Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli

Molecular Microbiology

Volumn 31, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1307-1319

  Whitfield, Chris ^a   Roberts, Ian S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; POLYMER; POLYSACCHARIDE;

BACTERIAL MEMBRANE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GENE CLUSTER; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROTYPE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; NEGIBACTERIA;

EID: 0033022996     PISSN: 0950382X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01276.x     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Alexander, D.C., and Valvano, M.A. (1994) Role of the rfe gene in the biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli O7-specific lipopolysaccharide and other O-specific polysaccharides containing N-acetylglucosamine. J Bacteriol 176: 7079-7084.
2. Amor, P.A., and Whitfield, C. (1997) Molecular and functional analysis of genes required for expression of group IB K antigens in Escherichia coli: characterization of the his-region containing gene clusters for multiple cell-surface polysaccharides. Mol Microbiol 26: 145-161.
3. Arakawa, Y., Wacharotayankun, R., Nagatsuka, T., Ito, H., Kato, N., and Ohta, M. (1995) Genomic organization of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cps region responsible for serotype K2 capsular polysaccharide synthesis in the virulent strain Chedid. J Bacteriol 177: 1788-1796.
4. Arricau, N., Hermant, D., Waxin, H., Ecobichon, C., Duffey, P.S., and Popoff, M.Y. (1998) The RcsB-RcsC regulatory system of Salmonella typhi differentially modulates the expression of invasion proteins, flagellin and Vi antigen in response to osmolarity. Mol Microbiol 29: 835-850.
5. Bailey, M.J., Hughes, C., and Koronakis, V. (1997) RfaH and the ops element, components of a novel system controlling bacterial transcription elongation. Mol Microbiol 26: 845-851.
6. Bliss, J.M., and Silver, R.P. (1996) Coating the surface: a model for expression of capsular polysialic acid in Escherichia coli K1. Mol Microbiol 21: 221-231.
7. Bugert, P., and Geider, K. (1997) Characterization of the amsl gene product as a low molecular weight acid phosphatase controlling exopolysaccharide synthesis of Erwinia amylovora. FEBS Lett 400: 252-256.
8. Cieslewicz, M., and Vimr, E. (1996) Thermoregulation of kpsF, the first region 1 gene in the kps locus for polysialic acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K1. J Bacteriol 178: 3212-3220.
9. Cieslewicz, M., and Vimr, E. (1997) Reduced polysialic acid capsule expression in Escherichia coli K1 mutants with chromosomal defects in kpsfF. Mol Microbiol 26: 237-249.
10. Clavel, T., Lazzaroni, J.C., Vianney, A., and Portalier, R. (1996) Expression of the tolQRA genes of Escherichia coli K-12 is controlled by the RcsC sensor protein involved in capsule synthesis. Mol Microbiol 19: 19-25.
11. Dodgson, C., Amor, P., and Whitfield, C. (1996) Distribution of the rol gene encoding the regulator of lipopolysaccharide O-chain length in Escherichia coli and its influence on the expression of group I capsular antigens. J Bacteriol 178: 1895-1902.
12. Drummelsmith, J., and Whitfield, C. (1999) Gene products required for surface expression of the capsular form of the group 1 K antigen in Escherichia coli (O9a : K30). Mol Microbiol 31: 1321-1332.
13. Drummelsmith, J., Amor, P.A., and Whitfield, C. (1997) Polymorphism, duplication and IS-1-mediated rearrangement in the his-rfb-gnd region of Escherichia coli strains with group IA capsular-K-antigens. J Bacteriol 179: 3232-3238.
14. Ebel, W., Vaughn, G.J., Peters, H.K., and 3rd and Trempy, J.E. (1997) Inactivation of mdoH leads to increased expression of colanic acid capsular polysaccharide in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 179: 6858-6861.
15. Gervais, F.G., Phoenix, P., and Drapeau, G.R. (1992) The rcsB gene, a positive regulator of colanic acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, is also an activator of ftsZ expression. J Bacteriol 174: 3964-3971.
16. Goldman, R.C., White, D., Ørskov, F., Ørskov, I., Rick, P.D., Lewis, M.S., et al. (1982) A surface polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O111 contains O-antigen and inhibits agglutination of cells by O-antiserum. J Bacteriol 151: 1210-1221.
17. Gottesman, S. (1995) Regulation of capsule synthesis: modification of the two-component paradigm by an accessory unstable regulator. In: Two-Component Signal Transduction. Hoch, J.A., and Silhavy, T.J. (eds). Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, pp. 253-262.
18. Heinrichs, D.E., Yethon, J.A., and Whitfield, C. (1998) Molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Mol Microbiol 30: 221-232.
19. Jann, B., and Jann, K. (1997) Capsules of Escherichia coli. In: Escherichia Coli: Mechanisms of Virulence. Sussman, M. (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 113-143.
20. Jayaratne, P., Keenleyside, W.J., MacLachlan, P.R., Dodgson, C., and Whitfield, C. (1993) Characterization of rcsB and rcsC from Escherichia coli O9:K30:H12 and examination of the role of the rcs regulatory system in expression of group I capsular polysaccharides. J Bacteriol 175: 5384-5394.
21. Keenleyside, W.J., Bronner, D., Jann, K., Jann, B., and Whitfield, C. (1993) Coexpression of colanic acid and serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli strains with group II K antigens. J Bacteriol 175: 6725-6730.
22. Keenleyside, W.J., Jayaratne, P., MacLachlan, P.R., and Whitfield, C. (1992) The rcsA gene of Escherichia coli O9:K30:H12 is involved in the expression of the serotype-specific group I K (capsular) antigen. J Bacteriol 174: 8-16.
23. Kelley, W.L., and Georgopoulos, C. (1997) Positive control of the two-component RcsC/B signal transduction network by DjlA: a member of the DnaJ family of molecular chaperones in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 25: 913-931.
24. Kelm, O., Kiecker, C., Geider, K., and Bernhard, F. (1997) Interaction of the regulator proteins RcsA and RcsB with the promoter of the operon for amylovoran biosynthesis in Erwinia amylovora. Mol Gen Genet 256: 72-83.
25. Krallmann-Wenzel, U., and Schmidt, G. (1994) A simple procedure to demonstrate the presence of the O-antigen capsule in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Zbl Bakt 281: 140-145.
26. MacLachlan, P.R., Keenleyside, W.J., Dodgson, C., and Whitfield, C. (1993) Formation of the Ko30: (group I) capsule in Escherichia coli O9:K30 does not require attachment to lipopolysaccharide lipid A-core. J Bacteriol 175: 7515-7522.
27. Marolda, C.L., and Valvano, M.A. (1998) Promoter region of the Escherichia coli O7-specific lipopolysaccharide gene cluster: structural and functional characterization of an upstream untranslated mRNA sequence. J Bacteriol 180: 3070-3079.
28. Paulsen, I.T., Beness, A.M., and Saier, M.H.J. (1997) Computer-based analyses of the protein constituents of transport systems catalysing export of complex carbohydrates in bacteria. Microbiology 143: 2685-2699.
29. Pearce, R., and Roberts, I.S. (1995) Cloning and analysis of gene clusters for production of the Escherichia coli K10: and K54 antigens: identification of a new group of serA-linked capsule gene clusters. J Bacteriol 177: 3992-3997.
30. Pelkonen, S., Hayrinen, J., and Finne, J. (1988) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the capsular polysaccharides of Escherichia coli K1 and other bacteria. J Bacteriol 170: 2646-2653.
31. Peterson, A.A., and McGroarty, E.J. (1985) High-molecular-weight components in lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella minnesota, and Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 162: 738-745.
32. Petit, C., Rigg, G.P., Pazzani, C., Smith, A., Sieberth, V., Stevens, M., et al. (1995) Region 2 of the Escherichia coli K5: capsule gene cluster encoding proteins for the biosynthesis of the K5 polysaccharide. Mol Microbiol 17: 611-620.
33. Rahn, A., Drummelsmith, J., and Whitfield, C. (1999) Conserved organization in the gene clusters for expression of Escherichia coli group 1K antigens: relationship to the colanic acid biosynthesis locus and the cps genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 181: in press.
34. Rigg, G.P., Barrett, B., and Roberts, I.S. (1998) The localization of KpsC, S and T and KfiA, C and D proteins involved in the biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide: evidence for a membrane-bound complex. Microbiology 144: 2905-2914.
35. Roberts, I.S. (1996) The biochemistry and genetics of capsular polysaccharide production in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 50: 285-315.
36. Russel, M. (1998) Macromolecular assembly and secretion across the bacterial cell envelope: type II protein secretion systems. J Mol Biol 279: 485-499.
37. Russo, T.A., and Singh, G. (1993) An extraintestinal, pathogenic isolate of Escherichia coli (O4/K54/H5) can produce a group 1 capsule which is divergently regulated from its constitutively produced group 2, K54 capsular polysaccharide. J Bacteriol 175: 7617-7623.
38. Russo, T.A., Sharma, G., Weiss, J., and Brown, C. (1995) The construction and characterization of colanic acid deficient mutants in an extraintestinal isolate of Escherichia coli (O4/K54/H5). Microb Pathog 18: 269-278.
39. Russo, T.A., Wenderoth, S., Carlino, U.B., Merrick, J.M., and Lessie, A.J. (1998) Isolation, genomic organization, and analysis of the group III capsular polysaccharide genes kpsD, kpsM, kpsT, and kpsE from an extraintestinal isolate of Escherichia coli (CP9, O4/K54/H5). J Bacteriol 180: 338-349.
40. Simpson, D.A., Hammarton, T.C., and Roberts, I.S. (1996) Transcriptional organization and regulation of expression of region 1 of the Escherichia coli K5 capsule gene cluster. J Bacteriol 178: 6466-6474.
41. Sledjeski, D., and Gottesman, S. (1995) A small RNA acts as an antisilencer of the H-NS-silenced rcsA gene of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 2003-2007.
42. Sledjeski, D.D., and Gottesman, S. (1996) Osmotic shock induction of capsule synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 178: 1204-1206.
43. Stevens, M.P., Clarke, B.R., and Roberts, I.S. (1997) Regulation of the Escherichia coli K5 capsule gene cluster by transcription antitermination. Mol Microbiol 24: 1001-1012.
44. Stevenson, G., Andrianopoulos, K., Hobbs, M., and Reeves, P.R. (1996) Organization of the Escherichia coli K-12 gene cluster responsible for production of the extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid. J Bacteriol 178: 4885-4893.
45. Stout, V. (1996) Identification of the promoter region for the colanic acid polysaccharide biosynthetic genes in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 178: 4273-4280.
46. Vimr, E., Steenbergen, S., and Cieslewicz, M. (1995) Biosynthesis of the polysialic acid capsule in Escherichia coli K1. J Ind Microbiol 15: 352-360.
47. Virlogeux, I., Waxin, H., Ecobichon, C., Lee, J.O., and Popoff, M.Y. (1996) Characterization of the rcsA and rcsB genes from Salmonella typhi: rcsB through tviA is involved in regulation of Vi antigen synthesis. J Bacteriol 178: 1691-1698.
48. Wang, L., Curd, H., Qu, W., and Reeves, P.R. (1998) Sequencing of Escherichia coli O111 O-antigen gene cluster and identification of O111-specific genes. J Clin Microbiol 36: 3182-3187.
49. Whitfield, C. (1995) Biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide O-antigens. Trends Microbiol 3: 178-185.
50. Whitfield, C., and Valvano, M.A. (1993) Biosynthesis and expression of cell surface polysaccharides in gram-negative bacteria. Adv Micro Physiol 35: 135-246.
51. Whitfield, C., Keenleyside, W.J., and Clarke, B.R. (1994) Structure, function and synthesis of cell surface polysaccharides in Escherichia coli. In: Escherichia Coli in Domestic Animals and Man. Gyles, C.L. (ed.). CAB International, pp. 437-494.
52. Whitfield, C., Amor, P.A., and Köplin, R. (1997) Modulation of surface architecture of Gram-negative bacteria by the action of surface polymer: lipid A-core ligase and by determinants of polymer chain length. Mol Microbiol 23: 629-638.