Exercise clinical trials in cancer prevention research: A call to action

Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 201-207

  McTiernan, Anne ^a   Schwartz, Robert S ^b   Potter, John ^a   Bowen, Deborah ^a  

^a Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL RESEARCH; EXERCISE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK MANAGEMENT;

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CLINICAL TRIALS; EXERCISE; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; INTERVENTION STUDIES; NEOPLASMS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK FACTORS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0032963656     PISSN: 10559965     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Morris, J. N , Heady, J A., Raffle, P. A. B., Roberts, C. G., and Parks, J. W. Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work Lancet, ii: 1053-1057, 1111-1120, 1953
2. Taylor, H. L., Klepetar, E , Keys, A., Parlin, W., Blackburn, H , and Puchner, T. Death rates among physically active and sedentary employees of the railroad industry. Am. J. Public Health, 52: 1697-1707, 1962
3. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996.
4. Yanowitz, F. G. Atherosclerosis: processes vs. origins. In: F. Uanowitz (ed.), Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, pp. 17-31. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992.
5. Leon, A. S. Recent advances in the management of hypertension. J. Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 11: 182-191, 1991.
6. Yusef, H. R., Croft, J. B., Giles, W. H., Anda, R. F., Casper, M. L., Caspersen, C. J., and Jones, D. A. Leisure-time physical activity among older adults: United States, 1990. Arch. Int. Med., 156: 1321-1326, 1996.
7. Simoes, E. J., Byers, T., Coates, R. J., Serdula, M. K., Mokdad, A. H., and Heath, G. W. The association between leisure-time physical activity and dietary fat in American adults. Am. J. Pub. Health, 85: 240-244, 1995.
8. Patterson, R. E., Haines, P. S., and Popkin, B. M. Health lifestyle patterns of U. S. adults. Prev. Med., 23: 453-460, 1994.
9. Arroll, B., and Beaglehole, R. Does physical activity lower blood pressure? A critical review of the clinical trials. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 45: 439-447, 1992.
10. Kelley, G., and McClellan, P. Antihypertensive effects of aerobic exercise: a brief meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Hypertension. 7: 115-119, 1994.
11. Stefanik, M. L., and Wood, P. D. Physical activity, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and lipid transport. In: C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, and T. Stephens (eds.). Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement, pp. 417-431. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994.
12. Schwartz, R. S., Shuman, W. P., Larson, V., Cain, K. C., Fellingham, G. F., Beard, J. C., Kahn, S. E., Stratton, J. R., Cerqueira, M. D., and Abrass, I. B. The effect of intensive endurance training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism, 40: 545-51, 1991.
13. Stefanick, M. L., Mackey, S., Sheehan, M., Ellsworth, N., Haskell, W. L., and Wood, P. D. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med., 339: 12-20, 1998.
14. Dishman, R. K., and Sallis, J. F. Determinants and interventions for physical activity and exercise. In: C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, and T. Stephens (eds.), Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement, pp. 214-233. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994.
15. King, A. C., Blair, S. N., Bild, D. E., Dishman, R. K., Dubbert, P. M., Marcus, B. H., Oldridge, N. B., Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr., Powell, K. E., and Yeager, K. K. Determinants of physical activity and intervention in adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 24: S221-S236, 1992.
16. Debusk, R. F., Stenestrand, U., Sheehan, M., and Haskell, W. L. Training effects of long versus short bouts of exercise in healthy subjects. Am. J. Cardiol., 65: 1010-1013, 1990.
17. Ebisu, T. Splitting the distance of endurance running: on cardiovascular endurance and blood lipids. Jpn. J. Phys. Educ., 30: 37-43, 1985.
18. Jakicic, J. M., Wing, R. R., Butler, B. A., and Robertson, R. J. Prescribing exercise in multiple short bouts versus one continuous bout: effects on adherence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight loss in overweight women. Int. J. Obesity, 19: 893-901, 1995.
19. Blair, S. N., Applegate, W. B., Dunn, A. L., Ettinger, W. H., Haskell, W. L., King, A. C., Morgan, T. M., Shih, J. H., and Simons-Morion, D. G. Activity Counseling Trial (ACT): rationale, design, and methods. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 30: 1097-1106, 1998.
20. Marcus, B. H., Rossi, J. S., Selby, V. C., Naiaura, R. S., and Abrams, D. B. The stages and processes of exercise adoption and maintenance in a worksite sample. Health Psychol., 11: 386-395, 1992.
21. Savin, W. M., Haskell, W. L., Schroeder, J. S., and Stinson, E. B. Cardiorespiratory responses of cardiac transplant patients to graded symptom-limited exercise. Circulation, 62: 55-60, 1980.
22. Prentice, R. L. Aspects of the science of cancer prevention trials: lessons from the conduct and planning of clinical trials of a low-fat diet intervention among women. Prev. Med., 20: 147-157, 1991.
23. Prentice, R., Thompson, D., Clifford, C., Gorback, S., Goldin, B., and Byar, D. Dietary fat reduction and plasma estradiol concentration in healthy postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Trial Study Group. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 82: 129-134, 1990.
24. Rose, D. P., Goldman, M., Connolly, J. M., and Strong, L. E. A high-fiber-supplemented diet reduces serum estrogen levels in premenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 54: 520-525, 1991.
25. Schatzkin, A., Lanza, E., Freedman, L. S., Tangrea, J., Cooper, M. R., Marshall, J. R., Murphy, P. A., Selby, J. V., Shike, M., Schade, R. R., Burt, R. W., Kikendall, J. W., and Cahill, J. The Polyp Prevention Trial I: rationale, design, recruitment, and baseline participant characteristics. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 5: 375-383, 1996.
26. Bostick, R. M., Fosdick, L., Wood, J. R., Grambsch, P., Grandits, G. A., Lillemoe, T. J., Louis, T. A., and Potter, J. D. Calcium and colorectal epithelial cell proliferation in sporadic adenoma patients: a randomizd, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87: 1307-1315, 1995.
27. Baron, J. A., Tosteson, R. D., Wargovich, M. J., Sandler, R., Mandel, J., Bond, J., Haile, R., Summers, R., van Stolk, R., and Rothstein, R. Calcium supplementation and rectal mucosal proliferation: a randomized controlled trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87: 1303-1307, 1995.
28. Baron, J. A. Aspirin Prevention of Large Bowel Polyps. National Institutes of Health Crisp Database, 1998.
29. Giardiello, F. M., Hamilton, S. R., Krush, A. J., Piantadosi, S., Hylind, L. M., Celano, P., Booker, S. V., Robinson, C. R., and Offerhaus, G. J. Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N. Engl. J. Med., 328: 1313-1316, 1993.
30. Baron, J. A., Beach, M., Mandel, J. S., van Stolk, R. U., Haile, R. W., Sandler, R. S., Rothstein, R., Summers, R. W., Snover, D. C., Beck, G. J., Bond, J. H., and Greenberg, E. R. for the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. N. Engl. J. Med., 340: 101-107, 1999.
31. Greenberg, E. R., Baron, J. A., Tosteson, R. D., Freeman, D. H., Jr., Beck, G. J., Bond, J. H., Colacchio, T. A., Coller, J. A., Frankl, H. D., and Haile, R. W. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 331: 141-147, 1994.
32. Boyd, N. F., Greenberg, C., Lockwood, G., Little, L., Martin, L., Byng, J., Yaffe, M., and Tritchler, D. Effects at two years of a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet on radiologic features of the breast: results from a randomized trial. Canadian Diet and Breast Cancer Prevention Study Group. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89: 488-496, 1997.
33. Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Design of the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study. Controlled Clin. Trials, 19: 61-109, 1998.
34. Greenberg, E. R., Baron, J. A., Stukel, T. A., Stevens, M. M., Mandel, J. S., Spencer, S. K., Elias, P. M., Lowe, N., Nierenberg, D. W., and Bayrd, G. A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous cell cancers of the skin. The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 323: 789-795, 1990.
35. Clarke, L. C., Combs, G. F., Jr., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E. H., Chalker, D. K., Chow, J., Davis, L. S., Glover, R. A., Graham, G. F., Gross, E. G., Krongrad, A., Lesher, J. L., Jr., Park, H. K., Sanders, B. B., Jr., Smith, C. L., and Taylor, J. R. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 276: 1957-1963, 1997.
36. Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A., Keogh, J. P., Meyskens, F. L., Valanis, B., Williams, J. H., Barnhart, S., and Hammar, S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 334: 1150-1155, 1996.
37. Anonymous. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 330: 1029-1035, 1994.
38. Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M., Rosner, B., Cook, N. R., Belanger, C., LaMotte, F., Gaziano, J. M., Ridker, P. M., Willett, W., and Peto, R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 334: 1145-1149, 1996.
39. Women's Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS) Protocol. March 18, 1996. Valhalla, NY: American Health Foundation, 1996.
40. Durstine, J. L., Pate, R. R., and Branch, J. D. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Exercise. In: J. L. Durstine, A. C. King, P. L. Painter, J. L. Roitman, and L. D. Zwiren (eds.), Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Ed. 2, pp. 66-74. American College of Sports Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993.
41. American College of Sports Medicine. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 22: 265-274, 1990.
42. Mazzeo, R. S., Cavanaugh, P., Evans, W. J., Fiatarone, M., Hagberg, J., McAuley, E., and Startzell, J. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 30: 992-1008, 1998.
43. McTiernan, A., Ulrich, C., Slate, S., and Potter, J. Physical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control, 9: 487-509, 1998.
44. Patterson, R. E., Neuhouser, M. L., White, E., Hunt, J. R., and Kristal, A. R. Cancer-related behavior of vitamin supplement users. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 7: 79-81, 1998.
45. McTiernan, A., Stanford, J. L., Daling, J. R., and Voigt, L. F. Prevalence and correlates of recreational physical activity in women aged 50-64 years. Menopause, 5: 95-101, 1998.
46. Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, C. R., Faucher, P., Elder, J. P., Blanchard, J., Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., and Christenson, G. M. A multivariate study of determinants of vigorous exercise in a community sample. Prev. Med., 18: 20-34, 1989.
47. Prentice, R. L. Measurement error and results from analytic epidemiology: dietary fat and breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 88: 1738-1747, 1996.
48. Lichtman, S. W., Pisarska, K. I., Berman, E. R., Pestone, M., Dowling, H., Offenbacher, E., Weisel, H., Heshka, S., Matthews, D. E., and Heymsfield, S. B. Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. N. Engl. J. Med., 327: 1893-1898, 1992.
49. Heitmann, B. L., and Lissner, L. Dietary underreporting by obese individuals-is it specific or non-specific? Br. Med. J., 311: 986-989, 1995.
50. Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Adani, H. O., Beeson, L., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., et al. Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer-a pooled analysis. N. Engl. J. Med., 334: 356-361, 1996.
51. Tager, I. B., Hollenberg, M., and Satariano, W. A. Association between self-reported leisure-time physical activity and measures of cardiorespiratory fitness in an elderly population. Am. J. Epidemiol., 147: 921-931, 1998.
52. Rosenbaum, M., Ravussin, E., Matthews, D. E., Gilker, C., Ferraro, R., Heymsfield, S. B., Hirsch, J., and Leibel, R. A comparative study of different means of assessing long-term energy expenditure in humans. Am. J. Physiol., 270: R496-R504, 1996.
53. LaPorte, R. E., Kuller, L. H., Kupfer, D. J., McPartland, R. J., Matthews, G., and Caspersen, C. An objective measure of physical activity for epidemiologic research. Am. J. Epidemiol., 109: 158-168, 1979.
54. Gettman, L. R. Fitness testing. In: J. L. Durstine, A. C. King, P. L. Painter, J. L. Roitman, L. D. Zwiren (eds.), Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Ed. 2, pp. 229-246. American College of Sports Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993.
55. Dunn, A. L., Garcia, M. E., Marcus, B. H., Kampert, J. B., Kohl, H. W., III, and Blair, S. N. Six-month physical activity and fitness changes in Project Active, a randomized trial. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 30: 1076-1083, 1998.
56. Katzel, L. I., Bleecker, E. R., Colman, E. B., Rogus, E. M., Sorkin, J. D., and Goldberg, A. P. Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 274: 1915-1921, 1995.
57. Masse, L. C., Ainsworth, B. E., Tortolero, S., Levin, S., Fulton, J. E., Henderson, K. A., and Mayo, K. Measuring physical activity in midlife, older, and minority women: issues from an expert panel. J. Women's Health, 7: 57-67, 1998.
58. Jones, D. A., Ainsworth, B. E., Croft, J. B., Macera, C. A., Lloyd, E. E., and Yusuf, H. R. Moderate leisure-time physical activity: who is meeting the public health recommendations? A national cross-sectional study. Arch. Family Med., 7: 285-289, 1998.
59. Dorgan, J. F., Longcope, C., Stephenson, H. E., Jr., Falk, R. T., Miller, R., Franz, C., Kahle, L., Campbell, W. S., Tangrea, J. A., and Schatzkin, A. Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 5: 533-539, 1996.
60. Toniolo, P., Levitz, M., Jacquotte, A., Koenig, K., Shore, R., and Pasternack, B. A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87: 190-197, 1995.
61. DeAntoni, E. P. Age-specific reference ranges for PSA in the detection of prostate cancer. Oncology, 11: 475-482, 1997.
62. Huang, Z., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J. E., Hennekens, C. H., Rosner, B., Speizer, F. E., and Willett, W. C. Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 278: 1407-1411, 1997.
63. Balady, G. J., Chaitman, B., Driscoll, D., Foster, C., Froelicher, E., Gordon, N., Pate, R., Rippe, J., and Bazzarre, T. Recommendations for cardiovascular screening, staffing, and emergency policies at health/fitness facilities. Joint Position Statement of the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 30: 1009-1018, 1998.
64. Fleming, T. R., and DeMets, D. L. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Ann. Int. Med., 125: 605-613, 1996.
65. McTiernan, A., Ulrich, C., Kumai, C., Bean, D., Schwartz, R., Mahloch, J., Hastings, R., Gralow, J., and Potter, J. D. Anthropometric and hormone effects of an eight-week exercise-diet intervention in breast cancer patients: results of a pilot study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 7: 477-481, 1998.
66. McTiernan, A., Ulrich, C. M., Yancey, D., Slate, S., Nakamura, H., Oestreicher, N., Bowen, D., Yasui, Y., Potter, J., and Schwartz, R. The Physical Activity for Total Health (PATH) Study: rationale and design. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, in press, 1998.
67. Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., Redmond, C. K., Kavanah, M., Cronin, W. M., Vogel, V., Robidoux, A., Dimitrov, N., Atkins, J., Daly, M., Wieand, S., Tan-Chiu, E., Ford, L., and Wolmark, N. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 90: 1371-1388, 1998.