A review of bipolar disorder among adults

Psychiatric Services

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 201-213

  Hilty, Donald M ^a   Brady, Kathleen T ^b   Hales, Robert E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOZAPINE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM DERIVATIVE; VALPROIC ACID;

ARTICLE; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; COMORBIDITY; DIARRHEA; DIPLOPIA; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POLYDIPSIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; RISK FACTOR; TREMOR; VERTIGO;

EID: 0032905853     PISSN: 10752730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/ps.50.2.201     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Robins LN, Regier DA (eds): Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologie Catchment Area Study. New York. Free Press, 1991
2. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S. et al: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Co-Morbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51:8-19, 1994
3. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ. et al: Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 276:293-299, 1996
4. Prien RF, Potter WZ: NIMH workshop report on treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 26:409-427, 1990
5. Hirschfeld RMA, Clayton PJ. Cohen I, et al: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 151(suppl 12):1-36, 1994
6. Hatfield AB, Gearon JS. Coursey RD: Family members' ratings of the use and value of mental health services: results of a national NAMI survey. Psychiatric Services 47:825-831, 1996
7. Weissman MM, Bruce ML. Leaf PJ, et al: Affective disorders, in Psychiatric Disorders in America. Edited by Robins L. Regier DA. New York, Free Press, 1990
8. Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Tischer GL, et al: Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychological Medicine 18: 141-153, 1988
9. National survey of NDMDA members finds long delay in diagnosis of manic-depressive illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 44:800-802, 1993
10. Greenberg PE. Stiglin LE. Finkelstein SN, et al: The economic burden of depression in 1990. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54:405-418, 1993
11. Keck PE. Bennett JA. Stanton SP: Health-economic aspects of the treatment of manic-depression illness with divalproex. Review of Contemporary Pharmacotherapy 6:597-604, 1995
12. Goodwin FK. Jamison KR: Manic-Depressive Illness. New York. Oxford University Press, 1990
13. Reus VI, Freimer NB: Understanding the genetic basis of mood disorders: where do we stand? American Journal of Human Genetics 60:1283-1288, 1997
14. 2 hyperintensities in bipolar disorder: magnetic resonance imaging comparison and literature meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:1139-1144, 1995
15. Post RM. Rubinow DR. Ballenger JC: Conditioning, sensitization, and kindling: implications for the course of affective illness, in The Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Edited by Post RM, Ballenger JC. Baltimore. Williams & Wilkins, 1984
16. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association, 1994
17. Kopacz DR, Janicak PG: The relationship between bipolar disorder and personality. Psychiatric Annals 26:644-650, 1996
18. Akiskal HS, Maser JD. Zeller PJ, et al: Switching from "unipolar" to bipolar II. Archives of General Psychiatry 52:114-123, 1995
19. Winokur G, Coryell W. Endicott J: Further distinctions between manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and primary depressive disorder (unipolar depression). American Journal of Psychiatry 150:1176-1181, 1993
20. Evans DL, Byerly MJ, Greer RA: Secondary mania: diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56(suppl 3):31-37, 1995
21. Post RM, Roy-Byrne PP. Uhde TW: Graphic representation of the life course of illness in patients with affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 145:844-848, 1988
22. Frances A. Docherty JP. Kahn DA: Treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57(suppl 12A):1-88, 1996
23. Schou M: Forty years of lithium treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 54:9-13, 1997
24. Faedda GL, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. et al: Outcome after rapid versus gradual discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 50:448-455, 1993
25. Baldessarini RJ.Tondo L, Faedda GL, et al: Effects of the rate of discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57:441-448, 1996
26. Maj M. Pirozzi R, Magliano L: Nouresponse to reinstituted lithium prophylaxis in previously responsive bipolar patients: prevalence and predictors. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:1810-1811, 1995
27. Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, et al: Efficacy of divalproex versus lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. JAMA 271:918-924, 1994
28. Keck PE. McElroy SL, Tugrul KC, et al: Valproate oral loading in the treatment of acute mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54:305-308, 1993
29. Bryant AE. Dreifuss FE: Valproic acid hepatic fatalities: III. US experience since 1986. Neurology 46:465-469, 1996
30. Janicak PG, Davis JM, Preskorn SH. et al: Principles and Practice of Psychopharmacology, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1993
31. Pellock JM. Willmore LJ: A rational guide to routine blood monitoring in patients receiving antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 41:961-964, 1991
32. Saiz-Ruiz J, Cebollada A, Ibanez A: Sleep disorders in bipolar depression: hypnotics versus sedative antidepressants. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38(suppl):55-60, 1994
33. Sernyak MJ, Woods SW: Chronic neuroleptic use in manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacologic Bulletin 29:375-381, 1993
34. Mukherjee S, Sackeim HA, Schnurr DB: Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: a review. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:169-176, 1994
35. Mukherjee S. Sackeim HA, Lee C: Unilateral ECT in the treatment of manic episodes. Convulsive Therapy 4:74-80, 1988
36. Vanelle JM, Loo H, Galinowski A, et al: Maintenance ECT in intractable manic-depressive disorders. Convulsive Therapy 10:195-205, 1994
37. Banov MD, Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, et al: Clozapine therapy in refractory affective disorders: polarity predicts response in long-term follow-up. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55:295-300, 1994
38. Calabrese JR, Kimmel SE. Woyshville MJ. et al: Clozapine for treatment-refractory mania. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:759-754, 1996
39. Dubovsky SL, Buzan RD: Novel alternatives and supplements to lithium and anticonvulsants for bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58:224-242, 1997
40. Ramsey RE: Clinical efficacy and safety of gabapentin. Neurology 44(suppl 5):523-530, 1994
41. Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC: Gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder American Journal of Psychiatry 154:291-291, 1997
42. Richens A: Safety of lamotrigine. Epilepsia 35(suppl):37-40, 1994
43. Pellock JM: The clinical efficacy of lamotrigine as an antiepileptic drug. Neurology 44(suppl 8):29-35, 1994
44. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Rhodes LJ, et al: Lamotrigine in treatment-refractory bipolar disorder. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. New York City, May 4-9. 1996
45. Sporn J, Sachs G: The anticonvulsant lamotrigine in treatment-refractory manic-depressive illness. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 17:185-189, 1997
46. Bowden CL: Predictors of response to divalproex and lithium. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56(suppl 3):25-30, 1995
47. Solomon DA, Keitner GI. Ryan CE, et al: Polypharmacy in bipolar I disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 32:579-587, 1996
48. McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG, et al: Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. American Journal of Psychiatry 149:1633-1644, 1992
49. Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D. et al: Depression during mania. Archives of General Psychiatry 54:37-42, 1997
50. Kramlinger KG, Post RM; Ultra-rapid and ultradian cycling in bipolar affective illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 168:314-323, 1996
51. Coryell W. Endicott J, Keller M: Rapidly cycling affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:126-131, 1992
52. Bauer MS. Whybrow PC: Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 47:435-440, 1990
53. Calabrese JR, Markovitz PJ, Kimmel SE, et al: Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid-cycling bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 12(suppl 1):538-568, 1992
54. Zornberg GL, Pope HG; Treatment of depression in bipolar disorder: new directions for research. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 13:397-408, 1993
55. Sachs GS: Treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 19:215-236, 1996
56. Altshuler LL, Post RM, Leverich GS, et al: Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:1130-1138, 1995
57. Sachs GS, Lafer B. Stoll AL. A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55:391-393, 1994
58. Pollack LE: Informational needs of patients hospitalized for bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services 46:1191-1194, 1995
59. Coryell W, Scheftner W, Keller M, et al: The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 150:720-727, 1993
60. Post RM: Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 149:999-1010, 1992
61. Solomon DA, Ristow WR, Keller MB. et al: Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:1301-1307, 1996
62. Hammen C, Gitlin M: Stress reactivity in bipolar patients and its relation to prior history of disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:856-857, 1997
63. Basco MR, Rush AJ: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bipolar Disorder. New York, Guilford. 1997
64. Miklowitz DJ. Frank E, George EL: Clinical trials: bipolar disorder: new psychosocial treatments for the outpatient management of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 32:613-621, 1996
65. Clarkin JF, Glick ID. Haas GL, et al: A randomized clinical trial of inpatient family intervention: V. results for affective disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 18:17-28, 1990
66. Miller IW, Keitner GI, Epstein NB, et al: Families of bipolar patients: dysfunction, course of illness, and pilot treatment study, in Proceedings of the 22nd Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Lyon, France, July 2-6. 1991
67. Bauer MS, McBride L, Shea N, et al: Impact of an easy-access VA clinic-based program for patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services 48:491-496, 1997
68. Solomon DA. Keitner GI. Miller IW, et al: Course of illness and maintenance treatment for patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56:5-13, 1995
69. Keitner GI, Ryan CE, Miller IW, et al: 12-month outcome of patients with major depression and comorbid psychiatric or medical illness (compound depression). American Journal of Psychiatry 148:345-350, 1991
70. Strakowski SM, Tohen M, Stoll AL, et al: Comorbidity in mania at first hospitalization. American Journal of Psychiatry 149: 554-556, 1992
71. Strakowski SM, Tohen M, Stoll AL, et al: Comorbidity in psychosis at first hospitalization. American Journal of Psychiatry 150:752-757, 1993
72. Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, et al: Chronology of comorhid and principal syndromes in first-episode psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry 36:106-112, 1995
73. McElroy SL. Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, et al: Differences and similarities in mixed and pure mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry 36:187-194, 1995
74. Kruger S, Cooke RG, Hasey GM, et al: Comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 34:117-120, 1995
75. Pini S, Cassano GB. Simonini E, et al: Prevalence of anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 42:145-153, 1997
76. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al: Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA 264:2511-2518, 1990
77. Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA. et al: The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: implications for prevention and service utilization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 66:17-31, 1996
78. Brady K. Casto S. Lydiard RB. et al: Substance abuse in an inpatient psychiatric sample. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 17:389-397, 1991
79. Tohen M. Waternaux CS. Tsuang MT: Outcome in mania: a 4-year prospective follow-up of 75 patients utilizing survival analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 47:1106-1111, 1990
80. Brady KT, Sonne SC, Anton R. et al: Valproate in the treatment of acute bipolar affective episodes complicated by substance abuse: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 56:118-121, 1995
81. Strober M, Morrell W, Burroughs J, et al: A family study of bipolar I disorder in adolescence: early onset of symptoms linked to increased familial loading and lithium resistance. Journal of Affective Disorders 15: 255-268, 1988
82. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, et al: Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35:409-432, 1996
83. Boyd JH, Burke JD Jr, Gruenberg E. et al: Exclusion criteria of DSM-III: a study of co-occurrence of hierarchy-free syndromes. Archives of General Psychiatry 41: 983-989, 1984
84. Keck PE Jr. McElroy SL, Friedman LM: Valproate and carbamazepine in the treatment of panic and posttraumatic stress disorders, withdrawal states, and behavioral dyscontrol syndromes. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 12(suppl 1):368-418, 1992
85. Karno M, Golding J: Obsessive compulsive disorder, in Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Edited by Robins LN, Regier DA. New York, Free Press, 1991
86. Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT: Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 143:317-322, 1986
87. Jefferson JW, Greist JH. Perse TL. et al: Fluvoxamine-associated mania/hypomania in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (ltr). Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 11:391-392, 1991
88. Akiskal HS, Hirschfeld RM, Yerevanian BI: The relationship of personality to affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 40:801-810, 1983
89. Turley B, Bates GW, Edwards J, et al: MCMI-II personality disorders in recent-onset bipolar disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology 48:320-329, 1992
90. Peselow ED. Sanfilipo MP, Fieve RR: Relationship between hypomania and personality disorders before and after successful treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:232-238, 1995
91. Akiskal HS: Subaffective disorders: dysthymic, cyclothymic, and bipolar II disorders in the "borderline" realm. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 4:25-46, 1981
92. Dion GL, Tohen M, Anthony WA, et al: Symptoms and functioning of patients with bipolar disorder six months after hospitalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39:652-657, 1988
93. Keck PE Jr. McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, et al: Outcome and comorbidity in first-compared with multiple-episode mania. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183:320-324, 1995
94. Keller MB, Waternaux CM, Tsuang MT: Bipolar 1: a five-year prospective follow-up. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181:238-245, 1993
95. Keck PE Jr. McElroy SL: Outcome in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 16(suppl 1):15-23, 1996
96. Griel W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W. Erazo N, et al: Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders: a randomized study. Journal of Affective Disorders 43:151-161, 1997
97. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Strakowski SM. et al: Compliance with maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 33:87-91, 1997