Practical aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral gliomas;Aspectos practicos en el diagnostico y tratamiento de los gliomas cerebrales

Neurologia

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 111-121

  Rosenfeld, M R ^a   Gutin, P H ^c   Dalmau, J ^a,b  

^a Departamentos de Neurología   (United States)

^b MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBOPLATIN; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DEXAMETHASONE; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; LOMUSTINE; PENTAMIDINE; PROCARBAZINE; TENIPOSIDE;

BRAIN DECOMPRESSION; BRAIN HERNIA; BRAIN SCINTISCANNING; BRAIN SURGERY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; GLIOMA; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PNEUMOCYSTOSIS; REVIEW; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; ADULT; AGED; BRAIN TUMOR; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; MIDDLE AGED; TUMOR RECURRENCE;

ADULT; AGED; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; GLIOMA; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL;

EID: 0032913533     PISSN: 02134853     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Fleury A, Menegoz F, Grosclaude P, Daures JP, Henry-Amar M, Raverdy N et al. Descriptive epidemiology of cerebral gliomas in France. Cancer 1997; 79: 1.195-1.202.
2. Werner MH, Phuphanich S, Lyman GH. The increasing incidence of malignant gliomas and primary central nervous system lymphoma in the elderly. Cancer 1995; 76: 1.634-1.642.
3. Ahsan H, Neugut AI, Bruce JN. Trends in incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in USA, 1981-1990. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24: 1.078-1.085.
4. Mahaley MS Jr., Mettlin C, Natarajan N, Laws ER Jr., Peace BB. National survey of patterns of care for brain-tumor patients. J Neurosurg 1989; 71: 826-836.
5. Holman CDJ, Hatton WM, Armstrong BK, English DR. Cancer mortality trends in Australia. Health Dept West Australia 1987; 11: 1.910-1.984.
6. Davis FG, Freels S, Grutsch J, Barlas S, Brem S. Survival rates in patients with primary malignant brain tumors stratified by patient age and tumor histological type: an analysis based on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data, 1973-1991. J Neurosurg 1998; 88: 1-10.
7. Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR. Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 360-364.
8. Chamberlain MC, Levin VA. Adjuvant chemotherapy for primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1.113-1.116.
9. Boiardi A, Silvani A, Valentini S, Salmaggi A, Allegranza, Broggie G. Chemotherapy as first treatment for primary malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system preliminary data. J Neurol 1993; 241: 96-100.
10. Sue E, Kalifa C, Brauner R, Habrand JL, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Vassal G et al. Brain tumours under the age of three. The price of survival. A retrospective study of 20 long-term survivors. Acta Neurochir 1990; 106: 93-98.
11. Packer RJ, Meadows AT, Rorke LB, Goldwein JL, D'Angio G. Long-term sequelae of cancer treatment on the central nervous system in childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol 1987; 15: 241-253.
12. Ilveskoski I, Pihko H, Wiklund T, Lamminranta S, Perkkio M, Makipernaa A et al. Neuropsychologic late effects in children with malignant brain tumors treated with surgery, radiotherapy and "8 in 1" chemotherapy. Neuropediatrics 1996; 27: 124-129.
13. Roman DD, Sperduto PW. Neuropsychological effects of cranial radiation: current knowledge and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 31: 983-998.
14. Rosenfeld MR, Dalmau J. Primary cerebral tumors: the reality and the molecular basis of future treatment. Neurologia 1997; 12: 185-196.
15. Baumgarten JE, Edwards MSB. Pineal tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1992; 3: 853-862.
16. Cingolani A, De Luca A, Larocca LM, Ammassari A, Scerrati M, Antinore A et al. Minimally invasive diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 364-369.
17. Burger PC, Scheithauer BW, Lee RR, O'Neill BP. An interdisciplinary approach to avoid the overtreatment of patients with central nervous system lesions. Cancer 1997; 80: 2.040-2.046.
18. Ginsberg LE, Fuller GN, Hashmi M, Leeds NE, Schomer DF. The significance of lack of MR contrast enhancement of supratentorial brain tumors in adults: histopathological evaluation of a series. Surg Neurol 1998; 49: 436-440.
19. Barker FG, Chang SM, Huhn SL, Davis RL, Gutin PH, McDermott MW et al. Age and the risk of anaplasia in magnetic resonance-nonenhancing supratentorial cerebral tumors. Cancer 1997; 80: 936-941.
20. Piepmeier JM. Observations on the current treatment of low-grade astrocytic tumors of the cerebral hemispheres. J Neurosurg 1987; 67: 177-181.
21. Lilja A, Salford LG. Early mental changes in patients with astrocytomas with special reference to anxiety and epilepsy. Psychopathology 1997; 30: 316-323.
22. Koehler PJ. Use of corticosteroids in neuro-oncology. Anticancer Drugs 1995; 6: 19-33.
23. Singh A, Strobos RJ, Singh BM, Rothballer AB, Reddy V, Puljic S et al. Steroid-induced remissions in CNS lymphoma. Neurology 1982; 32: 1.267-1.271.
24. Henson JW, Jalaj JK, Walker RW, Stover DE, Fels AO. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with primary brain tumors. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 406-409.
25. Moots PL, Maciunas RJ, Eisert DR, Parker RA, Laporte K, Abou-Khalil B. The course of seizure disorders in patients with malignant gliomas. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 717-724.
26. North JB, Penhall RK, Hanieh A, Frewin DB, Taylor WB. Phenytoin and postoperative epilepsy. A double-blind study. J Neurosurg 1983; 58: 672-677.
27. Delattre JY, Safai B, Posner JB. Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients receiving cranial irradiation and phenytoin. Neurology 1988; 38: 194-198.
28. Byrne TN, Cascino TL, Posner JB. Brain metastasis from melanoma. J Neurooncol 1983; 1: 313-317.
29. Cheruku R, Tapazoglou E, Ensley J, Kish JA, Cummings GD, al-Sarraf M. The incidence and significance of thromboembolic complications in patients with high-grade gliomas. Cancer 1991; 68: 2.621-2.624.
30. Sawaya R, Zuccarello M, Elkalliny M, Nishiyama H. Post-operative venous thromboembolism and brain tumors: Part I. Clinical profile. J Neurooncol 1992; 14: 119-125.
31. Hamilton MG, Hull RD, Pineo GF. Venous thromboembolism in neurosurgery and neurology patients: a review. Neurosurgery 1994; 34: 280-296.
32. Husted SE. Principles of thromboprophylaxis in surgical patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 1991; 17 (Supl 3): 254-258.
33. Cerrato D, Ariano C, Fiacchino F. Deep vein thrombosis and low-dose heparin prophylaxis in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg 1978; 49: 378-381.
34. Turpie AG, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Caarter CJ, Jay RM, Powers PJ et al. Double-blind randomised trial of Org 10172 low-molecular-weight heparinoid in prevention of deep-vein thrombosis in thrombotic stroke. Lancet 1987; 1: 523-526.
35. Agnelli G, Piovella F, Buoncristiani P, Seven P, Pini M, D'Angelo A et al. Enoxaparin plus compression stockings compared with compression stockings alone in the pre vention of venous thromboembolism after elective neurosurgery. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 80-85.
36. Bailes JE. Current treatment of thromboembolic events in neurosurgical patients. Perspect Neurol Surg 1990; 1: 150-161.
37. Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P et al. A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 409-415.
38. Jelsma R, Bucy PC. The treatment of glioblastoma multiforme of the brain. J Neurosurg 1967; 27: 388-400.
39. Jelsma R, Bucy PC. Glioblastoma multiforme: its treatment and some factors effecting survival. Arch Neurol 1969; 20: 161-171.
40. Salcman M. The role of surgical resection in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Who benefits? Oncology 1988; 2: 47-59.
41. Wood JR, Green SB, Shapiro WR. The prognostic importance of tumor size in malignant gliomas: a computed tomographic scan study by the Brain Tumor Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 338-343.
42. Andreou J, George AE, Wise A, De Leon M, Kricheff II, Ransohoff J et al. CT prognostic criteria of survival after malignant glioma surgery. Am J Neuroradiol 1983; 4: 488-490.
43. Jeffries BF, Kishore PR, Singh KS, Ghatak NR, Krempa J. Contrast enhancement in the postoperative brain. Radiology 1981; 139: 409-413.
44. Forsyth PA, Petrov E, Mahallati H, Cairncross JG, Brasher P, MacRae ME et al. Prospective study of postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2.076-2.081.
45. Michenfelder JD. The 27th Rovenstine Lecture: neuroanesthesia and the achievement of professional respect. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 695-701.
46. Frost EA. Some inquiries in neuroanesthesia and neurological supportive care. J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 673-686.
47. Wilkinson L. Anesthesia for intracranial surgery with particular reference to surgery for neoplasms. Adv Neurol 1976; 15: 253-259.
48. Ammirati M, Vick N, Liao YL, Ciric I, Mikhael M. Effect of the extent of surgical resection on survival and quality of life in patients with supratentorial glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: 201-206.
49. Ciric I, Ammirati M, Vick N, Mikhael M. Supratentorial gliomas: surgical considerations and immediate postoperative results. Gross total resection versus partial resection. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: 21-26.
50. Fadul C, Wood J, Thaler H, Galicich J, Patterson RH Jr., Posner JB. Morbidity and mortality of craniotomy for excision of supratentorial gliomas. Neurology 1988; 38: 1.374-1.379.
51. Krieger MD, Chandrasoma PT, Zee CS, Apuzzo ML. Role of stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis and management of brain tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 1998; 14: 13-25.
52. Sandeman DR, Gill SS. The impact of interactive image guided surgery: the Bristol experience with the ISG/Elekta viewing Wand. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1995; 64: 54-58.
53. Drake JM, Prudencio J, Holowaka S, Rutka JT, Hofman HJ, Humphreys RP. Frameless stereotaxy in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994; 20: 152-159.
54. Berger MS, Kincaid J, Ojemann GA, Lettich E. Brain mapping techniques to maximize resection, safety, and seizure control in children with brain tumors. Neurosurgery 1989; 25: 786-792.
55. Atlas SW, Howard RS, Maldjian J, Alsop D, Detre JA, Listerud J et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional brain activity in patients with intracerebral gliomas: findings and implications for clinical management. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: 329-338.
56. Kim SG, Ashe J, Hendrich K, Ellermann JM, Merkle H, Ugurbil K et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of motor cortex: hemispheric asymmetry and handedness. Science 1993; 261: 615-617.
57. Walker MD, Green SB, Byar DP, Alexander E Jr., Batzdorf U, Brooks WH et al. Randomized comparisons of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1.323-1.329.
58. Trouillas P. Immunology and immunotherapy of cerebral tumors. Current status. Rev Neurol 1973; 128: 23-38.
59. Kristiansen K, Hagen S, Kollevold T, Torvik A, Holme I, Nesbakken R et al. Combined modality therapy of operated astrocytomas grade III and IV. Confirmation of the value of postoperative irradiation and lack of potentiation of bleomycin on survival time: a prospective multicenter trial of the Scandinavian Glioblastoma Study Group. Cancer 1981; 47: 649-652.
60. Salazar OM, Rubin P, Feldstein ML, Pizzutiello R. High dose radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant gliomas: final report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979; 5: 1.733-1.740.
61. Walker MD, Strike TA, Sheline GE. An analysis of dose-effect relationship in the radiotherapy of malignant gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979; 5: 1.725-1.731.
62. Fulton DS, Urtasun RC, Scott-Brown I, Johnson ES, Mielke B, Curry B et al. Increasing radiation dose intensity using hyperfractionation in patients with malignant glioma. Final report of a prospective phase I-II dose response study. J Neurooncology 1992; 14: 63-72.
63. Curran WJ Jr., Scott CB, Nelson JS, Weinstein AS, Phillips TL, Murray K et al. A randomized trial of accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy and bis-chloroethyl nitrosourea for malignant glioma. A preliminary report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 83-02. Cancer 1992; 70: 2.909-2.917.
64. Nelson DF, Diener-West M, Horton J, Chang CH, Schoenfeld D, Nelson JS. Combined modality approach to treatment of malignant gliomas - re-evaluation of RTOG 7401/ECOG 1374 with long-term follow-up: a joint study of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1988; 6: 279-284.
65. Imperato JP, Paleologos NA, Vick NA. Effects of treatment on long-term survivors with malignant astrocytomas. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 818-822.
66. Archibald YM, Lunn D, Ruttan LA, Macdonald DR, Del Maestro RF, Barr HW et al. Cognitive functioning in long-term survivors of high-grade glioma. J Neurosurg 1994; 80: 247-253.
67. Sneed PK, Gutin PH, Larson DA, Malec MK, Phillips TL, Prados MD et al. Patterns of recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme after external irradiation followed by implant boost. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 29: 719-727.
68. Hochberg FH, Pruitt A. Assumptions in the radiotherapy of glioblastoma. Neurology 1980; 30: 907-911.
69. Wallner KE, Galicich JH, Krol G, Arbit E, Malkin MG. Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989; 16: 1.405-1.409.
70. Leibel SA, Ling CC, Kutcher GJ, Mohan R, Cordon-Cordo C, Fuks Z. The biological basis for conformal three-dimensional radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 21: 805-811.
71. Spirou SV, Chui CS. Generation of arbitrary intensity profiles by dynamic jaws or multileaf collimators. Med Phys 1994; 21: 1.031-1.041.
72. Gutin PH, Prados MD, Phillips TL, Wara WM, Larson DA, Leibel SA et al. External irradiation followed by an interstitial high activity iodine-125 implant "boost" in the initial treatment of malignant gliomas: NCOG study 6G-82-2. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 21: 601-606.
73. Scharfen CO, Sneed PK, Wara WM, Larson DA, Phillips TL, Prados MD et al. High activity iodine-125 interstitial implant for gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 24:583-591.
74. Wen PY, Alexander E, Black PM, Fine HA, Riese N, Levin JM et al. Long term results of stereotactic brachytherapy used in the initial treatment of patients with glioblastomas. Cancer 1994; 73: 3.029-3.036.
75. Findlay PA, Wright DC, Rosenow U, Harrington FS, Miller RW, Glatstein E. I-125 interstitial brachytherapy for primary malignant brain tumors: technical aspects of treatment planning and implantation methods. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1984; 10 (Supl 1): 93.
76. Shrieve DC, Alexander E, Wen PY, Fine HA, Kooy HM, Black PM et al. Comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery and brachytherapy in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurgery 1995; 36: 275-282.
77. Chamberlain MC, Barba D, Kormanik P, Shea WM. Stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent gliomas. Cancer 1994; 74: 1.342-1.347.
78. Mehta MP, Rozental JM, Levin AB, Mackie TR, Kubsad SS, Gehring MA et al. Defining the role of radiosurgery in the management of brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 24: 619-625.
79. Leibel SA, Scott CB, Pajak TF. The management of malignant gliomas with radiation therapy: Therapeutic results and research strategies. Semin Radiat Oncol 1991; 1: 32-49.
80. Schuster JM, Garg PK, Bigner DD, Zalutsky MR. Improved therapeutic efficacy of a monoclonal antibody radioiodinated using N-succinimidyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 4.164-4.169.
81. Moseley RP, Davies AG, Richardson RB, Zalutsky M, Carrell S, Fabre J et al. Intrathecal administration of 131I radiolabelled monoclonal antibody as a treatment for neoplastic meningitis. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 637-642.
82. Lee Y, Bullard DE, Humphrey PA, Colapinto EV, Friedman HS, Zalutsky MR et al. Treatment of intracranial human glioma xenografts with 131I-labeled anti-tenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 2.904-2.910.
83. Kondziolka D, Somaza S, Martínez AJ, Jacobsohn J, Maitz A, Lunsford LD et al. Radioprotective effects of the 21-aminosteroid U-74389G for stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 1997; 41: 203-208.
84. Spence AM, Rasey JS, Dwyer-Hansen L, Grunbaum Z, Livesey J, Chin L et al. Toxicity, biodistribution and radioprotective capacity of L-homocysteine thiolactone in CNS tissues and tumors in rodents: comparison with prior results with phosphorothioates. Radiother Oncol 1995; 35: 216-226.
85. Rosenfeld MR, Meneses P, Dalmau J, Drobnjak M, Cordon-Cardo C, Kaplitt MG. Gene transfer of wild-type p53 results in restoration of tumor-suppressor function in a medulloblastoma cell line. Neurology 1995; 45: 1.533-1.539.
86. Lowe SW, Bodis S, McClatchey A, Remington L, Ruley HE, Fisher DE et al. p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science 1994; 266: 807-810.
87. Gjerset RA, Turla ST, Sobol RE, Scalise JJ, Mercola D, Collins H et al. Use of wild-type p53 to achieve complete treatment sensitization of tumor cells expressing endogenous mutant p53. Mol Carcinog 1995; 14: 275-285.
88. Dorigo O, Turla ST, Lebedeva S, Gjerset RA. Sensitization of rat glioblastoma multiforme to cisplatin in vivo following restoration of wild-type p53 function. J Neurosurg 1998; 88: 535-540.
89. Ge K, Xu L, Zheng Z, Xu D, Sun L, Liu X. Transduction of cytosine deaminase gene makes rat glioma cells highly sensitive to 5-fluorocytosine. Int J Cancer 1997; 71: 675-679.
90. Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR. Chemotherapy for oligodendroglioma. Progress report. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 225-227.
91. Reni M, Ferreri AJM, Garancini MP, Villa E. Therapeutic management of primary central nervous system lymphoma in immunocompetent patients: results of a critical review of the literature. Ann Oncol 1997; 8: 227-234.
92. Flowers A, Levin VA. Chemotherapy for brain tumors. En: Kaye AH, Laws ERJ, editores. Brain tumors. Edimburgo: Churchill Livingstone, 1995; 349-360.
93. Kedar A. Chemotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1997; 4: 320-332.
94. Prados MD, Russo C. Chemotherapy of brain tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 1998; 14: 88-95.
95. Brem H, Piantadosi S, Burger PC, Walker M, Selker R, Vick NA et al. Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. The Polymer-brain Tumor Treatment Group. Lancet 1995; 345: 1.008-1.012.
96. Gaspar LE, Fisher BJ, Macdonald DR, LeBer DV, Halperin EC, Schold SC Jr. et al. Malignant glioma - timing of response to radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 25: 877-879.
97. Mason WP, Grovas A, Halpern S, Dunkel IJ, Garvin J, Hellwe G et al. Intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow rescue for young children with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 210-221.
98. Dunkel IA, Boyett JM, Yates A, Rosenblum M, Garvin JHJ, Bostrom BC et al. High-dose carboplatin, thiotepa, and etoposide with autologous stem-cell rescue for patients with recurrent medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 222-228.
99. Glass JG, Hochberg FH, Gruber ML, Louis DN, Smith D, Rattner B. The treatment of oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligodendrogliomas-astrocytomas with PCV chemotherapy. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: 741-745.
100. Peterson K, Paleologos N, Forsyth P, Macdonald DR, Cairncross JG. Salvage chemotherapy for oligodendroglioma. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: 597-601.
101. Shaprio WR, Green SB, Burger PC, Mahaley MS Jr., Selker RG, VanGilder JC et al. Randomized trial of three chemotherapeutic regimens in postoperative treatment of malignant glioma. Brain tumor cooperative group trial 8001. J Neurosurg 1989; 71: 1-9.
102. Salcman M. Resection and re-operation in neuro-oncology. Neurol Clin 1985; 3: 831-842.
103. Ameri A, Poisson M, Chen QM, Delattre JY. Treatment of recurrent malignant supratentorial gliomas with the association of procarbazine, thiotepa and vincristine: a phase II study. J Neurooncol 1993; 17: 43-46.
104. Rosenblum ML, Gerosa M, Dougherty DV, Reese C, Barger GR, Davis RL et al. Age-related chemosensitivity of stem cells from human malignant brain tumours. Lancet 1982; 1: 885-887.
105. Brandes A, Fiorentino MV. Treatment of high-grade gliomas in the elderly. Oncology 1998; 55: 1-6.
106. Fernández PM, Brem S. Malignant brain tumors in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1997; 13: 327-338.
107. Layon AJ, George BE, Hamby B, Gallagher TJ. Do elderly patients overutilize healthcare resources and benefit less from them than younger patients? A study of patients who underwent craniotomy for treatment of neoplasm. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 829-834.
108. Forsyth PA, Shaw EG, Scheithauer BW, O'Fallon JR, Layton DD Jr., Katzmann JA. Supratentorial pilocytic astrocytomas. A clinicopathologic, prognostic, and flow cytometric study of 51 patients. Cancer 1993; 72: 1.335-1.342.
109. Kepes JJ, Rubinstein LJ, Eng LF. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosis. A study of 12 cases. Cancer 1979; 44: 1.839-1.852.
110. Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer BW, Chodkiewicz JP, Laws ER Jr., Vedrenne C. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: a surgically curable tumor of young patients with intractable partial seizures. Report of thirty-nine cases. Neurosurgery 1988; 23: 545-556.
111. Cairncross JG, Laperriere NJ. Low-grade glioma. To treat or not to treat? Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 1.238-1.239.
112. Recht LD, Lew R, Smith TW. Suspected low-grade glioma: is deferring treatment safe? Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 431-436.
113. Smith DF, Hutton JL, Sandemann D, Foy PM, Shaw MD, Williams IR et al. The prognosis of primary intracerebral tumours presenting with epilepsy: the outcome of medical and surgical management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 915-920.
114. Scott GM, Gibberd FB. Epilepsy and other factors in the prognosis of gliomas. Acta Neurol Scand 1980; 61: 227-239.
115. North CA, North RB, Epstein JA, Piantadosi S, Wharam MD. Low-grade cerebral astrocytomas. Survival and quality of life after radiation therapy. Cancer 1990; 66: 6-14.
116. Mosskin M, Ericson K, Hindmarsh T, Von Holst H, Collins VP, Bergstrom M et al. Positron emission tomography compared with magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in supratentorial gliomas using multiple stereotactic biopsies as reference. Acta Radiol 1989; 30: 225-232.
117. Mosskin M, Von Holst H, Bergstrom M, Collins VP, Eriksson L, Johnstrom P et al. Positron emission tomography with 11C-methionine and computed tomography of intracranial tumours compared with histopathologic examination of multiple biopsies. Acta Radiol 1987; 28: 673-681.
118. Berger MS, Deliganis AV, Dobbins J, Keles GE. The effect of extent of resection on recurrence in patients with low grade cerebral hemisphere gliomas. Cancer 1994; 74: 1.784-1.791.
119. Leibel SA, Sheline GE, Wara WM, Boldrey EB, Nielsen SL. The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of astrocytomas. Cancer 1975; 35: 1.551-1.557.
120. Scanlon PW, Taylor WF. Radiotherapy of intracranial astrocytomas: analysis of 417 cases treated from 1960 through 1969. Neurosurgery 1979; 5: 301-308.
121. Whitton AC, Bloom HJ. Low grade glioma of the cerebral hemispheres in adults: a retrospective analysis of 88 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 18: 783-786.
122. Lee YY, Van Tassel P, Bruner JM, Moser RP, Share JC. Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas: CT and MR characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 989; 152: 1.263-1.270.
123. Lipper MH, Eberhard DA, Phillips CD, Vezina LG, Cail WS. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, a distinctive astroglial tumor: neuroradiologic and pathologic features. Am J Neuroradiol 1993; 14: 1.397-1.404.
124. Peterson K, Rosenblum MK, Powers JM, Alvord E, Walker RW, Posner JB. Effect of brain irradiation on demyelinating lesions. Neurology 1993; 43: 2.105-2.112.