메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 54, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 544-549

Prevention of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia

(1)  Vincent, Jean Louis a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL IMMUNITY; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; HOSPITAL INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0033048566     PISSN: 00406376     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/thx.54.6.544     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (34)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 0027244587 scopus 로고
    • Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia acquired in intensive care units
    • 1 Chevret S, Hemmer M, Carlet J, et al. Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia acquired in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 1993;19:256-64.
    • (1993) Intensive Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 256-264
    • Chevret, S.1    Hemmer, M.2    Carlet, J.3
  • 2
    • 0025980586 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of nosocomial pneumonia and of patient and circuit colonization during mechanical ventilation with circuit changes every 48 hours versus no change
    • 2 Dreyfuss D, Djedaini K, Weber P, et al. Prospective study of nosocomial pneumonia and of patient and circuit colonization during mechanical ventilation with circuit changes every 48 hours versus no change. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:738-41.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.143 , pp. 738-741
    • Dreyfuss, D.1    Djedaini, K.2    Weber, P.3
  • 3
    • 0028788729 scopus 로고
    • The effect of late-onset ventilator associated pneumonia in determining patient mortality
    • 3 Kollef MH, Silver P, Murphy DM, et al. The effect of late-onset ventilator associated pneumonia in determining patient mortality. Chest 1995;108:1655-62.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 1655-1662
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Silver, P.2    Murphy, D.M.3
  • 4
    • 0031001758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of intravenously administered cefuroxime against nosocomial pneumonia in patients with structural coma
    • 4 Sirvent JM, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, et al. Protective effect of intravenously administered cefuroxime against nosocomial pneumonia in patients with structural coma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1729-34.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.155 , pp. 1729-1734
    • Sirvent, J.M.1    Torres, A.2    El-Ebiary, M.3
  • 5
    • 0030009232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia and mortality among patients in intensive care units
    • 5 Fagon JY, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia and mortality among patients in intensive care units. JAMA 1996;275:866-9.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 866-869
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Vuagnat, A.3
  • 6
    • 0029852413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scoring systems for nosocomial pneumonia in ICUs
    • 6 Kropec A, Schulgen G, Just H, et al. Scoring systems for nosocomial pneumonia in ICUs. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22:1155-61.
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 1155-1161
    • Kropec, A.1    Schulgen, G.2    Just, H.3
  • 7
    • 0029148091 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: The results of the EPIC study
    • 7 Vincent JL, Bihari D, Suter PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: the results of the EPIC study. JAMA 1995;274:639-44.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 639-644
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Bihari, D.2    Suter, P.M.3
  • 8
    • 0028901061 scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in a medical-surgical intensive care unit
    • 8 Wiener J, Itokazu G, Nathan C, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:861-7.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 861-867
    • Wiener, J.1    Itokazu, G.2    Nathan, C.3
  • 9
    • 0030757628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of quantitative cultures and microscopic examinations of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients
    • 9 Albert S, Kirchner J, Thomas H, et al. Role of quantitative cultures and microscopic examinations of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients. J Hosp Infect 1997;37:25-37.
    • (1997) J Hosp Infect , vol.37 , pp. 25-37
    • Albert, S.1    Kirchner, J.2    Thomas, H.3
  • 10
    • 0030137675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Nosocomial Infection Survey: Analysis of Irish data
    • 10 Marsh B, Hone R, White M, et al. European Nosocomial Infection Survey: analysis of Irish data. Ir Med J 1996;89:96-8.
    • (1996) Ir Med J , vol.89 , pp. 96-98
    • Marsh, B.1    Hone, R.2    White, M.3
  • 11
    • 0027721489 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in ICU patients
    • 11 Denys D, Martens P, Mullie A, et al. Incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in ICU patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1993;44:111-8.
    • (1993) Acta Anaesthesiol Belg , vol.44 , pp. 111-118
    • Denys, D.1    Martens, P.2    Mullie, A.3
  • 12
    • 0026317030 scopus 로고
    • Incidence, etiology and outcome of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients
    • 12 Rello J, Quintana E, Ausina V, et al. Incidence, etiology and outcome of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1991;100:439-44.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 439-444
    • Rello, J.1    Quintana, E.2    Ausina, V.3
  • 13
    • 0027054333 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill comatose patients: Need for a differential therapeutic approach
    • 13 Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill comatose patients: need for a differential therapeutic approach. Eur Respir J 1992;5:1249-53.
    • (1992) Eur Respir J , vol.5 , pp. 1249-1253
    • Rello, J.1    Ausina, V.2    Ricart, M.3
  • 14
    • 0026665891 scopus 로고
    • A predictive risk index for nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit
    • 14 Joshi N, Localio AR, Hamory BH. A predictive risk index for nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Am J Med 1992;93:135-42.
    • (1992) Am J Med , vol.93 , pp. 135-142
    • Joshi, N.1    Localio, A.R.2    Hamory, B.H.3
  • 15
    • 0026703220 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients. Influence of level of consciousness with implications for therapy
    • 15 Rello J, Ausina V, Castella J, et al. Nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients. Influence of level of consciousness with implications for therapy. Chest 1992;102:525-9.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102 , pp. 525-529
    • Rello, J.1    Ausina, V.2    Castella, J.3
  • 16
    • 0026577901 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in an intensive care unit in a Danish university hospital: Incidence, mortality and etiology
    • 16 Nielsen SL, Roder B, Magnussen P, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in an intensive care unit in a Danish university hospital: incidence, mortality and etiology. Scand J Infect Dis 1992;24:65-70.
    • (1992) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 65-70
    • Nielsen, S.L.1    Roder, B.2    Magnussen, P.3
  • 17
    • 0025102886 scopus 로고
    • Incidence, risk and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients
    • 17 Torres A, Aznar R, Gatell JM, et al. Incidence, risk and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:523-8.
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 523-528
    • Torres, A.1    Aznar, R.2    Gatell, J.M.3
  • 18
    • 0023908673 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infection and fatality in medical and surgical intensive care unit patients
    • 18 Craven DE, Kunches LM, Lichtenberg DA, et al. Nosocomial infection and fatality in medical and surgical intensive care unit patients. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1161-8.
    • (1988) Arch Intern Med , vol.148 , pp. 1161-1168
    • Craven, D.E.1    Kunches, L.M.2    Lichtenberg, D.A.3
  • 19
    • 0027466159 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: A cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay
    • 19 Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med 1993;94:231-8.
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.94 , pp. 231-238
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Hance, A.J.3
  • 20
    • 0024402553 scopus 로고
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia. Attributable mortality and morbidity
    • 20 Leu HS, Kaiser DL, Mori M, et al. Hospital-acquired pneumonia. Attributable mortality and morbidity. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:1258-67.
    • (1989) Am J Epidemiol , vol.129 , pp. 1258-1267
    • Leu, H.S.1    Kaiser, D.L.2    Mori, M.3
  • 21
    • 0026660402 scopus 로고
    • Prolongation of hospital stay and extra costs due to ventilator-associated pneumonia in an intensive care unit
    • 21 Kappstein I, Schulgen G, Beyer U, et al. Prolongation of hospital stay and extra costs due to ventilator-associated pneumonia in an intensive care unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992;11:504-8.
    • (1992) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 504-508
    • Kappstein, I.1    Schulgen, G.2    Beyer, U.3
  • 22
    • 0030028447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in intubated trauma patients. Microbiology and outcomes
    • 22 Baker AM, Meredith JW, Haponik EF. Pneumonia in intubated trauma patients. Microbiology and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:343-9.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 343-349
    • Baker, A.M.1    Meredith, J.W.2    Haponik, E.F.3
  • 23
    • 0027382380 scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis
    • 23 Kollef MM. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis. JAMA 1993;270:1965-70.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 1965-1970
    • Kollef, M.M.1
  • 24
    • 0028316668 scopus 로고
    • The stomach is not a source for colonization of the upper respiratory tract and pneumonia in ICU patients
    • 24 Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, van Tiel FH, et al. The stomach is not a source for colonization of the upper respiratory tract and pneumonia in ICU patients. Crit Care Med 1994;105: 878-84.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.105 , pp. 878-884
    • Bonten, M.J.1    Gaillard, C.A.2    Van Tiel, F.H.3
  • 25
    • 0026586005 scopus 로고
    • The radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 25 Wunderink RG, Woldenberg LS, Zeiss J, et al. The radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1992;101:458-63.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.101 , pp. 458-463
    • Wunderink, R.G.1    Woldenberg, L.S.2    Zeiss, J.3
  • 26
    • 0025615218 scopus 로고
    • Infection versus colonisation
    • 26 Geddes DM. Infection versus colonisation. Intensive Care Med 1990;16:S201-5
    • (1990) Intensive Care Med , vol.16
    • Geddes, D.M.1
  • 27
    • 0031911394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of invasive and non-invasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 27 Sanchez-Nieto JM, Torres A, Arcia-Cordoba F, et al. Impact of invasive and non-invasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:371-6.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 371-376
    • Sanchez-Nieto, J.M.1    Torres, A.2    Arcia-Cordoba, F.3
  • 28
    • 9244228530 scopus 로고
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and preventative strategies
    • 28 American Thoracic Society. Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and preventative strategies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;153:1711-25.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 1711-1725
  • 29
    • 0013615879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit patients
    • 29 Fagon JY, Chastre J. Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 1997;3: 363-9.
    • (1997) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.3 , pp. 363-369
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2
  • 30
    • 0029918456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New etiopathogenic concepts of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 30 Cassiere HA, Niederman MS. New etiopathogenic concepts of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1996;11:13-23.
    • (1996) Semin Respir Infect , vol.11 , pp. 13-23
    • Cassiere, H.A.1    Niederman, M.S.2
  • 31
    • 0025145213 scopus 로고
    • Gram-negative colonisation of the respiratory tract: Pathogenesis and clinical consequences
    • 31 Niederman MS. Gram-negative colonisation of the respiratory tract: pathogenesis and clinical consequences. Semin Respir Infect 1990;5:173-84.
    • (1990) Semin Respir Infect , vol.5 , pp. 173-184
    • Niederman, M.S.1
  • 32
    • 0016748334 scopus 로고
    • Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections
    • 32 Steere AC, Mallison GF. Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 1975; 83:683-90.
    • (1975) Ann Intern Med , vol.83 , pp. 683-690
    • Steere, A.C.1    Mallison, G.F.2
  • 33
    • 0025025702 scopus 로고
    • Frequency and duration of hand washing in an intensive care unit
    • 33 Graham M. Frequency and duration of hand washing in an intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 1990;18:77-81.
    • (1990) Am J Infect Control , vol.18 , pp. 77-81
    • Graham, M.1
  • 34
    • 0026645501 scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units
    • 34 Doebbeling BN, Stanley GL, Sheetz CT, et al. Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units. N Engl J Med 1992;327:88-93.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 88-93
    • Doebbeling, B.N.1    Stanley, G.L.2    Sheetz, C.T.3
  • 35
    • 0029007849 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of acinetobacter infection in an intensive therapy unit
    • 35 Crowe M, Towner KJ, Humphreys H. Clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of acinetobacter infection in an intensive therapy unit. J Med Microbiol 1995;43:55-62.
    • (1995) J Med Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 55-62
    • Crowe, M.1    Towner, K.J.2    Humphreys, H.3
  • 36
    • 0029692820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective, randomized study of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with one versus three ventilator circuit changes per week
    • 36 Long MN, Wickstrom G, Grimes A, et al. Prospective, randomized study of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with one versus three ventilator circuit changes per week. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:14-9.
    • (1996) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.17 , pp. 14-19
    • Long, M.N.1    Wickstrom, G.2    Grimes, A.3
  • 37
    • 0025647269 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of colonization, nosocomial pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients using a Trach Care closed-suction system versus an open-suction: Prospective, randomized study
    • 37 Deppe SA, Kelly JW, Thoi LL, et al. Incidence of colonization, nosocomial pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients using a Trach Care closed-suction system versus an open-suction: prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 1990;18:1389-93.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 1389-1393
    • Deppe, S.A.1    Kelly, J.W.2    Thoi, L.L.3
  • 38
    • 0030879788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized comparison of an in-line heat moisture exchange filter and heated wire humidifiers: Rates of ventilator-associated early onset (community acquired) or late-onset (hospital-acquired) pneumonia and incidence of endotracheal tube occlusion
    • 38 Kirton OC, DeHaven BMJ, Morejon O, et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of an in-line heat moisture exchange filter and heated wire humidifiers: rates of ventilator-associated early onset (community acquired) or late-onset (hospital-acquired) pneumonia and incidence of endotracheal tube occlusion. Chest 1997;112:1055-9.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112 , pp. 1055-1059
    • Kirton, O.C.1    DeHaven, B.M.J.2    Morejon, O.3
  • 39
    • 0023907089 scopus 로고
    • ET tube occlusion associated with the use of heat and moisture exchangers in the intensive care unit
    • 39 Cohen IL, Weinberg PF, Fein IA, et al. ET tube occlusion associated with the use of heat and moisture exchangers in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1988;16:277-9.
    • (1988) Crit Care Med , vol.16 , pp. 277-279
    • Cohen, I.L.1    Weinberg, P.F.2    Fein, I.A.3
  • 40
    • 0025015270 scopus 로고
    • Heat and moisture exchangers and vaporizing humidifiers in the ICU
    • 40 Martin C, Perrin G, Gevaudan M, et al. Heat and moisture exchangers and vaporizing humidifiers in the ICU. Chest 1990;97:144-9.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 144-149
    • Martin, C.1    Perrin, G.2    Gevaudan, M.3
  • 41
    • 0031050963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease in nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients by selective oropharyngeal decontamination
    • 41 Abele-Horn M, Dauber A, Bauernfeind A, et al. Decrease in nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients by selective oropharyngeal decontamination. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:187-95.
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 187-195
    • Abele-Horn, M.1    Dauber, A.2    Bauernfeind, A.3
  • 42
    • 0025916225 scopus 로고
    • Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit
    • 42 Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Vandenbroucke JP. Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit. Lancet 1991;338:859-62.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 859-862
    • Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M.1    Vandenbroucke, J.P.2
  • 43
    • 0028256099 scopus 로고
    • Infection control in critically ill patients: Effects of selective contamination of the digestive tract
    • 43 Rogers CJ, van Saene HK, Suter P, et al. Infection control in critically ill patients: effects of selective contamination of the digestive tract. Am J Hosp Pharmacol 1994;51:631-48.
    • (1994) Am J Hosp Pharmacol , vol.51 , pp. 631-648
    • Rogers, C.J.1    Van Saene, H.K.2    Suter, P.3
  • 44
    • 0026737284 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of infection in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract
    • 44 Cockerill FRI, Muller SR, Ahnalt JP, et al. Prevention of infection in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:545-53.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 545-553
    • Cockerill, F.R.I.1    Muller, S.R.2    Ahnalt, J.P.3
  • 45
    • 0026732629 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind study of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care
    • 45 Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Saunders GL, et al. Double-blind study of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care. Lancet 1992;340:5-9.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 5-9
    • Hammond, J.M.1    Potgieter, P.D.2    Saunders, G.L.3
  • 46
    • 0032565412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult patients: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials
    • 46 D'Amico R, Pifferi S, Leonetti C, et al. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1998;316: 1275-85.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.316 , pp. 1275-1285
    • D'Amico, R.1    Pifferi, S.2    Leonetti, C.3
  • 47
    • 0027301741 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological impact of prolonged systematic use of topical SDD on bacterial colonization of the tracheobronchial tree and antibiotic resistance
    • 47 Nardi G, Valentinis U, Proietti A, et al. Epidemiological impact of prolonged systematic use of topical SDD on bacterial colonization of the tracheobronchial tree and antibiotic resistance. Intensive Care Med 1993;19:273-8.
    • (1993) Intensive Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 273-278
    • Nardi, G.1    Valentinis, U.2    Proietti, A.3
  • 48
    • 0031936787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patients outcomes: Implications for the antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 48 Kollef MH, Ward S. The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patients outcomes: implications for the antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1998;113: 412-20.
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 412-420
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Ward, S.2
  • 49
    • 0026637190 scopus 로고
    • Gastric colonization and pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis: A randomized, controlled trial
    • 49 Apte NM, Karnad DR, Medhekar TP, et al. Gastric colonization and pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 1992;20:590-3.
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 590-593
    • Apte, N.M.1    Karnad, D.R.2    Medhekar, T.P.3
  • 50
    • 0027531495 scopus 로고
    • Continuous intravenous cimetidine decreases stress-related gastrointestinal hemorrhage without promoting pneumonia
    • 50 Martin LF, Booth FV, Karlstadt RG, et al. Continuous intravenous cimetidine decreases stress-related gastrointestinal hemorrhage without promoting pneumonia. Crit Care Med 1993;21:19-30.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 19-30
    • Martin, L.F.1    Booth, F.V.2    Karlstadt, R.G.3
  • 51
    • 0027527150 scopus 로고
    • Impact of multiple risk factors and ranitidine prophylaxis on the development of stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding: A prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial
    • 51 Metz CA, Livingston DH, Smith JS, et al. Impact of multiple risk factors and ranitidine prophylaxis on the development of stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1844-9.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1844-1849
    • Metz, C.A.1    Livingston, D.H.2    Smith, J.S.3
  • 52
    • 0030029997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients
    • 52 Conk DJ, Reeve BK, Guyatt GH, et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. JAMA 1996;275:308-14.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 308-314
    • Conk, D.J.1    Reeve, B.K.2    Guyatt, G.H.3
  • 53
    • 0025808141 scopus 로고
    • 2-antagonists for stress ulcer prophylaxis: A meta-analysis on efficacy and pneumonia rate
    • 2-antagonists for stress ulcer prophylaxis: a meta-analysis on efficacy and pneumonia rate. Crit Care Med 1991;19:942-9.
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 942-949
    • Tryba, M.1
  • 54
    • 0025817751 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia and the role of gastric pH. A meta-analysis
    • 54 Cook DJ, Laine LA, Guyatt GH, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia and the role of gastric pH. A meta-analysis. Chest 1991;100:7-13.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 7-13
    • Cook, D.J.1    Laine, L.A.2    Guyatt, G.H.3
  • 55
    • 0028786468 scopus 로고
    • The role of intragastric acidity and stress ulcer prophylaxis on colonization and infection in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. A stratified, randomized, double-blind study of sucralfate versus antacids
    • 55 Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, van der Geest S, et al. The role of intragastric acidity and stress ulcer prophylaxis on colonization and infection in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. A stratified, randomized, double-blind study of sucralfate versus antacids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:1825-34.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 1825-1834
    • Bonten, M.J.1    Gaillard, C.A.2    Van Der Geest, S.3
  • 56
    • 0028567869 scopus 로고
    • Prophylaxis for stress-related gastric hemorrhage in the medical intensive-care unit. A randomized, controlled, single-blind study
    • 56 Ben-Menachem T, Fogel R, Patel RV, et al. Prophylaxis for stress-related gastric hemorrhage in the medical intensive-care unit. A randomized, controlled, single-blind study. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:568-75.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.121 , pp. 568-575
    • Ben-Menachem, T.1    Fogel, R.2    Patel, R.V.3
  • 57
    • 0029835951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated trauma patients during stress ulcer prophylaxis with sucralfate, antacid and ranitidine
    • 57 Thomason MH, Payseur ES, Hakenewerth AM, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated trauma patients during stress ulcer prophylaxis with sucralfate, antacid and ranitidine. J Trauma 1996;41:503-8.
    • (1996) J Trauma , vol.41 , pp. 503-508
    • Thomason, M.H.1    Payseur, E.S.2    Hakenewerth, A.M.3
  • 58
    • 6844236394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation
    • 58 Cook D, Guyatt G, Marshall J, et al. A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 1998;338:791-7.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 791-797
    • Cook, D.1    Guyatt, G.2    Marshall, J.3
  • 59
    • 0013593671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial sinusitis: A critical appraisal of the evidence
    • Vincent JL, ed. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
    • 59 Sinuff T, Cook DJ. Nosocomial sinusitis: a critical appraisal of the evidence. In: Vincent JL, ed. Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1998: 292-9.
    • (1998) Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine , pp. 292-299
    • Sinuff, T.1    Cook, D.J.2
  • 60
    • 0027165243 scopus 로고
    • Influence of long-term oro- or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: Results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial
    • 60 Holzapfel L, Chevret S, Madinier G, et al. Influence of long-term oro- or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1132-8.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1132-1138
    • Holzapfel, L.1    Chevret, S.2    Madinier, G.3
  • 61
    • 0029121831 scopus 로고
    • Re-intubation increases the risk of nosocomial pneumonia in patients needing mechanical ventilation
    • 61 Torres A, Gatell JM, Aznar E, et al. Re-intubation increases the risk of nosocomial pneumonia in patients needing mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:137-41.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 137-141
    • Torres, A.1    Gatell, J.M.2    Aznar, E.3
  • 62
    • 0026529853 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients: Respective role of mechanical subglottic secretions and stress ulcer prophylaxis
    • 62 Mahul P, Auboyer C, Jospe R, et al. Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients: respective role of mechanical subglottic secretions and stress ulcer prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 1992;18:20-5.
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 20-25
    • Mahul, P.1    Auboyer, C.2    Jospe, R.3
  • 63
    • 0028833778 scopus 로고
    • Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • 63 Valles J, Artigas A, Rello J, et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:179-86.
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.122 , pp. 179-186
    • Valles, J.1    Artigas, A.2    Rello, J.3
  • 64
    • 0027456324 scopus 로고
    • Gastroduodenal dysfunction and bacterial colonisation of the ventilated lung
    • 64 Inglis TJ, Sherratt MJ, Sproat LJ, et al. Gastroduodenal dysfunction and bacterial colonisation of the ventilated lung. Lancet 1993:341:911-3.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.341 , pp. 911-913
    • Inglis, T.J.1    Sherratt, M.J.2    Sproat, L.J.3
  • 65
    • 0001525859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe pneumonia: Sources of infection and implications for treatment
    • 65 Vallés J. Severe pneumonia: sources of infection and implications for treatment. Sepsis 1998;1:199-209.
    • (1998) Sepsis , vol.1 , pp. 199-209
    • Vallés, J.1
  • 66
    • 0026725752 scopus 로고
    • Nutritional outcome and pneumonia in critical care patients rand omized to gastric versus jejunal tube feedings
    • 66 Montecalvo MA, Steger KA, Farber HW, et al. Nutritional outcome and pneumonia in critical care patients rand omized to gastric versus jejunal tube feedings. Crit Care Med 1992;20:1377-87.
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 1377-1387
    • Montecalvo, M.A.1    Steger, K.A.2    Farber, H.W.3
  • 67
    • 0023869399 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis
    • 67 Celis R, Torres A, Gatell JM, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest 1988;93:318-24.
    • (1988) Chest , vol.93 , pp. 318-324
    • Celis, R.1    Torres, A.2    Gatell, J.M.3
  • 68
    • 0026606379 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: The effect of body position
    • 68 Torres A, Serra-Battles J, Ros E, et al. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:540-3.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.116 , pp. 540-543
    • Torres, A.1    Serra-Battles, J.2    Ros, E.3
  • 69
    • 0029266521 scopus 로고
    • Effects of continuous lateral rotation therapy on pulmonary complications in liver transplant patients
    • 69 Whiteman K, Nachtmann L, Kramer D, et al. Effects of continuous lateral rotation therapy on pulmonary complications in liver transplant patients. Am J Crit Care 1995;4: 133-9.
    • (1995) Am J Crit Care , vol.4 , pp. 133-139
    • Whiteman, K.1    Nachtmann, L.2    Kramer, D.3
  • 70
    • 0032507210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of airway management on ventilator-associated pneumonia: Evidence from randomized trials
    • 70 Cook D, De Jonghe B, Brochard L, et al. Influence of airway management on ventilator-associated pneumonia: evidence from randomized trials. JAMA 1998;279:781-7.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 781-787
    • Cook, D.1    De Jonghe, B.2    Brochard, L.3
  • 71
    • 0030764423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arginine, glutamine, and dehydroepiandrosterone reverse the immunosuppressive effect of prednisone during gut-derived sepsis
    • 71 Gennari R, Alexander JW. Arginine, glutamine, and dehydroepiandrosterone reverse the immunosuppressive effect of prednisone during gut-derived sepsis. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1207-14.
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 1207-1214
    • Gennari, R.1    Alexander, J.W.2
  • 72
    • 0031037860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia and tracheitis in a pediatric intensive care unit: A prospective study
    • 72 Fayon MJ, Tucci M, Lacroix J, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia and tracheitis in a pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:162-9.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.155 , pp. 162-169
    • Fayon, M.J.1    Tucci, M.2    Lacroix, J.3
  • 73
    • 0026548520 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in the elderly
    • 73 Hanson LC, Weber DJ, Rutala WA, et al. Risk Factors for nosocomial pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Med 1992;92: 161-6.
    • (1992) Am J Med , vol.92 , pp. 161-166
    • Hanson, L.C.1    Weber, D.J.2    Rutala, W.A.3
  • 74
    • 0027751813 scopus 로고
    • Enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: A critical review of the evidence
    • 74 Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a critical review of the evidence. Intensive Care Med 1993;19:435-42.
    • (1993) Intensive Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 435-442
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Cook, D.J.2    Guyatt, G.H.3
  • 75
    • 0028935349 scopus 로고
    • Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: Results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial
    • 75 Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B, et al. Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1995;23:436-49.
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 436-449
    • Bower, R.H.1    Cerra, F.B.2    Bershadsky, B.3
  • 76
    • 0030917203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: Restoration by IFN-γ treatment
    • 76 Docke WD, Randow F, Syrbe HP, et al. Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN-γ treatment. Nature Med 1997;3:678-81.
    • (1997) Nature Med , vol.3 , pp. 678-681
    • Docke, W.D.1    Randow, F.2    Syrbe, H.P.3
  • 77
    • 0028046930 scopus 로고
    • Effect of interferon gamma on infection-related death in patients with severe injuries. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • 77 Dries DJ, Jurkovich GJ, Maier RV, et al. Effect of Interferon gamma on infection-related death in patients with severe injuries. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Surg 1994;129:1031-41.
    • (1994) Arch Surg , vol.129 , pp. 1031-1041
    • Dries, D.J.1    Jurkovich, G.J.2    Maier, R.V.3
  • 78
    • 0031911123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-gamma in the prevention of severe burn-related infections: A European phase III multicenter trial
    • 78 Wasserman D, Ioannovish JD, Hinzmann RD, et al. Interferon-gamma in the prevention of severe burn-related infections: a European phase III multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 1998;26:434-9.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 434-439
    • Wasserman, D.1    Ioannovish, J.D.2    Hinzmann, R.D.3
  • 79
    • 0026072156 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of intensity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice by aerosol administration of gamma interferon
    • 79 Beck JM, Liggitt HD, Brunette EN, et al. Reduction of intensity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice by aerosol administration of gamma interferon. Infect Immunol 1991;59:3859-62.
    • (1991) Infect Immunol , vol.59 , pp. 3859-3862
    • Beck, J.M.1    Liggitt, H.D.2    Brunette, E.N.3
  • 80
    • 0030266772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-12 gene therapy protects mice in lethal Klebsiella pneumonia
    • 80 Greenberger MJ, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM, et al. IL-12 gene therapy protects mice in lethal Klebsiella pneumonia. J Immunol 1996;157:3006-12.
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.157 , pp. 3006-3012
    • Greenberger, M.J.1    Kunkel, S.L.2    Strieter, R.M.3
  • 81
    • 0028000668 scopus 로고
    • Mice lacking granulocyte colony-stimulating factor have chronic neutropenia, granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cell deficiency, and impaired neutrophil mobilization
    • 81 Lieschke GJ, Grail D, Hodgson G, et al. Mice lacking granulocyte colony-stimulating factor have chronic neutropenia, granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cell deficiency, and impaired neutrophil mobilization. Blood 1994;84:1737-46.
    • (1994) Blood , vol.84 , pp. 1737-1746
    • Lieschke, G.J.1    Grail, D.2    Hodgson, G.3
  • 82
    • 7144257846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of prophylactic administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) on the frequency of nosocomial infections in patients with acute traumatic brain injury or cerebral hemorrhage
    • 82 Heard SO, Fink MP, Gamelli RL, et al. Effect of prophylactic administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) on the frequency of nosocomial infections in patients with acute traumatic brain injury or cerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1998;26:748-54.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 748-754
    • Heard, S.O.1    Fink, M.P.2    Gamelli, R.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.