults: Diagnosis and treatment

Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 232-240

  Hammerschlag, Margaret R ^a,b  

^a SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Box 49 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GATIFLOXACIN; GREPAFLOXACIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; SPARFLOXACIN; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; TROVAFLOXACIN;

ADULT; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; HUMAN; LEGIONELLA; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; PATHOGENESIS; PNEUMONIA; SHORT SURVEY; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 0033057192     PISSN: 10569103     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019048-199906000-00003     Document Type: Short Survey

References (57)

1. Bartlett JG, Breiman RF, Mandell LA, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for management. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:811-38.
2. Mundy PM, Oldach D, Amcaerler PG, et al. Implications for macrolide treatment in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1998;113:1201-6.
3. Fang, GD, Fine M, Orloff J, et al. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990:69:307-16.
4. Gaydos CA, Eiden JJ, Oldach D, et al. Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia by polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:157-60.
5. Norrby SR. Atypical pneumonia in the Nordic countries: aetiology and clinical results of a trial comparing fleroxacin and doxycycline. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39: 499-508.
6. Porath A, Schlaeffer F and Lieberman D. The epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized adults. J Infect 1997;34:41-48.
7. Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1709-18.
8. Jacobs E. Serological diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections: a critical review of current procedures. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:(Suppl 1):S79-S82.
9. Foy HM, Cooney MK, McMahan R, et al. Viral and mycoplasmal pneumonia in a prepaid medical care group during an eight-year period. Am J Epidemiol 1973;97: 93-102.
10. Chanock RM, Fox HH, James WD, et al. Epidemiology of M. pneumoniae infection in military recruits. Ann N Y Acad Med 1967;143:484-96.
11. Fernald GW, Clyde WA. Epidemic pneumonia in university students. J Adolesc Health Care 1989;10:520-6.
12. Broome CV, LaVenture M, Kaye HS, et al. An explosive outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a summer camp. Pediatrics 1980;66:884-8.
13. Kai M, Kamiya S, Yabe H, et al. Rapid detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Microbiol 1993;38:166-70.
14. Ieven M, Ursi D, Van Bever H, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by two polymerase chain reactions and role of M. pneumoniae in acute respiratory tract infec:ions in pediatric patients. J Infect Dis 1996;173: 1445-52.
15. Rasch JR, Mogabgab WJ. Therapeutic effect of erythromycin on Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1965;5:693-9.
16. Shames JM, George RB, Holliday WB, et al. Comparison of antibiotics in the treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1970;125:680-4.
17. Smith CB, Friedwell WT, Chanock RM. Shedding of Mycoplasma pneumoniae after tetracycline and erythromycin. N Engl J Med 1967;276:1172-5.
18. Taylor-Robinson D, Bebear C. Antibiotic susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and treatment of mycoplasmal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:622-30.
19. Anderson G, Esmond TS, Coles S, et al. A comparative safety and efficacy study of clarithromycin and erythromycin stearate in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;27(Suppl A):117-24.
20. Chien SM, Pichotta P, Siepman N, et al. Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. A multicenter, doubleblind randomized study comparing clarithromycin with erythromycin. Chest 1993;103:697-701.
21. Schonwald S, Skerk V, Petricevic I, et al. Comparison of three-day and five-day courses of azithromycin in the treatment of atypical pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;10:877-80.
22. Plouffe JE, Herbert MT, File TM, et al. Ofloxacin vs. standard therapy in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1175-9.
23. File TM, Segreti J, Dunbar L, et al. A multicenter, randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of intravenous and/or oral levofloxacin vs. ceftriaxone and/or cefuroxime axetil in treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:1965-72.
24. Kenny GE, Cartwright FD. Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to a new quinolone, OPC 17116. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1726-7.
25. Bebear CM, Renaudin H, Boudjadja A, et al. In vitro activity of BAY 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone against mycoplasmas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42: 703-4.
26. Klausner JD, Passaro D, Rosenberg J, et al. Enhanced control of an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with azithromycin prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 1998;177:161-6.
27. Block S, Hedrick J, Hammerschlag MR, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia: comparative efficacy and safety of clarithromycin vs. erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:471-7.
28. Harris JAS, Kolokathis A, Campbell M, et al. Safety and efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:865-71.
29. Grayston JT, Kuo CC, Wang SP, et al. A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. N Engl J Med 1986;315:161-8.
30. Grayston JT, Campbell LA, Kuo C-C, et al. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J Infect Dis 1990;161:618-25.
31. Ekman M-R, Grayston JT, Visakorpi R, et al. An epidemic of infections due to Chlamydia pneumoniae in military conscripts. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:420-5.
32. Troy CJ, Peeling RW, Ellis AG, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae as a new source of infectious outbreaks in nursing homes. JAMA 1997;277:1214-8.
33. Yamazaki T, Nakada H, Sakuri N, et al. Transmission of Chlamydia pneumoniaein young children in a Japanese family. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1390-2.
34. Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. Microbiologic efficacy of azithromycin and susceptibilities to azithromycin of isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae from adults and children with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:194-6.
35. Hammerschlag MR, Chirgwin K, Robin PM, et al. Persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae following acute respiratory illness. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:178-82.
36. Dean D, Roblin PM, Mandel L, et al. Molecular evaluation of serial isolates from patients with persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infections. In: Stephens RS, Byrne GI, Christiansen G, et al., editors. Chlamydial infections: proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infection. San Francisco: USCF; 1998. p. 219-23.
37. Roblin PM, Dumornay W, Hammerschlag MR. Use of HEp-2 cells for improved isolation and passage of Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30: 1968-71.
38. Jantos CA, Roggendorf R, Wuppermann FN, et al. Rapid detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by PCR-enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1890-4.
39. Gaydos CA, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR, et al. Diagnostic utility of PCR-enzyme immunoassay, culture, and serology for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:903-5.
40. Campbell LA, Melgosa MP, Hamilton DJ, et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:434-9.
41. Grayston JT, Aldous MB, Easton A, et al. Evidence that Chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia and bronchitis. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1231-5.
42. Hyman CL, Roblin PM, Gaydos CA, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Chlamydia pneumoniae in subjectively healthy adults: assessment by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay and culture. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1174-8.
43. Vincent JPF, Fretigny M, Vabret A, et al. Comparison of two serological methods and a polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae in adults. J Med Microbiol 1998;47:615-21.
44. Carter MW, Al-Mahdawi SAH, Treharne JD, et al. Nucleotide sequence and taxonomic value of the major outer membrane protein gene of Chlamydia pneumoniae IOL-207. J Gen Microbiol 1991;137(Pt 3):465-75.
45. Peeling RW, Wang SP, Grayston JT, et al. Chlamydia serology: inter-laboratory variation in microimmunofluorescence results. In: Stephens RS, Byrne GI, Christiansen G, et al., editors. Chlamydial infections: proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infection. San Francisco: USCF; 1998. p. 159-62.
46. Maurin M, Eb F, Etienne J, et al. Serological cross-reactions between Bartonella and Chlamydia species: implications for diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:2283-7.
47. Hammerschlag MR. Antimicrobial susceptibility and therapy of infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:1873-8.
48. Roblin PM, Kutlin A, Hammerschlag MR. In vitro activity of trovafloxacin against Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:2033-4.
49. Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. In vitro activity of a new 8-methoxyquinolone, BAY 12-8039, against Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42: 951-2.
50. Stout JE, Yu VL. Legionellosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:682-7.
51. Maiwald M, Helbig JH, Luck PC. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of legionella infections. J Microbiol Methods 1998;33:59-79.
52. Sopena N, Sabria-Leal M, Pedro-Botet L, et al. Comparative study of the clinical presentation of legionella pneumonia and other community-acquired pneumonias. Chest 1998;113:1195-200.
53. Edelstein PH. Legionnaires' disease. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16:741-9.
54. Stout JE, Arnold B, Yu VL. Comparative activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and erythromycin against Legionella species by broth microdilution and intracellular susceptibility testing in HL-60 cells. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;30:37-43.
55. Edelstein PH. Antimicrobial chemotherapy for Legionnaires' disease: a review. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(Suppl 3):S265-76.
56. Smith RP, Baltch AL, Hieo W, et al. Effect of levcfloxacin, erythromycin, or rifampicin pretreatment on growth of Legionella pneumophila in human monocytes. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:673-8.
57. Edelstein PH. Review of azithromycin activity against Legionella spp. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1995;43:569-72.