Effects at two years of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on radiologic features of the breast: Results from a randomized trial

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Volumn 89, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 488-496

  Boyd, Norman F ^a,b   Greenberg, Cary ^a   Lockwood, Gina ^a   Little, Laurie ^a   Martin, Lisa ^a   Byng, Jeffrey ^c   Yaffe, Martin ^c   Tritchler, David ^a  

^a PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b Division of Preventive Oncology   (Canada)

^c SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LOW FAT DIET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAMMOGRAPHY; MULTICENTER STUDY; OPTICAL DENSITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0030900378     PISSN: 00278874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.7.488     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Feig SA. Breast masses. Mammographic and sonographic evaluation. Radiol Clin North Am 1992;30:67-92.
2. Goodwin PJ, Boyd NF. Mammographic parenchymal pattern and breast cancer risk: a critical appraisal of the evidence. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127: 1097-108.
3. Saftlas AF, Szklo M. Mammographic parenchymal patterns and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1987;9:146-74.
4. Oza AM, Boyd NF. Mammographic parenchymal patterns: a marker for breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:196-208.
5. Boyd NF, O'Sullivan B, Campbell JE, Fishell E, Simor I, Cooke G, et al. Mammographic signs as risk factors for breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1982; 45:185-93.
6. Brisson J, Sadowsky NL, Twaddle JA, Morrison AS, Cole P, Merrletti F. The relation of mammographic features of the breast to breast cancer risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:438-43.
7. Brisson J, Morrison AS, Kopans DB, Sadowsky NL, Kalisher L, Twaddle JA, et al. Height and weight, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:371-81.
8. Brisson J, Verreault R, Morrison AS, Tennina S, Meyer F. Diet, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:14-24.
9. Saftlas AF, Hoover RN, Brinton LA, Szklo M, Olson DR, Salane M, et al. Mammographic densities and risk of breast cancer. Cancer 1991;67: 2833-8.
10. Wolfe JN, Saftlas AF, Salane M. Mammographic parenchymal patterns and quantitative evaluation of mammographic densities: a case-control study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;148:1087-92.
11. Boyd NF, Byng JW, Jong RA, Fishell E, Little L, Miller AB, et al. Quantitative classification of mammographic densities and breast cancer risk: results from the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:670-5.
12. Byrne C, Schairer C, Wolfe J, Parekh N, Salane M, Brinton LA, et al. Mammographic features and breast cancer risk: effects with time, age, and menopause status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1622-9.
13. Warner E, Lockwood G, Tritchler D, Boyd NF. The risk of breast cancer associated with mammographic parenchymal patterns: a meta-analysis of the published literature to examine the effect of method of classification. Cancer Detect Prev 1992;16:67-72.
14. Spicer DV, Ursin G, Parisky YR, Pearce JG, Shoupe D, Pike A, et al. Changes in mammographic densities induced by a hormonal contraceptive designed to reduce breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:431-6.
15. Boyd NF, Cousins M, Lockwood G, Tritchler D. The feasibility of testing experimentally the dietary fat-breast cancer hypothesis [editorial]. Br J Cancer 1990;62:878-81.
16. Byng JW, Boyd NF, Fishell E, Jong RA, Yaffe MJ. Automated analysis of mammographic densities. Phys Med Biol 1996;41:909-23.
17. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. 6th ed. Ames (IA): Iowa State Univ Press, 1967.
18. Lan KK, Demets DL. Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials. Biometrika 1983;70:659-63.
19. Boyd NF, Fishell E, Jong R, MacDonald JC, Sparrow RK, Simor IS, et al. Mammographic densities as a criterion for entry to a clinical trial of breast cancer prevention. Br J Cancer 1995;72:476-9.
20. Rose DP, Boyar AP, Cohen C, Strong LE. Effect of a low-fat diet on hormone levels in women with cystic breast disease. I. Serum steroids and gonadotropins. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:623-6.
21. Ingram DM, Bennett FC, Willcox D, de Klerk N. Effect of low-fat diet on female sex hormone levels. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79:1225-9.
22. Goldin BR, Woods MN, Spiegelman DL, Longcope C, Morrill-LaBrode A, Dwyer JT, et al. The effect of dietary fat and fiber on serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal women under controlled dietary conditions. Cancer 1994;74:1125-31.
23. Longcope C, Gorbach S, Goldin B, Woods M, Dwyer J, Morrill A, et al. The effect of a low fat diet on estrogen metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:1246-50.
24. Woods MN, Gorbach SL, Longcope C, Goldin BR, Dwyer JT, Morrill-LaBrode A. Low-fat, high-fiber diet and serum estrone sulfate in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:1179-83.
25. Prentice R, Thompson D, Clifford C, Gorbach S, Goldin B, Byar D. Dietary fat reduction and plasma estradiol concentration in healthy postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Trial Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82:129-34.
26. Rose DP, Goldman M, Connolly JM, Strong LE. High-fiber diet reduces serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:520-5.
27. Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Spiegelman D, Dwyer JT, Lichtenstein AH, McNamara JR, et al. Changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and composition in response to a low-fat, high-fiber diet are associated with changes in serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal women. Metabolism 1995;44:749-56.
28. Goldin BR, Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Warram JH, Dwyer JT, Swenson L, et al. Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1542-7.
29. Grove JS, Goodman MJ, Gilben FI Jr, Mi MP. Factors associated with mammographic pattern. Br J Radiol 1985;58:21-5.
30. Hart BL, Steinbock RT, Mettler FA Jr, Pathak DR, Barlow SA. Age and race related changes in mammographic parenchymal patterns. Cancer 1989; 63:2537-9.
31. Sherman BM, West JH, Korenman SG. The menopausal transition: analysis of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations during menstrual cycles of older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;42:629-36.
32. Boyd NF, Martin L, Greenberg C, Lockwood G, Tritchler D. Long term effects of a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet on serum levels of sex hormones in premenopausal women [abstract]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:181.
33. Rosen JM, Humphreys R, Krnacik S, Juo P, Raught B. The regulation of mammary gland development by hormones, growth factors, and oncogenes. Prog Clin Biol Res 1994;387:95-111.
34. Dickson RB, Johnson MD, Bano M, Shi E, Kurebayashi J, Ziff B, et al. Growth factors in breast cancer: mitogenesis to transformation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992;43:69-78.
35. Key TJ, Pike MC. The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988; 24:29-43.
36. Pike MC, Spicer DV, Dahmoush L, Press MF. Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:17-35.
37. Trichopoulos D, MacMahon B, Cole P. Menopause and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972;48:605-13.
38. Cook LS, Weiss NS, Schwartz SM, White E, McKnight B, Moore D, et al. Population-based study of tamoxifen therapy and subsequent ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1359-64.
39. Ursin G, Pike MC, Spicer DV, Porrath SA, Reitherman RW. Can mammographic densities predict effects of tamoxifen on the breast? [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:128-9.
40. Prentice RL, Sheppard L. Dietary fat and cancer: consistency of the epidemiologic data, and disease prevention that may follow from a practical reduction in fat consumption [published erratum appears in Cancer Causes Control 1990;1:253]. Cancer Causes Control 1990;1:81-97.
41. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Iscovich JM, Yuan JM, Katsouyanni K, et al. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. Cancer 1990;82:561-9.
42. Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Noffel M, Lockwood GA, Tritchler DL. A meta-analysis of studies of dietary fat and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:627-36.
43. Freedman LS, Clifford C, Messina M. Analysis of dietary fat, calories, body weight, and the development of mammary tumors in rats and mice: a review. Cancer Res 1990;50:5710-9.
44. Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, Beeson L, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, et al. Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer - a pooled analysis. N Engl J Med 1996;334:356-61.
45. Goodwin PJ, Boyd NF. Critical appraisal of the evidence that dietary fat intake is related to breast cancer risk in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 79:473-85.