Vitamin E and vascular homeostasis: Implications for atherosclerosis

FASEB Journal

Volumn 13, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 965-975

  Keaney Jr , John F ^a   Simon, Daniel I ^b   Freedman, Jane E ^c  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

LDL; Nitric oxide; Vascular homeostasis; tocopherol

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; NITRIC OXIDE; PROTEIN KINASE C;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBIT; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; VITAMIN INTAKE;

ANIMALIA; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS;

EID: 0033011357     PISSN: 08926638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.9.965     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Wilson, P. W., Garrison, R. J., Castelli, W. P., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M., and Kannel, W. B. (1980) Prevalence of coronary heart disease in the Framingham Offspring Study: role of lipoprotein cholesterols. Am. J. Cardiol. 46, 649-654
2. Pedersen, T. R., Olsson, A. G., Faergeman, O., Kjekshus, J., Wedel, H., Berg, K., Wilhelmsen, L., Haghfelt, T., Thorgeirsson, G., Pyorala, K., Mietinen, T., Christophersen, B., Tobert, J. A., Musliner, T. A., and Cook, T. J. (1998) Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the scandinavian simvastatin survival study. Circulation 97, 1453-1460
3. Sacks, F. M., Pfeffer, M. A., Moye, L. A., Rouleau, J. L., Rutherford, J. D., Cole, T. G., Brown, L., Warnica, J. W., Arnold, J. M. O., Wun, C. C., Davis, B. R., and Braunwald, E. (1996) The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1001-1009
4. Henriksen, T., Mahoney, E. M., and Steinberg, D. (1981) Enhanced macrophage degradation of low density lipoprotein previously incubated with cultured endothelial cells: recognition by receptor for acetylated low density lipoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 78, 6499-6503
5. Goldstein, J. L., Ho, Y. K., Basu, S. K., and Brown, M. S. (1979) Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76, 333-337
6. Brown, M. S., and Goldstein, J. L. (1986) A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 232, 34-47
7. Heinecke, J. W., Baker, L., Rosen, H., and Chait, A. (1986) Superoxide mediated modification of low density lipoprotein by human arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. J. Clin. Invest. 77, 757-761
8. Cathcart, M. K., Morel, D. W., and Chisolm, G. M. (1985) Monocytes and neutrophils oxidize low density lipoprotein making it cytotoxic. J. Leukoc. Biol. 38, 341-346
9. Hiramatsu, K., Rosen, H., Heinecke, J. W., Wolfbauer, G., and Chait, A. (1986) Superoxide initiates oxidation of low density lipoprotein by human monocytes. Arteriosclerosis 7, 55-60
10. Witztum, J. L., and Steinberg, D. (1991) Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1785-1792
11. Quinn, M. T., Parthasarathy, S., Fong, L. G., and Steinberg, D. (1987) Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 2995-2998
12. Cushing, S. D., Berliner, J. A., Valente, A. J., Territo, M. C., Navab, M., Parhami, F., Gerrity, R., Schwartz, C. J., and Fogelman, A. M. (1990) Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87, 5134-5139
13. Kugiyama, K., Kerns, S. A., Morrisett, J. D., Roberts, R., and Henry, P. D. (1990) Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by lysolecithin in modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature (London) 344, 160-162
14. Palinski, W., Rosenfeld, M. E., Ylä-Herttuala, S., Gurtner, G. C., Socher, S. S., Butler, S. W., Parthasarathy, S., Carew, T. E., Steinberg, D., and Witztum, J. L. (1989) Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 1372-1376
15. Ylä-Herttuala, S., Palinski, W., Rosenfeld, M. E., Parthasarathy, S., Carew, T. E., Butler, S., Witztum, J. L., and Steinberg, D. (1989) Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1086-1095
16. Carew, T. E., Schwenke, D. C., and Steinberg, D. (1987) Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 7725-7729
17. Kita, T., Nagano, Y., Yokode, M., Ishii, K., Kume, N., Ooshima, A., Yoshida, H., and Kawai, C. (1987) Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 5928-5931
18. Daugherty, A., Zweifel, B. S., and Schonfeld, G. (1989) Probucol attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Br. J. Pharmacol. 98, 612-618
19. Sasahara, M., Raines, E. W., Chait, A., Carew, T. E., Steinberg, D., Wahl, P. W., and Ross, R. (1994) Inhibition of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the nonhuman primate by probucol: I. Is the extent of atherosclerosis related to resistance of LDL to oxidation? J. Clin. Invest. 94, 155-164
20. Sparrow, C. P., Doebber, T. W., Olszewski, J., Wu, M. S., Ventre, J., Stevens, K. A., and Chao, Y. (1992) Low density liopoprotein is protected from oxidation and the pregression of atherosclerosis is slowed in cholesterol-fed rabbits by the antioxidant N,N'diphenyl-phenylenediamine. J. Clin. Invest. 89, 1885-1891
21. Tangirala, R. K., Casanada, F., Miller, E., Witztum, J. L., Steinberg, D., and Palinski, W. (1995) Effect of the antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl 1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPD) on atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15, 1625-1630
22. Suzuki, H., Kurihara, Y., Takeya, M., Kamada, N., Kataoka, M., Jishage, K., Ueda, O., Sakagucki, H., Higashi, T., Suzuki, T., Takashima, Y., Kawakbe, Y., Cynshi, O., Wada, Y., Honda, M., Kurihara, H., Aburatani, H., Doi, T., Matsumoto, A., Azuma, S., Noda, T., Toyoda, Y., Itakura, H., Yazaki, Y., Horiuchi, S., Takahashi, K., Kruijt, J. K., Van Berkel, T. J. C., Steinbrecher, U. P., Ishibashi, S., Maeda, N., Gordon, S., and Kodama, T. (1997) A role for macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection. Nature (London) 386, 292-296
23. Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M., Rosner, B., Cook, N. R., Belanger, C., Lamotte, F., Gaziano, J. M., Ridker, P. M., Willett, W., and Peto, R. (1996) Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1189-1190
24. Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A., Keogh, J. P., Meyskens, F. L., Valanis, B., Williams, J. H., Barnhart, S., and Hammar, S. (1996) Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1150-1155
25. Tha Alpha Tocopherol Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer Prevention Study Group. (1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1029-1035
26. Princen, H. M. G., Van Duyvenvoorde, W., Buytenhek, R., Van Der Laarse, A., van Poppel, G., Gevers, L., and van Hinsbergh, V. W. M. (1995) Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15, 325-333
27. Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Ascherio, A., Giovannucci, E., Colditz, G. A., and Willett, W. C. (1993) Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1450-1456
28. Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., and Willett, W. C. (1993) Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1444-1449
29. Rapola, J. N., Virtamo, J., Haukka, J. K., Heinonen, O. P., Albanes, D., Taylor, P. R., and Huttunen, J. K. (1996) Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275, 693-698
30. Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., LaBree, L., Cashin-Hemphill, L., Sevanian, A., Johnson, R., and Azen, S. P. (1995) Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 273, 1849-1854
31. Williams, J. K., Sukhova, G. K., Herrington, D. M., and Libby, P. (1998) Pravastatin has cholesterol-lowering independent effects on the artery wall of atherosclerotic monkeys. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31, 684-691
32. Levine, G. N., Keaney, J. F., Jr., and Vita, J. A. (1995) Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 512-521
33. Diaz, M., Frei, B., Vita, J. A., and Keaney, J. F., Jr. (1997) Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 408-416
34. Libby, P. (1995) Molecular basis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 91, 2844-2850
35. Quyyumi, A. A., Dakak, N., andrews, N. P., Husain, S., Arora, S., Gilligan, D. M., Panza, J. A., and Cannon, R. O., III (1995) Nitric oxide activity in the human coronary circulation. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 1747-1755
36. Marks, D. S., Vita, J. A., Folts, J. D., Keaney, J. F., Jr., Welch, G. N., and Loscalzo, J. (1995) Inhibition of neointimal proliferation in rabbits after vascular injury by a single treatment with a protein adduct of nitric oxide. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2630-2638
37. Garg, U. C., and Hassid, A. (1989) Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cGMP inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 1774-1777
38. Kubes, P., Kurose, I., and Granger, D. N. (1994) NO donors prevent integrin-induced leukocyte adhesion but not P-selectin-dependent rolling in postischemic venules. Am. J. Physiol. 267, H931-H937
39. Azuma, H., Ishikawa, M., and Sekizaki, S. (1986) Endothelium-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 88, 411-415
40. Radomski, M. W., Palmer, R. M., and Moncada, S. (1990) Characterization of the L-arginine:nitric oxide pathway in human platelets. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101, 325-328
41. Malinski, T., Radomski, M. W., Taha, Z., and Moncada, S. (1993) Direct electrochemical measurement of nitric oxide released from human platelets. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194, 960-965
42. Freedman, J. E., Loscalzo, J., Barnard, M. R., Alpert, C., Keaney, J. F., Jr., and Michelson, A. D. (1997) Nitric oxide released from activated platelets inhibits platelet recruitment. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 350-356
43. Huang, P. L., Huang, Z., Mashimo, H., Bloch, K. D., Moskowitz, M. A., Bevan, J. A., and Fishman, M. C. (1995) Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide syntase. Nature (London) 377, 239-242
44. Shesely, E. G., Maeda, N., Kim, H. S., Desai, K. M., Krege, J. H., Laubach, V. E., Sherman, P. A., Sessa, W. C., and Smithies, O. (1996) Elevated blood pressures in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 13176-13181
45. Rudic, R. D., Shesely, E. G., Maeda, N., Smithies, O., Segal, S. S., and Sessa, W. C. (1998) Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 731-736
46. Freedman, J. E., Loscalzo, J., Benoit, S. E., Valeri, C. R., Barnard, M. R., and Michelson, A. D. (1996) Decreased platelet inhibition by nitric oxide in two brothers with a history of arterial thrombosis. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 979-987
47. Stampfer, J. M., Colditz, F. A., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Rosner, B., Speizer, F., and Hennekens, C. H. (1991) Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 756-762
48. Ettinger, B., Friedman, G. D., Bush, T., and Quesenberry, C. P., Jr. (1996) Reduced mortality associated with long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 87, 6-12
49. Lieberman, E. H., Gerhard, M. D., Uehata, A., Walsh, B. W., Selwyn, A. P., Ganz, P., Yeung, A. C., and Greager, M. A. (1994) Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow mediated vasodilation in post menopausal women. Ann. Int. Med. 121, 936-941
50. Sacks, F. M., Pfeffer, M. A., Moye, L. A., Rouleau, J. L., Rutherford, J. D., Cole, T. G., Brown, L., Warnica, J. W., Arnold, J. M. O., Wun, C. C., Davis, B. R., and Braunwald, E. (1996) The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1001-1009
51. Pedersen, T. R., Olsson, A. G., Faergeman, O., Kjekshus, J., Wedel, H., Berg, K., Wilhelmsen, L., Haghfelt, T., Thorgeirsson, G., Pyorala, K., Mietinen, T., Christophersen, B., Tobert, J. A., Musliner, T. A., and Cook, T. J. (1998) Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the scandinavian simvastatin survival study. Circulation 97, 1453-1460
52. Treasure, C. B., Klein, J. L., Weintraub, W. S., Talley, J. D., Stillabower, M. E., Kosinski, A. S., Zhang, J., Bocuzzi, S. J., Cedarholm, J. C., and Alexander, R. W. (1995) Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 481-487
53. Kissner, R., Nauser, T., Bugnon, P., Lye, P. G., and Koppenol, W. H. (1997) Formation and properties of peroxynitrite as studied by laser flash photolysis, high-pressure stopped-flow technique, and pulse radiolysis. Chemical Res. Toxicol. 10, 1285-1292
54. Beckman, J. S., Beckman, T. W., Chen, J., Marshall, P. A., and Freeman, B. A. (1990) Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87, 1620-1624
55. Tarpey, M. M., Beckman, J. S., Ischiropoulos, H., Gore, J. Z., and Brock, T. A. (1995) Peroxynitrite stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell cyclic GMP synthesis. FEBS Lett. 364, 314-318
56. Keaney, J. F., Jr., Xu, A., Cunningham, D., Jackson, T., Frei, B., and Vita, J. A. (1995) Dietary probucol preserves endothelial function in cholesterol-fed rabbits by limiting vascular oxidative stress and superoxide generation. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2520-2529
57. Ohara, Y., Peterson, T. E., and Harrison, D. G. (1993) Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 2546-2551
58. Laursen, J. B., Rajagopalan, S., Galis, Z., Tarpey, M., Freeman, B. A., and Harrison, D. G. (1997) Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not catecholamine-induced hypertension. Circulation 95, 588-593
59. Graier, W. F., Posch, K., Wascher, T. C., and Kostner, G. M. (1997) Role of superoxide anions in changes of endothelial vasoactive response during acute hyperglycemia. Harm. Metab Res 29, 622-626
60. Darley-Usmar, V. M., Hogg, N., O'Leary, V. J., Wilson, M. T., and Moncada, S. (1992) The simultaneous generation of superoxide and nitric oxide can initiate lipid peroxidation in human low density lipoprotein. Free. Rad. Res. Commun. 17, 9-20
61. Lynch, S. M., Frei, B., Morrow, J. D., Roberts, L. J., II; Xu, A., Jackson, T., Reyna, R., Klevay, L. M., Vita, J. A., and Keaney, J. F., Jr. (1997) Vascular superoxide dismutase deficiency impairs endothelial vasodilator function through direct inactivation of nitric oxide and increased lipid peroxidation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 2975-2981
62. Padmaja, S., and Huie, R. E. (1993) The reaction of nitric oxide with organic peroxyl radicals. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195, 539-544
63. Rubbo, H., Radi, R., Trujillo, M., Telleri, R., Kalyanaraman, B., Barnes, S., Kirk, M., and Freeman, B. A. (1994) Nitric oxide regulation of superoxide and peroxynitrite-dependent lipid peroxidation. Formation of novel nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivatives. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26066-26075
64. Verbeuren, T. J., Jordaens, F. H., Zonnekeyn, L. L., VanHove, C. E., Coene, M. C., and Herman, A. G. (1986) Effect of hypercholesterolemia on vascular reactivity in the rabbit. Circ. Res. 58, 553-564
65. Ma, X. L., Lopez, B. L., Liu, G. L., Christopher, T. A., Gao, F., Guo, Y., Feuerstein, G. Z., Ruffolo, J., Barone, F. C., and Yue, T. L. (1997) Hypercholesterolemia impairs a detoxification mechanism againt peroxynitrite and renders the vascular tissue more susceptible to oxidative injury. Circ. Res. 80, 894-901
66. Mugge, A., Elwell, J. H., Peterson, T. E., Hofmeyer, T. G., Heistad, D. D., and Harrison, D. G. (1991) Chronic treatment with polyethylene glycolated superoxide dismutase partially restores endothelium-dependent vascular relaxations in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ. Res. 69, 1293-1300
67. Weisbrod, R. M., Griswold, M. C., Du, Y., Bolotina, V. M., and Cohen, R. A. (1997) Reduced responsiveness of hypercholesterolemic rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells to nitric oxide. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 394-402
68. Keaney, J. F., Jr., Gaziano, J. M., Xu, A., Frei, B., Curran-Celantano, J., Shwaery, G. T., Loscalzo, J., and Vita, J. A. (1993) Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 90, 11880-11884
69. Stewart-Lee, A. L., Forster, L. A., Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Ferns, G. A. A., and Änggård, E. E. (1994) Vitamin E protects against impairment of endothelium-mediated relaxations in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 494-499
70. Andersson, T. L. G., Matz, J., Ferns, G. A. A., and Änggård, E. E. (1994) Vitamin E reverses cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit coronary circulation. Atherosclerosis 111, 39-45
71. Keaney, J. F., Jr., Gaziano, J. M., Xu, A., Frei, B., Curran-Celentano, J., Shwaery, G. T., Loscalzo, J., and Vita, J. A. (1994) Low-dose α-tocopherol improves and high-dose α-tocopherol worsens endothelial vasodilator function in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 844-851
72. Pryor, W. A., Cornicelli, J. A., Devall, L. J., Tait, B. A., Trivedi, B. K., Witiak, D. T., and Wu, M. (1993) A rapid screening test to determine the antioxidant potencies of natural and synthetic antioxidants. J. Org. Chem. 58, 3521-3532
73. Suarna, C., Dean, R. T., May, J., and Stocker, R. (1995) Human atherosclerotic plaque contains both oxidized lipids and relatively large amounts of α-tocopherol and ascorbate. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15, 1616-1624
74. Keaney, J. F., Jr., Guo, Y., Cunningham, D., Shwaery, G. T., Xu, A., and Vita, J. A. (1996) Vascular incorporation of α-tocopherol prevents endothelial dysfunction due to oxidized LDL by inhibiting protein kinase C stimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 386-394
75. Ohgushi, M., Kugiyama, K., Fukunaga, K., Murohara, T., Sugiyama, S., Miyamoto, E., and Yasue, H. (1993) Protein kinase C inhibitors prevent impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation by oxidatively modified LDL. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13, 1525-1532
76. McDowell, I. F. W., Brennan, G. M., McEneny, J., Young, I. S., Nicholls, D. P., McVeigh, G. E., Bruce, I., Trimble, E. R., and Johnston, G. D. (1994) The effect of probucol and vitamin E treatment on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and forearm vascular responses in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 24, 759-765
77. Gilligan, D. M., Sack, M. N., Guetta, V., Casino, P. R., Quyyumi, A. A., Rader, D. J., Panza, J. A., and Cannon, R. O., III. (1994) Effect of antioxidant vitamins on low density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation on patients with hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 24, 1611-1617
78. Elliott, T. G., Barth, J. D., and Mancini, J. (1995) Effects of vitamin E on endothelial function in men after myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 76, 1188-1190
79. Koh, K. K., Blum, A., Schenke, W. H., Hathaway, L., Mincemoyer, R., Panza, J. A., and Cannon, R. O., III. (1998) Vitamin E improves endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness comparable to estrogen in postmenopausal women. Circulation 98, III-3468
80. Kugiyama, K., Doi, H., Motoyama, T., Soejima, H., Misumi, K., Kawano, H., Nakagawa, O., Yoshimura, M., Ogawa, H., Matsumura, T., Sugiyama, S., Nakano, T., Nakajima, K., and Yasue, H. (1998) Association of remnant lipoprotein levels with impairment of endothelium-dependent vasomotor function in human coronary arteries. Circulation 97, 2519-2526
81. Motoyama, T., Kugiyama, K., Doi, H., Kawano, K., Moriyama, Y., Sakamoto, T., Takazoe, K., Yoshimura, M., Hirai, N., and Ota, Y. (1998) Vitamin E treatment improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with high remnant lipoprotein levels. Circulation 98, III-904
82. Motoyama, T., Kawano, H., and Hirai, N. (1998) Vitamin E administration improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with coronary spastic angina. Circulation 98, III-4464
83. Neunteufl, T., Kostner, K., Katzenschlager, R., Zehetgruber, M., Maurer, G., and Weidinger, F. F. (1998) Additional benefit of vitamin E supplementation to simvistatin therapy on vasoreactivity of the brachial artery of hypercholesterolemic men. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32, 711-716
84. Anderson, T. J., Meredith, I. T., Yeung, A. C., Frei, B., Selwyn, A. P., and Ganz, P. (1995) The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 488-493
85. Waters, D., Craven, T. E., and Lesperance, J. (1993) Prognostic significance of progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 87, 1067-1075
86. Boscoboinik, D., Szewczyk, A., and Azzi, A. (1991) Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and protein kinase C activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 286, 264-269
87. Boscoboinik, D., Szewczyk, A., Hensey, C., and Azzi, A. (1991) Inhibition of cell proliferation by α-tocopherol. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6188-6194
88. Ozer, N. K., Palozza, P., Boscoboinik, D., and Azzi, A. (1993) d-Alpha-tocopherol inhibits low density lipoprotein induced proliferation and protein kinase C activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 322, 307-310
89. Tasinato, A., Boscoboinik, D., Bartoli, G. M., Maroni, P., and Azzi, A. (1995) d-alpha-Tocopherol inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation occurs at physiological concentrations, correlates with protein kinase C inhibition, and is independent of its antioxidant properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 12190-12194
90. Sirikci, O., Ozer, N. K., and Azzi, A. (1996) Dietary cholesterol-induced changes of protein kinase C and the effect of vitamin E in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 126, 253-263
91. Ozer, N. K., Sirikci, O., Tahal, S., San, T., Moser, U., and Azzi, A. (1998) Effect of vitamin E and probucol on dietary cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 24, 226-233
92. DeWood, M. A., Spores, J., Notske, R., Mouser, L. T., Burroughs, R., Golden, M. S., and Lang, H. T. (1980) Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 897-902
93. Davies, M. J., and Thomas, A. C. (1985) Plaque fissuring: the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischemic death, and crescendo angina. Br. Heart. J. 53, 363-373
94. Fitzgerald, D. J., Roy, L., Catella, F., and FitzGerald, G. A. (1986) Platelet activation in unstable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 983-989
95. Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration. (1994) Collaborative overview of randomized trials antiplatelet therapy: I. Prevention of death, myocardial infaction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatet therapy in various categories of patients. Br. Med. J. 308, 81-106
96. Higashi, O., and Kikuchi, Y. (1974) Effects of vitamin E on the aggregation and the lipid peroxidation of platelets exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 112, 271-278
97. Steiner, M., and Anastasi, J. (1976) Vitamin E: an inhibitor of the platelet release reaction. J. Clin. Invest. 57, 732-737
98. Keaney, J. F., Jr., and Frei, B. (1994) Antioxidant protection of low-density lipoprotein and its role in the prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease. In Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease (Frei, B., ed) pp. 303-352, Academic Press, San Diego
99. Reaven, P. D., Khouw, A., Beltz, W. F., Parthasarathy, S., and Witztum, J. L. (1993) Effect of dietary antioxidant combinations in humans. Protection of LDL by vitamin E but not beta carotene. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13, 590-600
100. Freedman, J. E., Farhat, J. H., Loscalzo, J., and Keaney, J. F., Jr. (1996) α-Tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Circulation 94, 2434-2440
101. Kockman, V., Vericel, E., Croset, M., and Lagade, M. (1988) Vitamin E fails to alter the aggregation and oxygenated metabolism of arachidonic acid in normal human platelets. Prostaglandins 36, 607-620
102. Srivastava, K. C. (1986) Vitamin E exerts antiaggregatory effects without ihibiting the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade in platelets. Prostaglandins. Leukotrienes. Med. 21, 177-201
103. Jandak, J., Steiner, M., and Richardson, P. D. (1989) Alpha-tocopherol, an effective inhbitor of platelet adhesion. Blood 73, 141-149
104. Packham, M. A., Livne, A. A., Ruben, D. H., and Rand, M. L. (1993) Activation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C has little involvement in ADP-induced primary aggregation of human platelets: effects of diacylglycerols, the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R59022, staurosporine, and okadaic acid. Biochem. J. 290, 849-856
105. Steiner, M., Li, W., Ciaramella, J. M., Anagnostou, A., and Sigounas, G. (1997) dl-alpha-Tocopherol, a potent inhibitor of phorbol ester induced shape change of erythro-and megakaryoblastic leukemia cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 172, 351-360
106. Steiner, M. (1983) Effect of α-tocopherol administration on platelet function in man. Thromb. Haemost. 49, 73-77
107. Kroll, M. H., Hellums, J. D., Guo, Z., Durante, W., Razdan, D., Hrbolich, J. K., and Schafer, A. I. (1993) Protein kinase C is activated in platelets subjected to pathological shear stress. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3520-3524
108. Haimovich, B., Kaneshiki, N., and Ji, P. (1996) Protein kinase C regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK in platelets adherent to fibrinogen. Blood 87, 152-161
109. Freedman, J. E., Sauter, R., Ault, K. A., Huang, P. L., and Loscalzo, J. (1998) Deficient platelet-derived nitric oxide and enhanced hemostasis in mice lacking the NOS3 gene. Circulation 98, 1-4
110. Freedman, J. E., Sauter, R., and Keaney, J. F., Jr. (1998) α-Tocopherol increases platelet-derived nitric oxide release. Circulation 98, I-802
111. Hecker, M., Luckhoff, A., and Busse, R. (1993) Modulation of endothelial autacoid release by protein kinase C: feedback inhibition or non-specific attenuation of receptor-dependent cell activation? J. Cell. Physiol. 156, 571-578
112. Ohara, Y., Sayegh, H. S., Yamin, J. J., and Harrison, D. G. (1995) Regulation of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase by protein kinase C. Hypertension 25, 415-420
113. Freedman, J. E., Li, L., Ting, B., Hankin, B., Vita, J. A., and Keaney, J. F., Jr. (1999) α-Tocopherol levels are associated with platelet release of nitric oxide. J. Am. Coll. Card. 33 In press
114. Toss, H., Lindahl, B., Siegebahn, A., and Wallentin, L. (1997) Prognostic influence of increased fibrinogen and c-reactive protein levels in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation 96, 4204-4210
115. Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., and Hennekens, C. H. (1997) Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 973-979
116. Faruqi, R., de la Motta, C., and DiCorleto, P. (1994) Alpha-tocopherol inhibits agonist-induced monocytic cell adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 592-600
117. Devaraj, S., Li, D., and Jialal, I. (1996) The effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation on monocyte function: decreased lipid oxidation, interleukin 1β secretion, and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 756-763
118. Rao, N. K., Simon, D. I., Xu, H., and Keaney, J. F., Jr. (1997) α-Tocopherol inhibits Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)-dependent monocyte adhesion. Circulation 96, I-489
119. Mahoney, C. W., and Azzi, A. (1988) Vitamin E inhibits protein kinase C activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 154, 694-697
120. Kunisaki, M., Bersell, S. E., Clermont, A. C., Ishii, H., Ballas, L. M., Umeda, F., Nawata, H., and King, G. L. (1995) Vitamin E prevents diabetes-induced abnormal retinal blood flow via the diacylglycerol protein kinase C pathway. Am. J. Physiol. 269, E239-E246
121. Nishizuka, Y. (1995) Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses. FASEB J. 9, 484-496
122. Kunisaki, M., Bursell, S. E., Umeda, F., Nawata, H., and King, G. L. (1994) Normalization of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C activation by vitamin E in aorta of diabetic rats and cultured rat smooth muscle cells exposed to elevated glucose levels. Diabetes 43, 1372-1377
123. Koya, D., Haneda, M., Kikkawa, R., and King, G. L. (1998) d-alpha-Tocopherol treatment prevents glomerular dysfunctions in diabetic rats through inhibition of protein kinase C-diacylglycerol pathway. Biofactors 7, 69-76
124. Azzi, A., Aratri, E., Boscoboinik, D., Clement, S., Ozer, N. K., Ricciarelli, R., and Spycher, S. (1998) Molecular basis of alpha-tocopherol control of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Biofactors 7, 3-14
125. Williams, B., and Schrier, R. W. (1992) Characterization of glucose-induced in situ protein kinase C activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Diabetes 41, 1464-1472