Clomethiazole Astra Arcus AB

IDrugs

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 184-193

  Mucke, Herman ^a  

^a Sanochemia Pharmazeutika AG   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOMETHIAZOLE;

DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SYNTHESIS; EPILEPSY; INSOMNIA; NEUROPROTECTION; SHORT SURVEY; STROKE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

EID: 0033035191     PISSN: 13697056     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (154)

1. Management of the acute stage of cerebral ischemia and future prospects. Leys D, Hommel M, Woimant F, Pruvo JP REV MED INTERNE 199415 5 350-356
2. Animal models of acute ischémie stroke: Can they predict clinically successful neuroprotective drugs? Hunter AJ, Green AR, Cross AJ TRENDS PHARMACOL SC1199516 4 123-128
3. Clomethiazole in phase III trials for cerebrovascular ischaemia Astra Arcus AB COMPANY COMMUNICATION 1996 Aug
4. Astra AB ANNUAL REPORT 1995 December 1
5. Finding new drugs to treat stroke. Barinaga M SCIENCE 19962725262664-666
6. Drugs for acute stroke nearing the market SCRIP 19962164 27
7. Animal models in acute ischaemic stroke Hunter J EXP OPIN INVEST DRUGS 1996 5 10 1317-1328
8. Recently developed neuroprotective therapies for acute stroke. A qualitative systematic review of clinical trials. Dorman PJ, Counsel! CE, Sandercock PAG CNS DRUGS 1996 5 6 457-474
9. R&D pipeline SCRIP 1996 December 11 22
10. Product promise for 1997 SCRIP MAGAZINE 1997 53 67-70
11. Amplification of inhibitory mechanisms in cerebral ischemia: An alternative approach to neuronal protection. Shuaib A, Kanthan R HISTOL HISTOPATHOL 199712 1 185-194
12. A behavioural and neurochemical study in rats of the pharmacology of loreclezoie, a novel allosteric modulator of the GABA, receptor. Green AR, Misra A, Murray TK, Snape MF, Cross AJ NEUROPHARMACOLOGy\99& 35 9-10 1243-1250 This combined in vivo and in vitro study used clomethiazole as a reference compound for GABAA receptor interaction, however, it added pharmacological parameters not reported elsewhere.
13. Clomethiazole strikingly inhibits cytochrome PEI mediated chlorzoxazone metabolism in man. Gebhardt A, Lucas D, Menez JF, Seitz HK GASTROENTEROLOGY 1996 110 4 Suppl A1195
14. Induction of cytochrome P 2E1 expression in rat and gerbil astrocytes by inflammatory factors and ischémie injury. Tindberg N, Baldwin HA, Cross AJ, Ingelman SUNDBERGM MOL PHARMACOL 1996 50 5 1065-1072
15. Clomethiazole specifically inhibited inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 messenger RNA and enzyme expression in primary glial cell cultures, and might be useful in treating post-ischemia inflammation of the brain.
16. Interactions between loreclezole, chlormethiazole and pentobarbitone at GABA-A receptors in rat cuneate nucleus in vitro. Zhong Y, Simmonds MA BR J PHARMACOL 1996 117 Proc Suppl 307P
17. The interaction of loreclezole with the GABAA receptor complex, an in vivo and in vitro study. Misra A, Snape MF, Murray TK, Cross AJ, Green AR BR J PHARMACOL 1996 117 Proc Suppl 306P
18. New aspects in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Singla LS FARM CLIN BARCELONA 199613 5 293-296
19. Surface and interfacial properties of Clomethiazole. Petersson T, Engstrom S INT J PHARM1996132 1 -2 231 -242
20. Drop-volume measurements, surface balance experiments and Xray investigations were employed to elucidate the behavior of Clomethiazole in various aqueous-lipid biphasic model systems.
21. Interaction of allosteric ligands with GABAA receptors containing one, two, or three different subunits. Zezula J, Slany A, Sieghart W EUR J PHARMACOL 1996 301 1 -3 207-214
22. Artificial GABAA receptor analogs formed by the association of recombinant subunits expressed in human cells allow a more differentiated investigation of the interaction profile of clomethiazole than ligand binding and displacement studies.
23. Hepatotoxic side-effect of clomethiazole. Heinemann F, Assion HJ PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY199629 5 196-197 " A case report on a patient with a history of alcoholism who developed reversible hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis during two hospitalisations while treated with clomethiazole.
24. The effect of edema and tissue swelling on the measurement of neuroprotection; a study using chlormethiazole and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Sydserff SG, Green AR, Cross AJ NEURODEGENERATION1996 5 1 81 -85
25. Clomethiazole reduced the absolute area of post-ischemic neurodegenerative damage even more than edema.
26. The effect of chlormethiazole on neuronal damage in a model of transient focal ischaemia. Sydserff SG, Cross AJ, West KJ, Green AR BRJ PHARMACOL 1995114 8 1631-1635
27. A demonstration of the neuroprotective effects of clomethiazole in a standard model oflh ischémie insult followed by reperfusion.
28. The protective action of chlormethiazole against ischemiainduced neurodegeneration in gerbils when infused at doses having little sedative or anticonvulsant activity. Cross AJ, Jones JA, Snares M, Jostell KG, Bredberg U, Green AR BR J PHARMACOL 1995 11481625-1630
29. Neuroprotection by clomethiazole depends on both dose and duration of administration; excellent neuroprotection is possible in the absence of sedative and anticonvulsant drug effects.
30. Rat beta 3 subunits expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells form high affinity [35S]t-buty!bicyclophosphorothionate binding sites modulated by several allosteric ligands of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Slany A, Zezula J, y Tretter V, Sieghart W MOL PHARMACOL 1995 48 3 385-391
31. The neuroprotective effect of chlormethiazole on ischémie neuronal damage following permanent middle cerebral artery ischemia in the rat. Sydserff SG, Cross AJ, Green AR NEURODEGENERATION1995 4 3 323-328
32. This study confirmed that clomethiazole is neuroprotective in a standard rat model of ischémie insult when administered within 1 h (but not 3 h) of artery occlusion.
33. Ciomethiazole protects the brain in transient forebrain ischemia when used up to 4 h after the insult. Shuaib A, Ijaz S, Kanthan R NEUROSCI LETT 1995 197 2 109-112
34. This study proved that neuroprotection can be achieved with clomethiazole up to 4 h after insult, significantly extending the potential 'treatment window'.
35. Allosteric modulation of (3H)flunitrazepam binding to recombinant GABA-A receptors. Slany A, Zezula J, Fuchs K, Sieghart W EUR J PHARMACOL MOL PHARMACOL 1995 21 2 99105
36. [New treatment concepts for acute cerebral ischemia]. NEUE ANSATZE IN DER AKUTBEHANDLUNG DES ZEREBROVASKULAREN INSULTES. Lyrer P SCHWEIZ MED WOCHENSCHR 1994 124 45 2005-2012
37. Chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and haloperidol prevent the degeneration of serotonergic nerve terminals induced by administration of MDMA ('Ecstasy') to rats. Hewitt KE, Green AR NEUROPHARMACOLOGY1994 33 12 1589-1595
38. A study on the MDMA-induced loss of presynaptic serotonine transporter function and high-affininty serotonin uptake, and the neuroprotective action of clomethiazole on the scale of days.
39. Chlormethiazole as an efficient inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression in rat liver. Hu Y, Mishin V, Johansson I, von BAHRC, Cross A, Ronis MJ, Badger TM, Ingelman SUNDBERGM J PHARMACOL EXP THE 1994 269 3 1286-1291
40. Clomethiazole is a specific transcriptional and posttranslational inhibitor of cytochrome P 2E1 (but not 2B1, 3A1 or1 A1) in rat liver.
41. Release of adenosine and other purines from hippocampal slices stimulated electrically or by hypoxia/hypoglycemia. Effect of chlormethiazole. Wallman JOHANSSONA, Fredholm BB LIFE SC11994 55 9 721-728
42. Clomethiazole decreases the breakdown of ATP stores in hippocampal slices induced by a reduced supply of metabolites.
43. The neuroprotective actions of chlormethiazole. Green AR, Cross AJ PROG NEUROBIOL 1994 44 5 463-484
44. The effect of chlormethiazole on the development of oedema following a cortical infarct. Green AR, Cross AJ BR J PHARMACOL 1994 112 Proc Suppl 285P
45. Attenuation by chlormethiazole administration of the rise in extracellular amino acids following focal ischaemia in the cerebral cortex of the rat. Baldwin HA, Williams JL, Snares M, Ferreira T, Cross AJ, Green AR BR J PHARMACOL 1994 112 1 188-194
46. A microdialysis study in rats that corrected the previously held notion that clomethiazole lacked an effect on 'stroke metabolites'.
47. Effects of chlormethiazole on psychological performance under conditions of constant plasma concentrations. Fagan D, Scott DB, Tiplady B J PSYCHOPHARMACOL 1994 8 3 164-167
48. A comprehensive placebo-controlled, single-blind investigation of the cognitive, psychomotor and side effect profile of iv clomethiazole at low plasma concentrations.
49. A study of the mechanism of MDMA ('ecstasy')-induced neurotoxicity of 5-HT neurones using chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and other protective compounds. Colado Ml, Green AR BR J PHARMACOL 1994 111 1 131-136
50. Clomethiazole, as well as other neuroprotective drugs such as dizocilpine, gamma-butyrolactone, ondansetron and pentobarbitone, is unable to prevent the immediate loss of serotonin occurring within hours of an MDMA insult.
51. [Cerebral hippocampic ischemia, metabolic disturbances and neuronal death]. ISCHEMIE CEREBRALE HIPPOCAMPIQUE, TROUBLES METABOLIQUES ET MORT CELLULAIRE. Vallet PG, Charpiot A ENCEPHALE 1994 20 2 131137
52. Systemically administered chlormethiazole attenuates kainate neurotoxicity. Macgregor DG, Ogilvy HV, Stone TW BR J PHARMACOL 1994 113 Proc Suppl 55P
53. [Psychopharmacological therapy after acquired brain damage]. THERAPIE MIT PSYCHOPHARMAKA BEI ERWORBENER HIRNSCHADIGUNG. Muller U, Von CRAMONDY MUNCH MED WOCHENSCHR1994 136 4 51-55
54. Chlormethiazole and dizocilpine block the behavioural, but not the neurotoxic effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in mice. Snape MF, Colado Ml, Green AR PHARMACOL TOXICOL 199474140-42
55. Clomethiazole pretreatment protects mice against the convulsions induced by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine but is unable to counteract the long-term neurotoxicity of the compound to serotonergic neurons.
56. There is life after Losec, says Astra SCRIP 19962192/3 22
57. Astra R&D presentation Astra AB COMPANY COMMUNICATION 1998 January 23
58. Astra R&D presentation, London, UK IDDB MEETING REPORT 1998 January 23
59. Astra eyes CNS market. SCRIP 1998 2304 7
60. Astra boosts efforts in neurological research. SCRIP 1998 2304 20
61. Astra Zendra (Clomethiazole) for 'large ischémie stroke1 undergoing phase III trials in 1200 patients; firm expanding pain portfolio with analgesia FDC REPORTS PINK SHEET 1998 60 5 15-16
62. Stroke and Cerebral Circulation American Heart Association: 23rd International Joint Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA IDDB MEETING REPORT1998 February 5-7
63. A conference report presenting preliminary results of a European phase III study on Clomethiazole in acute stroke.
64. Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Bulletin - 4 February 1998 Merrill Lynch ANALYST REPORT1998 February 4
65. Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia - Seventh International Symposium Marburg, Germany IDDB MEETING REPORT1998 July 27-29
66. Relationship between the neuroprotective effect of Clomethiazole (Zendra) and plasma drug concentration following 24 h iv infusion in the gerbil model of global ischemia INT SYMP PHARM CERE ISCH1998 Marburg, Germany 27-29 July 81
67. Neuroprotective activity of Clomethiazole (Zendra) compared to three of its metabolites in the gerbil model of global ischaemia INT SYMP PHARM CERE ISCH 1998 Marburg, Germany 27-29 July 82
68. American Heart Association: 23rd International Joint Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation Lutsep HL, Clark WM CURR RES VASC DIS 1998 3 6 272-273
69. Neuropsychopharmacological - Eighth Central European Symposium Vienna, Austria IDDB MEETING REPORT 1998August 28-30
70. Metabolism and urinary excretion of clomethiazole in humans. Moore R G, Robertson A V, Smyth M P, Thomas J, Vine J XENOBIOTICA 1975 5 11 687-696
71. Four urinary metabolites of clomethiazole are identified by comparison with authentic compounds, and the structure of a fifth one is proposed.
72. Thiomethylation and thiohydroxylation - a new pathway of metabolism of heterocyclic compounds. Pal R, Spiteller G XENOBIOTICA 1982 12 12 813-820
73. Previously unknown minor urinary metabolites of clomethiazole are described, and chemical mechanisms for their generation are proposed.
74. Urinary metabolites of clomethiazole. Detection and structural analysis by gas chromotography-mass spectrometry. Ende M, Spiteller G, Remberg G, Heipertz R ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG 1979 29 11 1655-1658
75. Five new urinary metabolites were identified, and some of them were identified as products of an attack on the methyl group of clomethiazole.
76. 4,5-dimethylthiazole-N-oxide-S-oxide: a metabolite of clomethiazole in man Offen CP, Frearson MJ, Wilson K, Bumett D XENOBIOTICA 1985 15 6 503-511
77. Both heteroatoms in the clomethiazole ring system can be concomitantly oxidized during metabolism in man.
78. Simultaneous quantification of clomethiazole and two of its metabolites in blood and plasma by gas-liquid chromotography. Tsuei SE, Thomas J, Nation RL J CHROMATOGR1980 182 1 55-62
79. A GLC method suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of clomethiazole is described.
80. Improved high-performance liquid Chromatographie procedure for the determination of clomethiazole levels following solid-phase extraction from plasma. Hartley R, Lucock M, Becker M J CHROMATOGR 1987 415 2 357-364
81. A reversed-phase HPLC method with simple UV detection, preceded by reversed-phase extraction chromatography; sensitivity and sample requirements similar to those of earlier GLC method.
82. Pharmacokinetics of clomethizole in humans. Moore RG, Triggs EJ, Shanks CA, Thomas J EUR J CLIN PHARMACOL 197585353-357
83. An early but well-conducted study of iv clomethiazole pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. The results differ from those obtained still earlier but should be reliable.
84. The pharmacokinetics of clomethiazole following intravenous administration in the aged. Nation RL, Learoyd B, Barber J, Triggs EJ EUR J CLIN PHARMACOL 1976 10 6 407-415
85. This early paper highlights the variability of iv clomethiazole pharmacokinetics, also apparent in young subjects.
86. An integrated study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clomethiazole in healthy young volunteers. Seow LT, Mather LE, Roberts JG EUR J CLIN PHARMACOL 1981 19 263-269
87. This slightly more recent paper confirms earlier findings on pharmacokinetics, but adds pharmacodynamic and clinical observations linked to these parameters.
88. The bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of clomethiazole in healthy young and elderly volunteers: preliminary findings. Jostell KG, Pagan D, Bjork M, Broberg F, Mitchell RM, Scott DB, UIff B ACTA PSYCHIATR SCAND SUPPL1986 329 32-33
89. Use ol a stable-isotope marker was combined with psychometric tests in this brief contribution, which found no differences between age groups.
90. Direct measurement of clomethiazole extraction by liver, . lung and kidney in man.''Mather LE, Runciman WB, llsley AH, Thomson KR, Goldin AR BR J CLIN PHARMACOL198112 3 319-325
91. Elimination of clomethiazole in man is mainly hepatic. Postural changes associated with radiological procedures can modify the pharmacokinetics of the compound.
92. Low dose clomethiazole infusion as a supplement to central neural blockade: blood concentrations and clinical effects
93. Mather LE, Cousins MJ ANAESTH INTENSIVE CARE 1980 8 4 421425
94. Clomethiazole given by controlled iv infusion is a very suitable sedative to supplement neural blockade techniques.
95. Kinetics of clomethiazole in patients with alcohol withdrawal manifestations. Jostell KG, Agurell S, Wermuth B CLIN PHARMACOL THER1978 23 2 181 -187
96. Ato significant pharmacological differences were found between oral and intravenous administration of clomethiazole to alcoholics given the compound for sedation during acute withdrawal.
97. A sheep preparation for studying interactions between blood flow and drug disposition. VI: Effects of general or subarachnoid anesthesia ' on blood flow and clomethiazole disposition. Runciman WB, Mather LE, llsey AH, Carapetis RJ, Upton RNBflJ/V\MES7H19865811 1308-1316
98. As in man, clomethiazole disposition in sheep is predominantly hepatic and pulmonary while renal clearance is negligible. General anesthesia reduces extraction from plasma.
99. A study of the psychometric effects of clomethiazole in healthy young and elderly subjects. Pagan D, Lamont M, Jostell KG, Tiplady B, Scott DB AGE AGEING 199019 6 395-402
100. A combined pharmacokinetic and psychomotor study using intravenous plus oral clomethiazole, showing no significant differences between young and aged subjects.
101. Experimental studies and clinical experiences on the dependency potential of clomethiazole. Stille G ACTA PSYCHIATR SCAND SUPPL 1986 329 129-135
102. A meta-analysis of rat, monkey and human literature data covering 17 years, indicating that the primary long-term drug dependency potential of clomethiazole is probably very low.
103. The effects of clomethiazole in EEC recorded sleep in normal elderly volunteers. Liljenberg B, Almquist M, Braman JE, Hetta JE, Roos BE ACTA PSYCHIATR SCAND SUPPL 1986 329 34-39
104. Oral clomethiazole is an efficient hypnotic that does not induce rebound insomnia or psychomotor hangover effects on withdrawal after 5 days.
105. Effects of diazepam and clomethiazole on ventillatory control in normal subjects Gilmartin JJ, Corns PA, Stone TN, Veale D, Gibson GJ BR J CLIN PHARMACOL 1988 25 6 766-770
106. A double-blind study concluding that clomethiazole has no direct depressant effect on respiratory muscle function and carbon dioxide and other chemoreceptors.
107. A single-dose study of the pharmacodynamic effects of clomethiazole, temazepam and placebo in elderly Parkinson patients. Tulloch JA, Ashwood TJ, Bateman DN, Woodhouse KW AGE AGEING 1991 20 6424-429
108. This double-blind, 3-way cross-over study demonstrates that clomethiazole can be safely used as a sedative and one-time hypnotic in patients with Parkinson's disease.
109. The neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on 5hydroxytryptamine and dopamine in brain: evidence for the protective effect of clomethiazole. Green AR, DeSouza RJ, Williams JL, Murray TK, Cross AJ NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 1992 31 4315-321
110. This paper presents the first evidence that clomethiazole might protect the brain against neurotoxic amphetamine damage.
111. Striatal dopamine release in vivo following neurotoxic doses of metamphetamine and effect of neucoprotective drugs, clomethiazole and dizocilpine. Baldwin HA, Colado Ml, Murray TK, DeSouza RJ, Green AR BR JPHARMACOL1993108 3 590-596
112. A microdialysis study on the efficacy of clomethiazole as a pretreatment measure against monoaminergic nerve loss induced by methamphetamine.
113. 5-HT loss in rat brain following 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine administration and effects of clomethiazole and dizocipine Colado Ml, Murray TK, Green AR BR J PHARMACOL 1993 1083583-589
114. Clomethiazole can protect hippocampal (but not cortical) serotonergic neurons against MDMA toxicity after the insult.
115. Two distinct interactions of barbiturates and clomethiazole with the GABAA receptor complex in rat cuneate nucleus in vitro. Harison NL, Simmonds MABRJ PHARMACOL 1983 80 2 387-394
116. A ligand binding study suggesting that clomethiazole interacts with two distinct sites on the GABA-A receptor complex - a specific one that confers anticonvulsant activity, and a less selective one that is responsible for the hypnotic effect.
117. Clomethiazole - mode of action. Ogren SO ACTA PSYCHIATRSCANDSUPPL1986 323 13-27
118. An early review on the GABA receptor interaction profile of clomethiazole.
119. Evidence that chlomethiazole interacts with the GABA A receptor complex in the central nervous system and in the anterior pituary gland. Vincens M, Enjalbert A, Uoyd KG, Paillard JJ, Thuret F, Kordon C, Lechat P NAUNYN SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCH PHARMACOL 1989 339 4 397102
120. The modulation by chlomethiazole of the GABA A-receptor complex in rat brain. Cross AJ, Stirling JM, Robinson TN, Bowen DM, Francis PT, Green AR BR JPHARMACOL 1989 98 1 284-290
121. The sedative as well as the anticonvulsant effects of clomethiazole are mediated through GABA-A receptor interaction, in a way distinct from the sedative barbiturate pentobarbitone.
122. Modulation of GABA A and glycine receptors by clomethiazole. Hales TG, Lambert JJ EUR J PHARMACOL 1992 210 3239-246
123. This voltage-clamp study demonstrates that clomethiazole potentiates GABA- and glycine-activated currents and, at higher doses, directly activates the GABA-A receptor.
124. Interactions between loreclezole, clomethiazole and pentobarbitone at GABA(A) receptors: functional and binding studies. Zhong Y, Simmonds MA BR J PHARMACOL 1997 121 7 1392-1396
125. Clomethiazole acts differently on the GABA-A receptor than loreclezole and pentobarbitone.
126. Clomethiazole attenuates the derangement of sensory evoked potential (SEP) induced by ICV administration of N M DA, Thoren R, Sjolander M PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993 111 2 256258
127. Although there is no evidence that clomethiazole is an NMDA antagonist, it can antagonize some NMDA-receptor mediated functions.
128. Clomethiazole antagonises seizures induced by N-methyl-DL-aspartate without interacting with the NMDA receptor complex. Cross AJ, Snape MF, Green AR PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY1993 112 4 403-406
129. Clomethiazole antagonizes NMDA-induced convulsive behavior through the GABA-A, not the NMDA, receptor complex.
130. The attenuation of kainate-induced neurotoxicity by Clomethiazole and its enhancement by dizocilpine, muscimol, and adenosine receptor agonists. MacGregor DG , Graham Dl, Stone TW EXP NEUROL 1997 148 1 110-123
131. Clomethiazole can protect rats against kainate neurotoxicity when administered up to 4 h after the insult.
132. Interactions of carbamazepine, Clomethiazole and pentobarbitone with adenosine on hippocampal slices. Stone TW GEN PHARMACOL 1988 19 1 67-72
133. Clomethiazole appears to be without effect on adenosine responses in rat hippocampus preparations.
134. Clomethiazole inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 as assessed by chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in humans. Gebhardt AC, Lucas D, Menez JF, Seitz HK HEPATOLOGY1997 26 4 957-961
135. Clomethiazole is an efficient inhibitor of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P 2E1 in man; using it as a sedative during alcohol withdrawal might protect the liver against free radical formation.
136. Zonated expression of cytokines in rat liver: effect of chronic ethanol and the cytochrome P 2E1 inhibitor, Clomethiazole. Fang C, Lindros KO, Badger TM, Bonis MJ, Ingelmann Sundberg M HEPATOLOGY1998 27 5 1304-1310
137. Clomethiazole significantly reduces hepatic cytokine expression induced by ethanol.
138. Influence of Clomethiazole on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat, and its effect on the recovery of cortical energy metabolism after pronounced, incomplete ischemia. Cartsson C, Rehncrona S ACTA ANAESTHESIOL SCAND 1979233259-266
139. The first experimental investigation of Clomethiazole in a rat model of cerebral ischemia found no drug effect on the post-ischemic tissue concentrations of labile phosphate metabolites, lactate and pyruvate.
140. The effects of Clomethiazole and nimodipine on cortical infarct area after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat Snape MF, Baldwin HA, Cross AJ, Green AR NEUROSCIENCE 1993 53 837-844
141. In this rat model of focal cerebral ischemia, Clomethiazole was vastly superior over nimodipine in limiting infarct spread within the first few hours.
142. Attenuation by clomethiazole of edema following focal ischaemia in the cerebral cortex of the rat Green AR, Cross AJ NEUROSCI LETT 1994173 27-30
143. Clomethiazole is effective in reducing edema in a rat model of hemispheric stroke. Additional in vitro data suggest that this is due to neuroprotection, not to an effect on anion transport.
144. Effects of clomethiazole on radial-arm maze performance following global forebrain ischaemia in gerbils. LJang SP, Kanthan R, Shuaib A, Wishart T BRAIN RES 1997 751 189-195
145. Pre-ischemic clomethiazole treatment can reduce working memory deficits in a global ischemia model.
146. Is clomethiazole neuroprotective in experimental global cerebral ischemia? A microdialysis and behavioral study. Thaminy S, Reymann JM, Heresbach N, Allain H, Lechat P, Bentue-Ferrer D PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV1997 56 4 737-745
147. This paper states that clomethiazole has no significant effect on neurotransmitter and metabolite levels, cell survival or cognitive functions in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia.
148. JAMCHEMSOC1935 57 1876
149. Minimal haemolytic effects of chlormethiazole infusion in volunteer subjects. Chlormethiazole infusion and hemolysis. Seow LT, Ryall RG ANAESTHESIA 1982 37 6 646-650
150. Intravenous infusion of clomethiazole does not produce significant hemolysis in man.
151. Effects of clomethiazole (Zendra) on leukocyte recruitment and edema formation in carrageenin-induced pleurisy in rats. MurrayTK, Petren A, Nilsson L, Raud J, Jackson D SOC NEUROSCI ABSTR1998 24 Part 2 852.9
152. Neuroprotective efficacy of clomethiazole (Zendra) in gerbil model of global ischemia. Dowden J, Chaulk D, Corbett D, Jackson DM SOC NEUROSCI ABSTR 1998 24 Part 2 852.18
153. The effect of clomethiazole (Zendra), dizocilpine, ARR15896 and NBQX on the hypoxia-induced increase of Ca' entry into rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro. Cross AJ, Green AR, Lanthom T, Anderson SMP SOC NEUROSCI ABSTR 1998 24 Part 2 382.12
154. Beneficial functional effects of clomethiazole (Zendra ) treatment in a primate model of stroke. Marshall JB, Cross AJ, Murray TK, Jackson DM, Ridley RM SOC NEUROSCI ABSTR 1998 24 Part 1 382.15