Ethylene signal transduction in relation to hormone sensitivity

Plant Biology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 46-56

  Hall, M A ^a   Smith, Aileen R ^a   Novikova, Galina V ^b   Moshkov, I E ^b  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b TIMIRYAZEV INSTITUTE OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Ethylene; Monomeric G proteins; Protein kinases; Receptors

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032905733     PISSN: 14358603     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1999.tb00707.x     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abeles, F., Morgan, P., and Saltveit, M. (1992) Ethylene in Plant Biology, San Diego, California: Academic Press.
2. Alonso, J. M. and Ecker, J. R. (1998) Isolation and characterization of a mutation in the Arabidopsis ethylene response sensor 1 gene. 9th Int. Conf. on Arabidopsis Research, University of Wisconsin -Madison, Academic Press. June 24-29, 1998. Abstract 385 (http://genome-www.stanford.edu/Arabidopsis/madison98/).
3. André, B. and Scherer, G. F. E. (1991) Stimulation by auxin of phospholipase A in membrane vesicles from an auxin-sensitive tissue is mediated by an auxin receptor. Planta 185, 209-214.
4. Ann, K.-S. and Nelson, D. L. (1996) A nucleoside diphosphate kinase from Paramecium tetraurelia with protein kinase activity. J. Eucaryotic Microbiology 43, 365-372.
5. Bengochea, T., Dodds, J. H., Evans, D. E., Jerie, P. H., Niepel, B., Shaari, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1980 a) Studies on ethylene binding by cell-free preparations from cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. I: Separation and characterisation. Planta 148, 397-406.
6. Bengochea, T., Acaster, M. A., Dodds, J. H., Evans, D. E., Jerie, P. H., and Hall, M. A. (1980b) Studies on ethylene binding by cell-free preparations from cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. II: Effects of structural analogues of ethylene and of inhibitors. Planta 148, 407-411.
7. Berry, A. W., Cowan, D. S. C., Harpham, N. V. J., Hemsley, R. J., Novikova, G. V., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1996) Studies on the possible role of protein phosphorylation in the transduction of the ethylene signal. Plant Growth Regul. 18, 135-141.
8. Bleecker, A. B., Estelle, M. A., Somerville, A. S., and Kende, H. (1988) Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 241, 1086-1089.
9. Bögre, L., Ligterink, W., Meskiene, I., Barker, P. J., Heberle-Bors, E., Haskisson, N. S., and Hirt, H. (1997) Wounding induces the rapid and transient activation of a specific MAP kinase pathway. Plant Cell 9, 75-83.
10. Burg, S. P. and Burg, E. A. (1967) Molecular requirements for the biological activity of ethylene. Plant Physiol. 42, 144-152.
11. Carroll, M. P. and May, W. S. (1994) Protein kinase C-mediated serine phosphorylation directly activates Raf-1 in murine hematopoietic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1249-1256.
12. Chang, C., Kwok, S. F., Bleecker, A. B., and Meyerowitz, E. M. (1993) Arabidopsis ethylene-response gene ETR1: similarity of product to two-component regulators. Science 262, 539-545.
13. Chang, C., Ding, W., Wen, C.-K., Larsen, P. B., Pan, Z., and Shockey, J. A. (1998) Two-hybrid protein interactions in Arabidopsis Ethylene Signal Transduction. In Biology & Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers (in press).
14. Chao, Q., Rothenberg, M., Solano, R., Roman, G., Terzaghi, W., and Ecker, J. (1997) Activation of the ethylene gas response pathway in Arabidopsis by the nuclear protein ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVES 3 and related proteins. Cell 89, 1133-1144.
15. Clark, K. L, Larsen, P. B., Wang, X., and Chang, C. (1998) Association of the Arabidopsis CTR1 Raf-like kinase with the ETR1 and ERS ethylene receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5401-5406.
16. Clarke, P. B. (1994) Switching off MAP kinases. Curr. Biol. 4, 647-650.
17. Connern, C. P., Smith, A. R., Turner, R., and Hall, M. A. (1989) Putative ethylene binding protein from abscission zones of Phaseolus vulgaris. In Cell Separation in Plants, NATO ASI Series, Volume H 35 (Osborne, D. J. and Jackson, M. B., eds.), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 351-356.
18. Denhardt, D. T. (1996) Signal transducing protein phosphorylation cascades mediated by Ras/Rho proteins in the mammalian cell: the potential for multiplex signalling. Biochem. J. 318, 729-747.
19. Dent, P., Reardon, D. B., Morrison, D. K., and Sturgill, T. W. (1995) Regulation of Raf-1 and Raf-1 mutants by Ras-dependent and Ras-independent mechanisms in vitro. Mol. Cell Biol. 15, 4125-4135.
20. Diekmann, W., Venis, M. A., and Robinson, D. G. (1995) Auxins induce clustering of the auxin-binding protein at the surface of maize coleoptile protoplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3425-3429.
21. Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, H., Brown, K., Kelly, K., and Seibenlist, U. (1997) Direct activation of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and extracellular signal related protein kinase (ERK) pathway by an inducible mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase kinase 3 (MEKK) derivative. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2668-2674.
22. Esch, J.J., Rodrigues, F. I., Binder, B. M., Hetzel, C. E., and Bleecker, A. B. (1998) Structure, function, and evolutionary origin of the copper-based ethylene-binding domain of the ETR1 receptor. In Biology & Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers (in press).
23. Eyal, Y., Meller, Y., Lev-Yadun, S., and Fluhr, R. (1993) A basic-type PR-1 promoter directs ethylene responsiveness, vascular and abscission zone-specific expression. Plant J. 4, 225-234.
24. Fluhr, R. (1998) Ethylene perception: from two-component signal transducers to gene induction. Trends Plant Science 3, 141-146.
25. ras by endothelin-1 sequentially activates the ERK cascade and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. EMBO J. 16, 6439-6451.
26. Gamble, R. L., Coonfield, M. L., and Schaller, G. E. (1998) Histidine kinase activity of the ETR1 ethylene receptor from Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7825-7829.
27. Gilroy, S., (1996) Signal transduction in barley aleurone protoplasts is calcium-dependent and independent. Plant Cell 8, 2193-2209.
28. Guzman, P. and Ecker, J. J. (1990) Exploiting the triple response of Arabidopsis to identify ethylene-related mutants. Plant Cell 2, 513-523.
29. Harpham, N. V. J., Berry, A. W., Knee, E. M., Roveda-Hoyos, G., Raskin, I., Sanders, I. O., Smith, A. R., Wood, C. K., and Hall, M. A. (1991) The effect of ethylene on the growth and development of wild-type and mutantArabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Annal. Bot. 68, 55-61.
30. He, C.-J., Morgan, P. W., and Drew, M. C. (1996) Transduction of the ethylene signal is required for cell death and lysis in the root cortex of maize during aerenchyma formation induced by hypoxia. Plant Physiol. 112, 463-472.
31. Heidecker, G., Kölch, W., Morrison, D. K., and Rapp, U. R. (1992) The role of Raf-1 phosphorylation in signal transduction. Adv. Cancer Res. 58, 53-73.
32. Heimovaara-Dijkstra, S., Neiland, T. J. F., van der Meulen, R. M., and Wang, M. (1996) Abscisic acid-induced gene expression requires the activity of protein(s) sensitive to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide. Plant Growth Regul. 18, 115-123.
33. Hey, S. J., Bacon, A., Burnett, E., and Neill, S. J. (1997) Abscisic acid signal transduction in epidermal cells of Pisum sativum L. Argenteum: both dehydrin mRNA accumulation and stomatal responses require protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Planta 202, 85-92.
34. Hong, S. W., Jon, J. H., Kwak, J. M., and Nam, H. G. (1997) Identification of a receptor-like kinase gene rapidly induced by abscisic acid, dehydration, high salt and cold treatments in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 113, 1203-1212.
35. Hua, J., Sakai, H., and Meyerowitz, E. (1997)The ethylene receptor gene family in Arabidopsis. In Biology & Biotechnology of the plant hormone ethylene (Kanellis, A., Chang, C., Kende, H., and Grierson, D., eds.), Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 77-86.
36. Hua, J., Chang, C., Sun, Q., and Meyerowitz, E. (1995) Ethylene insensitivity conferred by Arabidopsis ERS gene. Science 269, 1712-1714.
37. Hua. J. and Meyerowitz, E. M. (1998) Ethylene responses are negatively regulated by a receptor gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 94, 261-271.
38. Huttly, A. and Phillips, A. L. (1995) Gibberellin-regulated expression in oat aleurone cells of two kinases that show homology to MAP kinase and ribosomal protein kinase. Plant Mol. Biol. 27, 1043-1052.
39. Jelinek, T., Dent, P., Sturgill, T. W., and Weber, M. J. (1996) Ras-induced activation of Raf-1 is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol. Cell Biol. 16, 1027-1034.
40. Jonak, C., Keigerl, S., Ligterink, W., Barker, P. J., Huskisson, N. S., and Hirt, H. (1996) Stress signalling in plants: A mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is activated by cold and drought. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11274-11279.
41. Kakimoto, T. (1996) CKI1, a histidine kinase homolog implicated in cytokinin signal transduction. Science 274, 982-985.
42. Keyse, S. M. (1995) An emerging family of dual specificity MAP kinase phosphatase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1265, 152-160.
43. Kieber, J. J., Rothenberg, M., Roman, G., Fellman, K. A., and Ecker, J. R. (1993) CTR1, a negative regulator of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis, encodes a member of the Raf family of protein kinases. Cell 72, 427-441.
44. Kieber, J. J. (1997) The ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48, 277-296.
45. Kieber, J. J. (1998) Molecular Genetic Analysis of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signalling in arabidopsis. In Biology & Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers (in press).
46. Knetsch, M. L. W., Wang, M., Snaar-Jagaiska, B. E., and Heimovaara-Dijkstra, S. (1996) Abscisic acid induces mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in barley aleurone protoplasts. Plant Cell 8, 1061-1067.
47. Kolch, W., Heidacker, G., Kochs, G., Hummel, R., Vahidi, H., Mischak, H., Finkenzeller, G., Marme, D., and Rapp, U. R. (1993) PKCa activates Raf-1 by direct phosphorylation. Nature (London) 364, 249-251.
48. Kulaeva, O. N., Karavaiko, N. N., Selivankina, S. Yu., Moshkov, I. E., Novikova, G. V., Zemlyachenko, Ya. V., Shipilova, S.V., and Orudgev, E. M. (1996) Cytokinin signalling systems. From a whole plant to the molecular level. Plant Growth Regul. 18, 29-37.
49. Kuo, A., Cappelluti, S., Cervantes-Cervantes, M., Rodriguez, M., and Bush, D. S. (1996) Okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, blocks calcium changes, gene expression, and cell death induced by gibberellin in wheat aleurone cells. Plant Cell 8, 259-269.
50. Lee, H., Ghose-Dastidar, J., Winawer, S., and Friedman, E. (1993) Signal transduction through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-like pp 57 blocked in differentiated cells having low protein kinase Cβ activity. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5255-5263.
51. Li, H., Janosch, P., Tanji, M., Rosenfeld, G. C., Waymire, J. C., Mischar, H., Kolch, W., and Sedivy, J. M. (1995) Regulation of Raf-1 kinase activity by the 14-3-3 family of proteins. EMBO J. 14, 685-696.
52. Li, J. X. and Assmann, S. M. (1996) An abscisic acid-activated and calcium-independent protein kinase from fava bean. Plant Cell 8, 2359-2368.
53. Ligterink, W., Kroj, T, Nieden, U., Hirt, H., and Scheel, D. (1997) Receptor-mediated activation of a MAP kinase in pathogen defence of plants. Science 276, 2054-2057.
54. Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, J.-K., and Yang, Z. (1996) Localization of Rho GTPase implies a role in tip growth and movement of the generative cell in pollen tubes. Plant Cell 8, 293-303.
55. Lowy, D. R. and Willumsen, B. M. (1993) Function and regulation of Ras. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 851-891.
56. Marais, R., Light, Y., Paterson, H. F., and Marshall, C. J. (1995) Ras recruits Raf-1 to the plasma membrane for activation by tyrosine phosphorylation. EMBOJ. 14, 3136-3145.
57. Mattoo, A. K. and Suttle, C. S. (1991) The Plant Hormone Ethylene. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
58. McGrath, R. B. and Ecker, J. R. (1998) Ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis: Events from the membrane to the nucleus. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 36, 103-113.
59. Mizoguchi, T., Gotoh, Y., Nishida, E. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Hayashida, N., Iwasaki, H., Kamada, H., and Shinozaki, K. (1994) Characterization of two cDNAs that encode MAP kinase homologues in Arabidopsis thaliana and analysis of the possible role of auxin in activating such kinase activity in cultured cells. Plant J. 5, 111-122.
60. Mizoguchi, T., Hayashida, N., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Kamada, H., and Shinozaki, K. (1995) Two genes that encode ribosomal protein S 6 kinase homologs are induced by cold or salinity stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 358, 199-204.
61. Mizoguchi, T., Hayashida, N., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Kamada, H., and Shinozaki, K. (1996) A gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase is induced simultaneously with genes for a mitogen-activated protein kinase and an S 6 ribosomal protein by touch, cold and water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 765-769.
62. Mizoguchi, T., Ishimura, K., and Shinozaki, K. (1997) Environmental response in plants: the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Tibtech 15, 15-19.
63. Monroy, A. F. and Dhindsa, R. S. (1995) Low temperature signal transduction - induction of cold acclimation specific genes of alfalfa by calcium at 25 C. Plant Cell 7, 321-331.
64. Moodie, S. A. and Wolfman, A. (1994) The 3 Rs of life: Ras, Raf and growth regulation. Trends Genet. 10, 44-48.
65. Mori, I. and Muto, S. (1997) Abscisic acid activates a 48 kDa protein kinase in guard cell protoplasts. Plant Physiol. 113, 833-839.
66. Müller, G., Storz, P., Bourteele, S., Döppler, H., Pfizenmaier, K., Mischak, H., Philipp, A., Kaiser, C., and Kolch, W. (1998) Regulation of Raf-1 kinase by TNF via its second messenger ceramide and cross-talk with mitogenic signalling. EMBO J. 17, 732-742.
67. Neljubow, D. (1901) Lieber die horizontale Nutation der Stengel von Pisum sativum und einiger anderer. Pflanzen Beih. Bot. Zentralbl. 10, 128-139.
68. Novikova, G. V., Moshkov, I. E., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1993) Ethylene and phosphorylation of pea epicotyl proteins. In Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene (Pech, J. C., Latché, A., and Balagué, C., eds.), Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 371-372.
69. Novikova, G. V., Moshkov, I. E., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1997) The effect of ethylene on GTP-binding in extracts from pea epicotyls. Planta 201, 1-8.
70. Ohme-Takagi, M. and Shinshi, H. (1995) Ethylene-inducible DNA binding proteins that interact with an ethylene-responsive element. Plant Cell 7, 173-182.
71. Parkinson, J. S. and Kofoid, E. C. (1992) Communication modules in bacterial signaling proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet. 26, 71-112.
72. Popping, B., Gibbons, T., and Watson, M. D. (1996) The Pisum sativum MAP kinase homologue (PsMAPK) rescues the Saccharomyces cerevisiae hog 1 deletion mutant under conditions of high osmotic stress. Plant Mol. Biol. 31, 355-363.
73. Raz, V. and Fluhr, R. (1992) Calcium requirement for ethylene-dependent responses. Plant Cell 4, 1123-1130.
74. Raz, V. and Fluhr, R. (1993) Ethylene signal is transduced via protein phosphorylation events in plants. Plant Cell 5, 523-530.
75. Rauser, W. E. and Horton, R. F. (1975) Rapid effects of indole acetic acid and ethylene on the growth of intact pea roots. Plant Physiol. 55, 443-447.
76. Roman, G., Lubarsky, B., Kieber, J. J., Rothenberg, M., and Ecker, J. R. (1995) Genetic analysis of ethylene signal transduction in Arabidopsi's thaliana: five novel mutant loci integrated into a stress response pathway. Genetics 139, 1393-1409.
77. Sakai, H., Hua, J., Chen, Q. C., Chang, C., Medrano, L. J., Bleecker, A. B., and Meyerowitz, E. M. (1998) ETR2 is an FTR1-like gene involved in ethylene signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5812-5817.
78. Sanders, I. O., Ishizawa, K., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1990) Ethylene binding and action in rice seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol. 31, 1091-1099.
79. Sanders, I. O., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1991 a) Ethylene binding in epicotyls of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska Planta 183, 209-217.
80. Sanders, I. O., Harpham, N. V. J., Raskin, I., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1991 b) Ethylene binding in wild type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Annals of Botany 68, 55-61.
81. Sano, H. and Youssefian, S. (1994) Light and nutritional regulation of transcripts encoding a wheat protein kinase homolog is mediated by cytokinins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2582-2586.
82. Schaller, G. E. and Bleecker, A. B. (1995) Ethylene-binding sites generated in yeast expressing the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene. Science 270, 1809-1811.
83. Scherer, G. F. E. (1996) Phospholipid signalling and lipid-derived second messengers in plants. Plant Growth Regul. 18, 125-133.
84. Schiessinger, J. and Ullrich, A. (1992) Growth factor signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Neuron 9, 383-391.
85. Seo, S., Okamoto, M., Seto, H., Ishizuka, K., Samo, H., and Ohasi, Y. (1995) Tobacco MAP kinase: a possible mediator in wound signal transduction pathways. Science 270, 1988-1992.
86. Sessa, G., Meller, Y., and Fluhr, R. (1995) A GCC element and a G-box motif participate in ethylene-induced expression of the PRB-1 b gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 28, 145-153.
87. Sessa, G., Raz, V., Savaldi, S., and Fluhr, R. (1996) PK12, a plant dual-specificity protein kinase of the LAMMER family, is regulated by the hormone ethylene. Plant Cell 8, 2223-2234.
88. Shibaoka, H. (1994) Plant hormone-induced changes in the orientation of cortical microtubules: alterations in the cross-linking between microtubules and the plasma membrane. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45, 527-544.
89. Sisler, E. C. (1980) Partial purification of an ethylene-binding component from plant tissue. Plant Physiol. 66, 404-406.
90. Sisler, E. C and Wood, C. (1987) Ethylene binding and evidence that binding in vivo and in vitro is to physiological receptor. In Plant Hormone Receptors, NATO ASI Series, Volume H 10 (Klämbt, D., ed.), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 239-248.
91. Smith, A. R., Bell, M. H., Connern, C. P. K., Harpham, N. V. J., Raskin, I., Sanders, I. O., Turner, R., Wood, C K., and Hall, M. A. (1990) Ethylene receptors in higher plants. In Mechanisms of Plant Perception and Response to Environmental Stimuli, BSPGR, Monograph 20 (Thomas, T. H. and Smith, A. R., eds.), Long Ashton, Bristol: Parchments (Oxford) Ltd., pp. 155-172.
92. Smith, A. R., Berry, A. W., Harpham, N. V. J., Hemsley, R. J., Holland, M. G., Moshkov, I., Novikova, G., and Hall, M. A. (1997) Ethylene signal perception and transduction. In Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene (Kanellis, A. K., Chang, C., Kende, H., and Grierson, D., eds.), Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 77-86.
93. Solano, R., Chao, Q., Stepanova, A., and Ecker, J. R. (1998) Identification of ethylene-insensitive 3 targets. 9th Int. Conf. on Arabidopsis Research, University of Wisconsin - Madison, June 24-29, 1998. Abstract 423 (http://genome-www.stanford.edu/Arabidopsis/madison98/).
94. Sontag, E., Fedorov, S., Kamibayashi, C., Robbins, D., Cobb, M., and Mumby, M. (1993) The interaction of SV40 small tumor antigen with protein phosphatase 2A stimulates the MAP-kinase pathway and induces cell proliferation. Cell 75, 887-897.
95. Sopory, S. K. and Munshi, M. (1998) Protein kinases and phosphatases and their role in cellular signaling in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 17, 245-318.
96. Sozeri, O., Wollmer, K., Liyanage, M., Frith, D., Kour, G., Mark, G. E., and Stabel, S. (1992) Activation of the c-Raf protein kinase by protein kinase C phosphorylation. Oncogene 7, 2259-2262.
97. Stock, J. B., Surette, M. G., Levit, M., and Park, P. (1995) Two-component signal transduction systems: structure-function relationships and mechanisms of catalysis. In Two-Component Signal Transduction (Hoch, J. and Silhavy, T., eds.), Washington, DC: ASM Press, pp. 25-51.
98. Suzuki, K. and Shinshi, H. (1995) Transient activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein kinase in tobacco cells treated with a fungal elicitor. Plant Cell 7, 639-647.
99. Thomas, C. J. R., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1985) The effect of solubilisation on the character of the ethylene-binding site from Phaseolus vulgaris L cotyledons. Planta 160, 474-479.
100. Usami, S., Banno, H., Ito, T., Nishihama, R., and Mashida, T. (1995) Cutting activates 46 kDa protein kinase in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8660-8664.
101. Thomas, C. J. R., Smith, A. R., and Hall, M. A. (1985) Partial purification of an ethylene-binding site from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cotyledons. Planta 164, 272-277.
102. Venis, M. A. and Napier, R. M. (1995) Auxin receptors and auxin binding proteins. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 14, 27-47.
103. 2 concentrations. Plant Physiol. 114, 1501-1509.
104. Vögeli-Lange, R., Fründt, C., Hart, C. M., Nagy, F., and Meints, F. Jr. (1994) Developmental, hormonal, and pathogenesis-related regulation of the tobacco class 1 β-1,3-glucanase B promoter. Plant Mol. Biol. 25, 299-311.
105. Vriezen, W. H., van Rijn, C. P. E., Voesenek, L. A. C. J., and Mariani, C. (1997) A homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana ERS gene is actively regulated in Rumex palustris upon flooding. Plant Journal 11, 1265-1271.
106. Wilkinson, J., Lanahan, M., Yen, H.-G., Giovannoni, J., and Klee, H. (1995) An ethylene-inducible component of signal transduction encoded by Never-ripe. Science 270, 1807-1809.
107. Williams, N. G. and Roberts, T. M. (1994) Signal transduction pathways involving the Raf proto-oncogene. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 13, 105-116.
108. Zbell, B. and Walter-Back, C. (1988) Signal transduction of auxin on isolated plant cell membranes: indications for a rapid polyphosphoinositide response stimulated by indolacetic acid. J. Plant Physiol. 133, 353-360.
109. Zhou, D. B., Mattoo, A. K., and Tucker, M. L. (1996) The mRNA for an ETR1 homologue is constitutively expressed in vegetative and reproductive tissue. Plant Mol. Biol. 30, 1331-1338.