The molecular pathogenesis of endotoxic shock and organ failure

Molecular Medicine Today

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 123-132

  Karima, Risuke ^a   Matsumoto, Shigeru ^a   Higashi, Hidemitsu ^a   Matsushima, Kouji ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; THROMBOPLASTIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; FIBRINOLYSIS; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MEDIATOR RELEASE; MOLECULAR CLONING; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SEPTIC SHOCK; TISSUE INJURY;

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; SHOCK, SEPTIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0033016573     PISSN: 13574310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1357-4310(98)01430-0     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 20:1992;864-874.
2. Wenzel R. Anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibodies - a second look. New Engl. J. Med. 326:1992;1151-1153.
3. Brun-Buisson C.et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 274:1995;968-974.
4. Bates D.et al. Predicting bacteremia in patients with sepsis syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 176:1997;1538-1551.
5. Fenton M., Golenbock D. LPS-binding proteins and receptors. J. Leukocyte Biol. 64:1998;25-32.
6. Jack R.S.et al. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is required to combat a murine gram-negative bacterial infection. Nature. 389:1997;742-745.
7. Kitchens R., Munford R. CD14-dependent internalization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is strongly influenced by LPS aggregation but not by cellular responses to LPS. J. Immunol. 160:1998;1920-1928.
8. Ingalls R.R., Golenbock D.T. CD11c/CD18, a transmembrane signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide. J. Exp. Med. 181:1995;1473-1479.
9. Yang R.B.et al. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular signalling. Nature. 395:1998;284-288.
10. Geng Y., Zhang B., Lotz M. Protein tyrosine kinase activation is required for lipopolysaccharide induction of cytokines in human blood monocytes. J. Immunol. 151:1993;6692-6700.
11. Weinstein S.L., June C.H., DeFranco A.L. Lipopolysaccharide-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human macrophages is mediated by CD14. J. Immunol. 151:1993;3829-3838.
12. Meng F., Lowell C.A. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation and signal transduction in the absence of Src-family kinases Hck, Fgr, and Lyn. J. Exp. Med. 185:1997;1661-1670.
13. Sweet M.J., Hume D.A. Endotoxin signal transduction in macrophages. J. Leukocyte Biol. 60:1996;8-26.
14. Woronicz J., Gao X., Cao Z., Rothe M.G.D. IkappaB kinase-beta: NF-kappaB activation and complex formation with IkappaB kinase-alpha and NIK. Science. 278:1997;866-869.
15. Hack C.E., Aarden L.A., Thijis L.G. Role of cytokines in sepsis. Adv. Immunol. 66:1997;101-195.
16. Szabo C. Alterations in nitric oxide production in various forms of circulatory shock. New Horiz. 3:1995;2-32.
17. Beckman J.S.et al. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 271:1996;C1424-1437.
18. Salvemini D.et al. Nitric oxide activates cyclooxygenase enzymes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90:1993;7240-7244.
19. Habib A.et al. Regulation of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 by nitric oxide in rat peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 158:1997;3845-3851.
20. G-Amino-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, raises vascular resistance but increases mortality rates in awake canines challenged with endotoxin. J. Exp. Med. 176:1992;1175-1182.
21. MacMicking J.D. Altered responses to bacterial infection and endotoxic shock in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthetase. Cell. 81:1995;641-650.
22. Szabo C.et al. Beneficial effects and improved survival in rodent models of septic shock with S-methylisothiourea sulfate, a potent and selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91:1994;12472-12476.
23. Laubach V.E. Mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase are not resistant to lipopolysaccharide-induced death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92:1995;10688-10692.
24. Nathan C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: what difference does it make? J. Clin. Invest. 100:1997;2417-2423.
25. Matsushima K.et al. Molecular cloning of a human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) and the induction of MDNCF mRNA by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med. 167:1988;1883-1893.
26. Carvalho G.et al. Anti-interleukin-8 monoclonal antibody reduces free radical production and improves hemodynamics and survival rate in endotoxic shock in rabbits. Surgery. 122:1997;60-68.
27. Standiford T.J. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha mediates lung leukocyte recruitment, lung capillary leak, and early mortality in murine endotoxemia. J. Immunol. 155:1995;1515-1524.
28. Zisman D.et al. MCP-1 protects mice in lethal endotoxemia. J. Clin. Invest. 99:1997;2832-2836.
29. Yoneyama H.et al. Pivotal role of TARC, a CC chemokine, in bacterial-induced fluminant hepatic failure in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 102:1998;1933-1941.
30. Watanabe S.et al. Prevention of endotoxin shock by an antibody against leukocyte integrin beta 2 through inhibiting production and action of TNF. Int. Immunol. 7:1995;1037-1046.
31. Xu H.et al. Leukocytosis and resistance to septic shock in intercellular adhesion molecule 1-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 180:1994;95-109.
32. Sen C., Packer L. Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FASEB J. 10:1996;709-720.
33. Hierholzer C.et al. Essential role of induced nitric oxide in the initiation of the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock. J. Exp. Med. 187:1998;917-928.
34. Johnson K.et al. Potential mechanisms for a pro-inflammatory vascular cytokine response to coagulation activation. J. Immunol. 160:1998;5130-5135.
35. Levi M.et al. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis by pentoxifylline or by a monoclonal anti-tissue factor antibody in chimpanzees. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1994;114-120.
36. Levi M., van der Poll T., ten Cate H., van Deventer S. The cytokine-mediated imbalance between coagulant and anti-coagulant mechanisms in sepsis and endotoxaemia. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 27:1997;3-9.
37. Salat C.et al. Hemostatic parameters in sepsis patients treated with anti-TNF alpha-monoclonal antibodies. Shock. 6:1996;233-237.
38. Stouthard J.et al. Interleukin-6 stimulates coagulation, not fibrinolysis in humans. Thromb. Haemost. 76:1996;738-742.
39. Sabharwal A.et al. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor and von Willebrand factor antigen levels in adult respiratory distress syndrome and in a primate model of sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1995;758-767.
40. Camerota A.et al. Delayed treatment with recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor improves survival in rabbits with gram-negative peritonitis. J. Infect. Dis. 177:1998;668-676.
41. Berg D.J.et al. Interleukin-10 is a central regulator of the response to LPS in murine models of endotoxic shock and the Shwartzman reaction but not endotoxin tolerance. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1995;2339-2347.
42. Standiford T.J.et al. Neutralization of IL-10 increases lethality in endotoxemia. Cooperative effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 155:1995;2222-2229.
43. Gerard C.et al. Interleukin 10 reduces the release of tumor necrosis factor and prevents lethality in experimental endotoxemia. J. Exp. Med. 177:1993;547-550.
44. Arend W.P.et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: role in biology. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16:1998;27-55.
45. Aderka D.et al. Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor by its soluble receptors. J. Exp. Med. 175:1992;323-329.
46. Tonnetti L.et al. Interleukin-4 and -10 exacerbate candidiasis in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:1995;1559-1565.
47. The French National Registry of HA-1A (Centoxin) in septic shock. A cohort study of 600 patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 15:1994;2484-2491.
48. Bone R.et al. A second large controlled clinical study of E5, a monoclonal antibody to endotoxin: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. The E5 Sepsis Study Group. Crit. Care Med. 23:1995;994-1006.
49. Fisher C.J.Jr.et al. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein. The Soluble TNF Receptor Sepsis Study Group. New Engl. J. Med. 334:1996;1697-1702.
50. Cohen J., Carlet J. INTERSEPT: an international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with sepsis. International Sepsis Trial Study Group. Crit. Care Med. 24:1996;1431-1440.
51. Abraham E.et al. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of monoclonal antibody to human tumour necrosis factor in treatment of septic shock. NORASEPT II Study Group. Lancet. 351:1998;929-933.
52. Abraham E.et al. p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein in the treatment of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Ro 45-2081 Study Group. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 277:1997;1531-1538.
53. Opal S.M.et al. Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. The Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Sepsis Investigator Group. Crit. Care Med. 25:1997;1115-1124.
54. Abraham E.et al. Liposomal prostaglandin E1 in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. Crit. Care Med. 24:1996;10-15.
55. Bernard G.R.et al. The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis. The Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group. New Engl. J. Med. 336:1997;912-918.
56. Fein A.M.et al. Treatment of severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis with a novel bradykinin antagonist, deltibant (CP-0127). Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CP-0127 SIRS and Sepsis Study Group. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 277:1997;482-487.
57. Dhainaut J.F.et al. Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist BN 52021 in the treatment of severe sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. BN 52021 Sepsis Study Group. Crit. Care Med. 22:1994;1720-1728.
58. Eisele B.et al. Antithrombin III in patients with severe sepsis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial plus a meta-analysis on all randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with antithrombin III in severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 24:1998;663-672.