An evaluation of the carcinogenic hazard of 1,4-dichlorobenzene based on internationally recognized criteria

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 64-79

  Barter, James A ^a   Sherman, James H ^b  

^a PPG INDUSTRIES   (United States)

^b Solutia Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,4 DICHLOROBENZENE; ALPHA 2U GLOBULIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BIOASSAY; CARCINOGENICITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FEMALE; HAZARD; KIDNEY TUBULE; KIDNEY TUMOR; LIVER TUMOR; MALE; MOUSE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0032976662     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/rtph.1998.1269     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Ames B. N., Gold L. S. Chemical carcinogenesis: Too many rodent carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;7772-7776.
2. Ashby J. α2u-Globulin nephropathy in white ravens [letter]. Environ. Health Perspect. 104:1996.
3. Ashby J. The relevance of mechanistic data to the interpretation and extrapolation to humans of rodent carcinogenicity data [letter]. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:1997;902-903.
4. Ashby J. The α-2u-globulin discussion. Environ. Health Perspect. 106:1998;A126.
5. ATSDR, 1993, Toxicological Profile for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, PB93-182459, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Commerce.
6. ATSDR, 1997, Toxicological Profile for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene: Update, Draft for Public Comment, September 1997, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
7. Benigni R. Mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay: Relationships within vitro. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 45:1995;337-347.
8. Bomhard E., Luckhaus G., Voigt W., Loeser E. Induction of light hydrocarbon nephropathy byp. Arch. Toxicol. 61:1988;433-439.
9. Borghoff S. J., Lehman-McKeeman L. D., Short B. G., Hard G. C., Swenberg J. A. Critique of R. Melnick's an alternative hypothesis on the role of chemically induced protein droplet (α2u-globulin) nephropathy in renal carcinogenesis. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 18:1993;357-364.
10. Canonero R., Campart G. B., Mattioli F., Robbiano L., Martelli A. Testing ofp. Mutagenesis. 12:1997;35-39.
11. Carbonell E., Puig M., Xamena N., Creus A., Marcos R. Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) induced byp. Mutat. Res. 263:1991;57-59.
12. 2u. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99:1989;122-132.
13. Connor T. H., Theiss J. C., Hanna H. A., Monteith D. K., Matney T. S. Genotoxicity of organic chemicals frequently found in the air of mobile homes. Toxicol. Lett. 25:1985;33-40.
14. CPSC, 1991, Briefing Package: Hazard Evaluation of Consumer Products Containing 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission.
15. Cunningham M. L., Matthews H. B. Relationship of hepatocarcinogenicity and hepatocellular proliferation induced by mutagenic noncarcinogens vs carcinogens. II. 1- vs 2-Nitropropane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 110:1991;505-513.
16. Cunningham M. L., Maronpot R. R., Thompson M., Bucher J. R. Early responses of the liver of B6C3F1 mice to the hepatocarcinogen oxazepam. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 124:1994a;31-38.
17. Cunningham M. L., Elwell M. R., Matthews H. B. Relationship of carcinogenicity and cellular proliferation induced by mutagenic noncarcinogens vs noncarcinogens. III. Organophosphate pesticides vstris. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23:1994b;363-369.
18. Cunningham M. L. Role of increased DNA replication in the carcinogenic risk of nonmutagenic chemical carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 365:1996;59-69.
19. de la Iglesia F. A., Gough A. W., Sigler R. E. α2u-Globulin nephropathy and ravens: Do ravens of a different feather flock together? [letter]. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:1997;903-904.
20. Dietrich D. R., Swenberg J. A. NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) male rats fail to develop renal disease following exposure to agents that induce a-2u-globulin (a2u) nephropathy. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 16:1991;749-762.
21. Dietrich D. Doubting nongenotoxic mechanisms of renal cancer: Comparing apples and oranges in the α2u-globulin hypothesis [letter]. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:1997;898-902.
22. Eldridge S. R., Goldsworthy T. L., Popp J. A., Butterworth B. E. Mitogenic stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation in rodents following 1,4-dichlorobenzene administration. Carcinogenesis. 13:1992;409-415.
23. Environment Canada and Health Canada, 1993, Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, 0-662-21061-1.
24. Federal Register, 1987, 52, 25690-25695, July 8, 1987.
25. Federal Register, 1996, The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Revised Criteria and Process for Listing Substances in the Biennial Report on Carcinogens, 61, 188, 50499, 50500.
26. Fisher R. L., Hasal S. J., Sipes I. G., Gandolfi A. J., Grendel K. Comparative metabolism and toxicity of dichlorobenzenes in Sprague-Dawley, Fisher-344 and human liver slices. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 14:1995;414-421.
27. Galloway S. M., Armstrong M. J., Reuben C., Colman S., Brown B., Cannon C., Bloom A. D., Nakamura F., Ahmed M., Duk S., Rimpo J., Margolin B. H., Resnick M. A., Zeiger E. Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells: An evaluation of 108 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 10:1987;1-175.
28. Grisham J. W. Interspecies comparison of liver carcinogenesis: implications for cancer risk assessment. Carcinogenesis. 18:1996;59-81.
29. Gupta K. Effects of some antimitotics on the cytology of Fenugreek rootsin vivoin vitro. Cytobios. 5:1972;179-187.
30. Gustafson D. L., Coulson A. L., Feng L., Pott W. A., Thomas R. S., Chubb L. S., Saghir S. A., Benjamin S. A., Yang R. S. H. Use of a medium-term liver focus bioassay to assess the hepatocarcinogenicity of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Cancer Lett. 129:1998;39-44.
31. 2u. Environ. Health Persp. 99:1993;313-349.
32. Haworth S., Lawlor T., Mortelmans K., Speck W., Zeiger E. Salmonella. Environ. Mutagen. Suppl. 1:1983;3-142.
33. Hissink A. M., Dunnewijk R., van Ommen B., van Bladeren P. J. Kinetics and metabolism of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in male Wistar rats: no evidence for quinone metabolites. Chemico-Biol. Interact. 103:1997;17-33.
34. Huff J. Mechanisms, chemical carcinogenesis, and risk assessment: Cell proliferation and cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 27:1995;293-300.
35. Huff J. Response: a2u-Globulin nephropathy posed mechanisms, and white ravens [letter]. Environ. Health Perspect. 104:1996;1264-1267.
36. IARC, 1982, orthopara, 29, 213, 238, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
37. IARC, 1987, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, 1 to 42, World Health Organization, Lyon, France.
38. IARC, 1998, IARC Working Group on Some Species Differences in Carcinogenesis: Thyroid, Kidney, and Urinary Bladder Consensus Report, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
39. ICPS, 1991, Environmental Health Criteria 128. Chlorobenzenes Other Than Hexachlorobenzene, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization.
40. Lake B. G., Cunningham M. E., Price R. J. Comparison of the hepatic and renal effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the rat and mouse. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 39:1997;67-75.
41. Lattanzi G., Bartoli S., Bonora B., Colacci A., Grilli S., Niero A., Mazzullo M. The different genotoxicity of p-dichlorobenzene in mouse and rat: measurement of thein vivoin vitro. Tumori. 75:1989;305-310.
42. Lawlor T., Haworth S. R., Voytek P. Evaluation of the genetic activity of nine chlorinated phenols, seven chlorinated benzenes, and three chlorinated hexanes. Environ. Mutagen. 1:1979.
43. Lehman-McKeeman L. D., Rivera-Torres M. I., Caudill D. Lysosomal degradation of α2u-globulin and α2u-globulin-xenobiotic conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103:1990;539-548.
44. Loeser E., Litchfield M. H. Review of recent toxicology studies on p-dichlorobenzene. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 21:1983;825-832.
45. Ma T., Harris M., Anderson V., Ahmed I., Mohammad K., Bare J., Lin G. Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) tests on 140 health-related agents. Mutat. Res. 138:1984;157-167.
46. McGregor D. B., Brown A., Cattanach P., Edwards I., McBride D., Riach C., Caspary W. J. Responses of the L5178Y tk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. III. 72 coded chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 12:1988;85-154.
47. Melnick R. L. An alternative hypothesis on the role of chemically induced protein droplet (α2u-globulin) nephropathy in renal carcinogenesis. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16:1992;111-125.
48. Melnick R. L., Kohn M. C., Huff J. Weight of evidence versus speculation to evaluate the α-2u-globulin hypothesis [letter]. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:1997;904-906.
49. Mohtashamipur E., Triebel R., Straeter H., Norpoth K. The bone marrow clastogenicity of eight halogenated benzenes in male NMRI mice. Mutagenesis. 2:1987;111-113.
50. Netherlands Review, 1991, Integrated Criteria Document Chlorobenzenes, 710401015, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
51. NTP, 1985, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (CAS No. 95-50-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies), National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Health.
52. NTP, 1987, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies), 87-2575.
53. NTP, 1989, Fifth Annual Report on Carcinogens Summary, 1989, National Toxicology Program, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
54. NTP, 1994, Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens Summary (1994), National Toxicology Program, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
55. Ono Y., Somiya I., Kawaguchi T. Genotoxic evaluation on aromatic organochlorine compounds by using umu test. Water Sci. Technol. 26:1992;61-69.
56. Ono Y., Somiya I., Kawamura M. The evaluation of genotoxicity using DNA repairing test for chemicals produced in chlorination and ozonation processes. Water Sci. Technol. 23:1991;329-338.
57. Paolini M., Pozzetti L., Silingardi P., Croce C. D., Gronzetti G., Cantelli-Forti G. Isolation of a novel metabolizing system enriched in phase-II enzymes for short-term genotoxicity bioassays. Mutat. Res. 413:1998;205-217.
58. Perocco P., Bolognesi S., Alberghini W. Toxic activity of seventeen industrial solvents and halogenated compounds on human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Toxicol. Lett. 16:1983;69-75.
59. Prasad I. Mutagenic effects of the herbicide 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide and its degradation products. Can. J. Microbiol. 16:1970;369-372.
60. Preston-Martin S., Pike M. C., Ross R. K., Jones P. A., Henderson B. E. Increased cell division as a cause of human cancer. Cancer Res. 90:1990;7415-7421.
61. Rapson W. H., Nazar M. A., Butsky V. V. Mutagenicity produced by aqueous chlorination of organic compounds. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24:1980;590-596.
62. 2u2u. Toxicology. 106:1996;149-157.
63. Sarbhoy R. Effect of paradichlorobenzene on the somatic chromosomes and mitosis ofLens esculenta. Cytologia. 45:1980;381-388.
64. Sharma A., Bhattacharyya N. Chromosome breakage through paradichlorobenzene treatment. Cytologia. 21:1956;353-360.
65. Shelby M. D., Erexson G. L., Hook G. J., Tice R. R. Evaluation of a three-exposure mouse bone marrow micronucleus protocol: Results with 49 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 21:1993;160-179.
66. Shelby M. D., Witt K. L. Comparison of results from mouse bone marrow chromosome and micronucleus tests. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 25:1995;302-313.
67. Sherman J. H., Nair R. S., Steinmetz K. L., Mirsalis J. C., Nestmann E. R., Barter J. A. Evaluation of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and Replicative DNA synthesis (RDS) following treatment of rats and mice with p-dichlorobenzene. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 18:1998.
68. Shimizu M., Yasui Y., Matsumoto N. Structural specificity of aromatic compounds with special reference to mutagenic activity inSalmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 116:1983;217-238.
69. Srivastava L. Induction of mitotic abnormalities in certain genera of tribeVicieae. Cytologia. 31:1966;166-171.
70. Steinmetz K. L., Bakke J. P., Hamilton C. M., Pardo K. C., Ramsey M., Mirsalis J. C. Evaluation of unscheduled DAN synthesis (UDS) and S-phase synthesis (SPS) following treatment withp. Toxicologist. 8:1988;160.
71. Umemura T., Takada K., Nakaji Y., Ogawa Y., Kamata E., Kaneko T., Tobe M., Kurokawa Y. Comparison of the toxicity of p-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) administered to male F344 rats orally or by the inhalation route. Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. 36:1989;1-9.
72. Umemura T., Tokumo K., Williams G. Cell proliferation induced in the kidneys and livers of rats and mice by short term exposure to the carcinogenp. Arch. Toxicol. 66:1992;503-507.
73. Umemura T., Saito M., Takagi A., Kurokawa Y. Isomer-specific acute toxicity and cell proliferation in livers of B6C3F1 mice exposed to dichlorobenzene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 137:1996;268-274.
74. Umemura T., Takada K., Schulz C., Gebhardt R., Kurokawa Y., Williams G. W. Cell proliferation in the livers of male mice and rats exposed to the carcinogenp. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 21:1998;57-66.
75. U.S. EPA, 1991, Alpha-2u-globulin: Association with Chemically Induced Renal Toxicity and Neoplasia in the Male Rat, EPA/625/3-91/019F.
76. U.S. EPA, 1996, Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, EPA/600/P-92/003C, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
77. U.S. EPA, 1998, Assessment of Thyroid Follicular Cell Tumors, EPA/630/R-97/002.
78. 1992, Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification, IARC, Lyon, France.