메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 805-810

Intestinal tumorigenesis in the Apc1638N mouse treated with aspirin and resistant starch for up to 5 months

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; FAT; PROTEIN; STARCH; SUCROSE;

EID: 0032903863     PISSN: 01433334     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.5.805     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0031557898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor
    • Polakis,P. (1997) The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1332, F127-F147.
    • (1997) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1332
    • Polakis, P.1
  • 2
    • 0029095419 scopus 로고
    • The technical background of familial adenomatous polyposis - History, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment
    • Kartheuser,A., Detry,R., West,S. et al. (1995) The technical background of familial adenomatous polyposis - history, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Acta Gastro-Ent. Belg., 58, 252-266.
    • (1995) Acta Gastro-Ent. Belg. , vol.58 , pp. 252-266
    • Kartheuser, A.1    Detry, R.2    West, S.3
  • 3
    • 0027461243 scopus 로고
    • The impact of familial adenomatous polyposis on the tumorigenesis and mortality at the several organs - Its rational treatment
    • Iwama,T., Mishima,Y. and Utsunomiya,J. (1993) The impact of familial adenomatous polyposis on the tumorigenesis and mortality at the several organs - its rational treatment. Ann. Surg, 217, 101-108.
    • (1993) Ann. Surg , vol.217 , pp. 101-108
    • Iwama, T.1    Mishima, Y.2    Utsunomiya, J.3
  • 4
    • 0025899162 scopus 로고
    • Mutations of chromosome 5Q21 genes in FAP and colorectal cancer patients
    • Nishisho,I., Nakamura,Y., Miyohsi,Y, et al. (1991) Mutations of chromosome 5Q21 genes in FAP and colorectal cancer patients. Science, 253, 665-669.
    • (1991) Science , vol.253 , pp. 665-669
    • Nishisho, I.1    Nakamura, Y.2    Miyohsi, Y.3
  • 6
    • 0029982877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein localises to plasma membrane sites involved in active cell migration
    • Nathke,I.S., Adams,C.L., Polakis,P., Sellin,J.H. and Nelson,W.J. (1996) The adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein localises to plasma membrane sites involved in active cell migration. J. Cell Biol., 134, 165-179.
    • (1996) J. Cell Biol. , vol.134 , pp. 165-179
    • Nathke, I.S.1    Adams, C.L.2    Polakis, P.3    Sellin, J.H.4    Nelson, W.J.5
  • 7
    • 0029762881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulating cell proliferation: As easy as APC
    • Peifer,M. (1996) Regulating cell proliferation: As easy as APC. Science, 272, 974-975.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 974-975
    • Peifer, M.1
  • 9
    • 0028033603 scopus 로고
    • Loss of APC protein expressed by human colonic epithelial cells and the appearance of a specific low-molecular-weight form is associated with apoptosis in vitro
    • Browne,S.J., Williams,A.C., Hague.A., Butt,A.J. and Paraskeva,C. (1994) Loss of APC protein expressed by human colonic epithelial cells and the appearance of a specific low-molecular-weight form is associated with apoptosis in vitro. Int. J. Cancer, 59, 56-64.
    • (1994) Int. J. Cancer , vol.59 , pp. 56-64
    • Browne, S.J.1    Williams, A.C.2    Hague, A.3    Butt, A.J.4    Paraskeva, C.5
  • 12
    • 0030606276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-promotion? Intimate connections between APC and prostaglandin H synthase-2
    • Prescott,S.M. and White,R.L. (1996) Self-promotion? Intimate connections between APC and prostaglandin H synthase-2. Cell, 87, 783-786.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.87 , pp. 783-786
    • Prescott, S.M.1    White, R.L.2
  • 15
    • 0028086408 scopus 로고
    • Further evidence that one of the earliest alterations in colorectal carcinogenesis involves APC
    • Tsao,J.-I. and Shibata,D. (1994) Further evidence that one of the earliest alterations in colorectal carcinogenesis involves APC. Am. J. Pathol., 145, 531-534.
    • (1994) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.145 , pp. 531-534
    • Tsao, J.-I.1    Shibata, D.2
  • 16
    • 0030592517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer
    • Kinzler,K.W. and Vogelstein,B. (1996) Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell, 87, 159-170.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.87 , pp. 159-170
    • Kinzler, K.W.1    Vogelstein, B.2
  • 17
    • 0003452109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC
    • World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. (1997) Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Prospective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC.
    • (1997) Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Prospective
  • 18
    • 0003524658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report on Health and Social Subjects, no. 48. The Stationery Office, London, UK
    • Department of Health (1998) Nutritional Aspects of the Development of Cancer. Report on Health and Social Subjects, no. 48. The Stationery Office, London, UK.
    • (1998) Nutritional Aspects of the Development of Cancer
  • 19
    • 0019829568 scopus 로고
    • The causes of cancer - Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today
    • Doll,R. and Peto,R. (1981) The causes of cancer - quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 66, 1191-1308.
    • (1981) J. Natl Cancer Inst. , vol.66 , pp. 1191-1308
    • Doll, R.1    Peto, R.2
  • 20
    • 0001038175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and mechanisms relating diet to risk of colorectal cancer
    • Bingham,S.A. (1996) Epidemiology and mechanisms relating diet to risk of colorectal cancer. Nutr. Res. Rev., 9, 197-239.
    • (1996) Nutr. Res. Rev. , vol.9 , pp. 197-239
    • Bingham, S.A.1
  • 21
    • 0028288979 scopus 로고
    • Starch intake and colorectal cancer risk: An international comparison
    • Cassidy,A., Bingham,S.A. and Cummings,J.H. (1994) Starch intake and colorectal cancer risk: an international comparison. Br. J. Cancer, 69, 937-942.
    • (1994) Br. J. Cancer , vol.69 , pp. 937-942
    • Cassidy, A.1    Bingham, S.A.2    Cummings, J.H.3
  • 22
    • 0002217238 scopus 로고
    • Microbiological aspects of the production of short chain fatty acids in the large bowel
    • Cummings,J.H. Rombeau,J.L. and Sakata,T. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Macfarlane,G.T. and Gibson,G.R. (1995) Microbiological aspects of the production of short chain fatty acids in the large bowel. In Cummings,J.H. Rombeau,J.L. and Sakata,T. (eds) Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 87-105.
    • (1995) Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 87-105
    • Macfarlane, G.T.1    Gibson, G.R.2
  • 23
    • 0019940133 scopus 로고
    • Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon
    • Roediger,W.E.W. (1982) Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. Gastroenterology, 83, 424-429.
    • (1982) Gastroenterology , vol.83 , pp. 424-429
    • Roediger, W.E.W.1
  • 24
    • 0002449290 scopus 로고
    • Effects of butyrate on cell proliferation and gene expression
    • Cummings,J.H. Rombeau J.L. and Sakata,T. (eds). Cambridge University Press, UK
    • Kruh,J., Defer,N. and Tichonicky,L. (1995) Effects of butyrate on cell proliferation and gene expression. In Cummings,J.H. Rombeau J.L. and Sakata,T. (eds) Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 275-288.
    • (1995) Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 275-288
    • Kruh, J.1    Defer, N.2    Tichonicky, L.3
  • 25
    • 0028859161 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis in colorectal tumour cells: Induction by the short chain fatty acids butyrate, propionate and acetate and by the bile salt deoxycholate
    • Hague,A., Elder,D.J.E., Hicks,D.J. and Paraskeva,C. (1995) Apoptosis in colorectal tumour cells: induction by the short chain fatty acids butyrate, propionate and acetate and by the bile salt deoxycholate. Int. J. Cancer, 60, 400-406.
    • (1995) Int. J. Cancer , vol.60 , pp. 400-406
    • Hague, A.1    Elder, D.J.E.2    Hicks, D.J.3    Paraskeva, C.4
  • 26
    • 0031408419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butyrate can act as a stimulator of growth or inducer of apoptosis in human colonic epithelial cell lines depending on the presence of alternative energy sources
    • Singh,B., Halestrap,A.P. and Paraskeva,C. (1997) Butyrate can act as a stimulator of growth or inducer of apoptosis in human colonic epithelial cell lines depending on the presence of alternative energy sources. Carcinogenesis, 18, 1265-1270.
    • (1997) Carcinogenesis , vol.18 , pp. 1265-1270
    • Singh, B.1    Halestrap, A.P.2    Paraskeva, C.3
  • 27
    • 0002975786 scopus 로고
    • Butyrate and the human cancer cell
    • Cummings,J.H., Rombeau,J.L. and Sakata,T. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Young,G.P. and Gibson,P.R. (1995) Butyrate and the human cancer cell. In Cummings,J.H., Rombeau,J.L. and Sakata,T. (eds) Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 319-335.
    • (1995) Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids , pp. 319-335
    • Young, G.P.1    Gibson, P.R.2
  • 31
    • 0025998557 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer
    • Thun,M.J., Namboodiri,M.M. and Heath,C.W. (1991) Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 1593-1596.
    • (1991) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.325 , pp. 1593-1596
    • Thun, M.J.1    Namboodiri, M.M.2    Heath, C.W.3
  • 32
    • 0028137774 scopus 로고
    • Rectal proliferation and polyp occurrence in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis after sulindac treatment
    • Spagnesi,M.T., Tonelli,F., Dolara,P., Caderni,G., Valanzano,R., Anastasi,A. and Bianchini,F. (1994) Rectal proliferation and polyp occurrence in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis after sulindac treatment. Gastroenterology, 106, 362-366.
    • (1994) Gastroenterology , vol.106 , pp. 362-366
    • Spagnesi, M.T.1    Tonelli, F.2    Dolara, P.3    Caderni, G.4    Valanzano, R.5    Anastasi, A.6    Bianchini, F.7
  • 33
    • 0020565187 scopus 로고
    • Sulindac for polyposis of the colon
    • Waddell,W.R. and Loughry,R.W. (1983) Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. J. Surg Oncol, 24, 83-87.
    • (1983) J. Surg Oncol , vol.24 , pp. 83-87
    • Waddell, W.R.1    Loughry, R.W.2
  • 36
    • 0030992045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sulindac on sporadic colorectal adenomatous polyps
    • Matsuhashi,N., Nakajima,A., Fukushima,Y., Yazaki,Y. and Oka,T. (1997) Effects of sulindac on sporadic colorectal adenomatous polyps. Gut, 40, 344-349.
    • (1997) Gut , vol.40 , pp. 344-349
    • Matsuhashi, N.1    Nakajima, A.2    Fukushima, Y.3    Yazaki, Y.4    Oka, T.5
  • 37
    • 0030019753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Min mouse model by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam
    • Min mouse model by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam. Cancer Res., 56, 710-714.
    • (1996) Cancer Res. , vol.56 , pp. 710-714
    • Jacoby, R.F.1    Marshall, D.J.2    Newton, M.A.3
  • 38
    • 9344257283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression and tumor formation are blocked by sulindac in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis
    • Boolbol,S.K., Dannenberg,A.J., Chadburn,A. et al. (1996) Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression and tumor formation are blocked by sulindac in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res., 56, 2556-2560.
    • (1996) Cancer Res. , vol.56 , pp. 2556-2560
    • Boolbol, S.K.1    Dannenberg, A.J.2    Chadburn, A.3
  • 39
    • 0024211723 scopus 로고
    • A protective effect of sulindac against chemically-induced primary colonic tumours in mice
    • Moorghen,M., Ince,P., Finney,K.J., Sunter,J.P., Appleton,D.R. and Watson,A.J. (1988) A protective effect of sulindac against chemically-induced primary colonic tumours in mice. J. Pathol., 156, 341-347.
    • (1988) J. Pathol. , vol.156 , pp. 341-347
    • Moorghen, M.1    Ince, P.2    Finney, K.J.3    Sunter, J.P.4    Appleton, D.R.5    Watson, A.J.6
  • 40
    • 0028452329 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin reduces the incidence of colonic carcinoma in the dimethylhydrazine rat animal model
    • Davis,A.E. and Patterson,F. (1994) Aspirin reduces the incidence of colonic carcinoma in the dimethylhydrazine rat animal model. Aust. N. Z. J. Med., 24, 301-303.
    • (1994) Aust. N. Z. J. Med. , vol.24 , pp. 301-303
    • Davis, A.E.1    Patterson, F.2
  • 41
    • 0029117472 scopus 로고
    • Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer
    • Sano,H., Kawahito,Y., Wilder,R.L. et al. (1995) Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res., 55, 3785-3789.
    • (1995) Cancer Res. , vol.55 , pp. 3785-3789
    • Sano, H.1    Kawahito, Y.2    Wilder, R.L.3
  • 43
    • 0030827395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NSAIDs to prevent colorectal cancer: A question of sensitivity
    • Elder,D.J.E. and Paraskeva,C. (1997). NSAIDs to prevent colorectal cancer: a question of sensitivity. Gastroenterology, 113, 1999-2003.
    • (1997) Gastroenterology , vol.113 , pp. 1999-2003
    • Elder, D.J.E.1    Paraskeva, C.2
  • 44
    • 0028567875 scopus 로고
    • A targeted chain-termination mutation in the mouse APC gene results in multiple intestinal tumors
    • Fodde,R., Edelmann,W., Yang,K. et al. (1994) A targeted chain-termination mutation in the mouse APC gene results in multiple intestinal tumors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91, 8969-8973.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 8969-8973
    • Fodde, R.1    Edelmann, W.2    Yang, K.3
  • 46
    • 0002830278 scopus 로고
    • Epithelial tumours and tumour-like conditions of the large intestine
    • Whitehead,R. (ed.). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
    • Fenogli-Preiser,C.M. and Noffsinger,A.E. (1995). Epithelial tumours and tumour-like conditions of the large intestine. In Whitehead,R. (ed.) Gastrointestinal and Oesophageal Pathology, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 869-875.
    • (1995) Gastrointestinal and Oesophageal Pathology, 2nd Edn. , pp. 869-875
    • Fenogli-Preiser, C.M.1    Noffsinger, A.E.2
  • 47
    • 0028314302 scopus 로고
    • Effect of resistant starch on colonic fermentation, bile acid metabolism and mucosal proliferation
    • Van Munster,I.P., Tangerman,A. and Nagengast,F.M. (1994) Effect of resistant starch on colonic fermentation, bile acid metabolism and mucosal proliferation. Dig. Dis. Sci., 39, 834-842.
    • (1994) Dig. Dis. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 834-842
    • Van Munster, I.P.1    Tangerman, A.2    Nagengast, F.M.3
  • 48
    • 0030045969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of resistant starch with cellulose diet on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine - Induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats
    • Sakamoto,J., Nakaji,S., Sugawara,K., Iwane,S. and Munakata,A. (1996) Comparison of resistant starch with cellulose diet on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine - induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Gastroenterology, 110, 116-120.
    • (1996) Gastroenterology , vol.110 , pp. 116-120
    • Sakamoto, J.1    Nakaji, S.2    Sugawara, K.3    Iwane, S.4    Munakata, A.5
  • 49
    • 0021357093 scopus 로고
    • Sodium butyrate-induced alteration of growth properties and glycogen levels in cultured human colon carcinoma cells
    • Dexter,D.L., Lev,R., McKendall,G.R., Mitchell,P. and Calabres,P. (1984) Sodium butyrate-induced alteration of growth properties and glycogen levels in cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Histochem. J., 16,137-149.
    • (1984) Histochem. J. , vol.16 , pp. 137-149
    • Dexter, D.L.1    Lev, R.2    McKendall, G.R.3    Mitchell, P.4    Calabres, P.5
  • 50
    • 0030056943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wheat bran suppresses potato starch-potentiated colorectal tumorigenesis at the aberrant crypt stage in a rat model
    • Young,G.P., McIntyre,A., Albert,V., Folini,M., Muir,J.G. and Gibson,P.R. (1996) Wheat bran suppresses potato starch-potentiated colorectal tumorigenesis at the aberrant crypt stage in a rat model. Gastroenterology, 110, 508-514.
    • (1996) Gastroenterology , vol.110 , pp. 508-514
    • Young, G.P.1    McIntyre, A.2    Albert, V.3    Folini, M.4    Muir, J.G.5    Gibson, P.R.6
  • 51
    • 0031024719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of resistant starch- and vitamin A-supplemented diets on the promotion of precursor lesions of colon cancer in rats
    • Cassand,P., Maziere,S., Champ,M., Meflah,K., Bornet,F. and Narbonne,J.F. (1997). Effects of resistant starch- and vitamin A-supplemented diets on the promotion of precursor lesions of colon cancer in rats. Nutr. Cancer, 27, 53-59.
    • (1997) Nutr. Cancer , vol.27 , pp. 53-59
    • Cassand, P.1    Maziere, S.2    Champ, M.3    Meflah, K.4    Bornet, F.5    Narbonne, J.F.6
  • 52
    • 0025818062 scopus 로고
    • Effect of dietary carbohydrates on the growth of dysplastic crypt foci in the colon of rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine
    • Caderni,G., Bianchini,F., Mancina,A., Spagnesi,M.T. and Dolara,P. (1991) Effect of dietary carbohydrates on the growth of dysplastic crypt foci in the colon of rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Res., 51, 3721-3725.
    • (1991) Cancer Res. , vol.51 , pp. 3721-3725
    • Caderni, G.1    Bianchini, F.2    Mancina, A.3    Spagnesi, M.T.4    Dolara, P.5
  • 53
    • 0029569082 scopus 로고
    • Effect of potato starch, cornstarch and sucrose on aberrant crypt foci in rats exposed to azoxymethane
    • Thorup,I., Meyer,O. and Kristiansen,E. (1995) Effect of potato starch, cornstarch and sucrose on aberrant crypt foci in rats exposed to azoxymethane. Anticancer Res., 15, 2101-2105.
    • (1995) Anticancer Res. , vol.15 , pp. 2101-2105
    • Thorup, I.1    Meyer, O.2    Kristiansen, E.3
  • 56
    • 0029992295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and the chemoprevention of colorectal and oesophageal cancers
    • Morgan,G. (1996) Non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and the chemoprevention of colorectal and oesophageal cancers. Gut, 38, 646-648.
    • (1996) Gut , vol.38 , pp. 646-648
    • Morgan, G.1
  • 57
    • 0026761738 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer
    • Marnett,L.J. (1992), Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer. Cancer Res., 52, 5575-5589.
    • (1992) Cancer Res. , vol.52 , pp. 5575-5589
    • Marnett, L.J.1
  • 58
    • 0029035070 scopus 로고
    • Antineoplastic drugs sulindac sulfide and sulfone inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis
    • Piazza,G.A., Rahm,A.L.K., Krutzsch,M. et al. (1995) Antineoplastic drugs sulindac sulfide and sulfone inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis. Cancer Res., 55, 3110-3116.
    • (1995) Cancer Res. , vol.55 , pp. 3110-3116
    • Piazza, G.A.1    Rahm, A.L.K.2    Krutzsch, M.3
  • 59
    • 0030038519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the proliferation of colon adenocarcinoma cells: Effects on cell cycle and apoptosis
    • Shiff,S.J., Koutsos,M.I., Qiao,L. and Rigas,B. (1996) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the proliferation of colon adenocarcinoma cells: effects on cell cycle and apoptosis. Exp. Cell Res., 222, 179-188.
    • (1996) Exp. Cell Res. , vol.222 , pp. 179-188
    • Shiff, S.J.1    Koutsos, M.I.2    Qiao, L.3    Rigas, B.4
  • 60
    • 0030941458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division
    • Levine,A.J. (1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell, 88, 323-331.
    • (1997) Cell , vol.88 , pp. 323-331
    • Levine, A.J.1
  • 61
    • 0025456743 scopus 로고
    • An overview of the epidemiological evidence linking diet and cancer
    • Doll,R. (1990) An overview of the epidemiological evidence linking diet and cancer. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 49, 119-131.
    • (1990) Proc. Nutr. Soc. , vol.49 , pp. 119-131
    • Doll, R.1
  • 63
    • 0031958067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemoprevention of spontaneous intestinal adenomas in the adenomatous polyposis coli Min mouse model with aspirin
    • Barnes,C.J. and Lee,M. (1998) Chemoprevention of spontaneous intestinal adenomas in the adenomatous polyposis coli Min mouse model with aspirin. Gastroenterology, 114, 873-877.
    • (1998) Gastroenterology , vol.114 , pp. 873-877
    • Barnes, C.J.1    Lee, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.