Parkinson disease, the effect of levodopa, and the ELLDOPA trial

Archives of Neurology

Volumn 56, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 529-535

  Fahn, Stanley ^a,b  

^a Department of Neurology Columbia Univ Coll of Phys/Surgs ^*  (United States)

^b NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; CARBIDOPA; LEVODOPA; PERGOLIDE MESILATE; PRAMIPEXOLE; ROPINIROLE;

CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SAFETY; DYSKINESIA; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0032890731     PISSN: 00039942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archneur.56.5.529     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Cotzias GC, Van Woert MH, Schiffer LM. Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:374-379.
2. Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R. Modification of parkinsonism: chronic treatment with L-dopa. N Engl J Med. 1969;280:337-345.
3. Fahn S. Adverse effects of levodopa. In: Olanow CW, Lieberman AN, eds. The Scientific Basis for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Carnforth, England: Parthenon Publishing Group; 1992:89-112.
4. Fahn S, Calne DB. Considerations in the management of parkinsonism. Neurology. 1978;28:5-7.
5. Fahn S, Barbeau A, Calne D, Markham C, Paulson G. Therapeutic controversies in movement disorders. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1980;104:31-51.
6. Muenter MD. Should levodopa therapy be started early or late? Can J Neurol Sci. 1984;11:195-199.
7. Fahn S, Bressman SB. Should levodopa therapy for parkinsonism be started early or late? evidence against early treatment. Can J Neurol Sci. 1984;11:200-206.
8. Caraceni T. A case for early levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17(suppl):S38-S42.
9. Quinn NP. A case against early levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17(suppl):S43-S49.
10. Markham CH, Diamond SG. Evidence to support early levodopa therapy in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 1981;31:125-131.
11. Hoehn MMM. Parkinsonism treated with levodopa: progression and mortality. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1983;19:253-264.
12. Melamed E. Initiation of levodopa therapy in parkinsonian patients should be delayed until the advanced stages of the disease. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:402-405.
13. Markham CH, Diamond SG. Modification of Parkinson's disease by long-term levodopa treatment. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:405-407.
14. Kostic V, Przedborski S, Flaster E, Sternic N. Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-onset Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1991;41:202-205.
15. Gershanik OS. Early-onset parkinsonism. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, eds. Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1993:235-252.
16. Wagner ML, Fedak MN, Sage JI, Mark MH. Complications of disease and therapy: a comparison of younger and older patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1996;26:389-395.
17. Quinn N, Critchley P, Marsden CD. Young onset Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1987;2:73-91.
18. Poewe WH, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Low-dose L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: a 6-year follow-up study. Neurology. 1986;36:1528-1530.
19. de Jong GJ, Meerwaldt JD, Schmitz PIM. Factors that influence the occurrence of response variations in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:4-7.
20. Blin J, Bonnet A-M, Agid Y. Does levodopa aggravate Parkinson's disease? Neurology. 1988;38:1410-1416.
21. Caraceni T, Scigliano G, Musicco M. The occurrence of motor fluctuations in parkinsonian patients treated long term with levodopa: role of early treatment and disease progression. Neurology. 1991;41:380-384.
22. Cedarbaum JM, Gandy SE, McDowell FH. Early initiation of levodopa treatment does not promote the development of motor response fluctuations, dyskinesias, or dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1991;41:622-629.
23. Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I. Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science. 1983;219:979-980.
24. Langston JW, Ballard PA. Parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine: implications for treatment and the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurosci. 1984;11:160-165.
25. Ballard PA, Tetrud JW, Langston JW. Permanent human parkinsonism due to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): seven cases. Neurology. 1985;35:949-956.
26. Calne DB, Stern GM, Laurence DR, Sharkey J, Armitage P. L-dopa in posten-cephalitic parkinsonism. Lancet. 1969;1:744-746.
27. Sacks OW, Kohl M, Schwartz W, Messeloff C. Side-effects of L-dopa in post-encephalic parkinsonism [letter]. Lancet. 1970;1:1006.
28. Duvoisin RC, Lobo-Antunes J, Yahr MD. Response of patients with posten-cephalitic Parkinsonism to levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1972;35: 487-495.
29. Sacks OW. Awakenings. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co; 1974.
30. Rinne UK. Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a 5-year follow-up. Neurology. 1987;37:826-828.
31. Rinne UK. Lisuride, a dopamine agonist in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1989;39:336-339.
32. Rinne UK. Early dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1989;4(suppl 1):S86-S94.
33. Weiner WJ, Factor SA, Sanchez-Ramos JR, et al. Early combination therapy (bromocriptine and levodopa) does not prevent motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993;43:21-27.
34. Montastruc JL, Rascal O, Senard JM, Rascol A. A randomised controlled study comparing bromocriptine to which levodopa was later added, with levodopa alone in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease: a five-year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:1034-1038.
35. Hely MA, Morris JGL, Reid WGJ, et al. The Sydney Multicentre Study of Parkinson's disease: a randomised, prospective five-year study comparing low-dose bromocriptine with low-dose levodopa-carbidopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:903-910.
36. Przuntek H, Welzel D, Gerlach M, et al. Early institution of bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease inhibits the emergence of levodopa-associated motor side effects: long-term results of the PRADO Study. J Neural Transm. 1996;103:699-715.
37. Gimenez-Roldan S, Tolosa E, Burguera JA, Chacon J, Liano H, Forcadell F. Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease: a prospective randomized study of two parallel groups over a total follow-up period of 44 months including an initial 8-month double-blind stage. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20:67-76.
38. Rinne UK, Bracco F, Chouza C, et al. Early treatment of Parkinson's disease with cabergoline delays the onset of motor complications: results of a double-blind levodopa controlled trial. Drugs. 1998;55:23-30.
39. Arai N, Isaji M, Kojima M, Mizuta E, Kuno S. Combined effects of cabergoline and L-dopa on parkinsonism in MPTP-treated cynomolgus monkeys. J Neural Transm. 1996;103:1307-1316.
40. Jenner P. Induction and prevention of dyskinesias by L-dopa and dopamine agonists in primates. Mov Disord. 1998;13(suppl 2):12.
41. Chase TN, Mouradian MM, Engber TM. Motor response complications and the function of striatal efferent systems. Neurology. 1993;43(suppl 6):S23-S27.
42. Chase TN, Oh JD, Blanchet PJ. Neostriatal mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1998;51(suppl 2):S30-S35.
43. Chase TN. The significance of continuous dopaminergic stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Drugs. 1998;55:1-9.
44. Papa SM, Chase TN. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias improved by a glutamate antagonist in parkinsonian monkeys. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:574-578.
45. Blanchet PJ, Papa SM, Metman LV, Mouradian MM, Chase TN. Modulation of levodopa-induced motor response complications by NMDA antagonists in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1997;21:447-453.
46. Paulson G. Practice parameters: initial therapy of Parkinson's disease (summary statement) - report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1993;43:1296-1297.
47. Olanow CW, Hauser RA, Gauger L, et al. The effect of deprenyl and levodopa on the progression of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:771-777.
48. Graham DG, Tiffamy SM, Bell WR, Gutknecht WF. Autooxidation versus covalent binding of quinone as the mechanism of toxicity of dopamine, 6-hydroxy-dopamine and related compounds toward C1300 neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Mol Phamacol. 1978;14:644-653.
49. Cohen G. The pathobiology of Parkinson's disease: biochemical aspects of dopamine neuron senescence. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1983;19:89-103.
50. Cohen G. Monoamine oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol. 1986;45:119-125.
51. Fahn S. The endogenous toxin hypothesis of the etiology of Parkinson's disease and a pilot trial of high dosage antioxidants in an attempt to slow the progression of the illness. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;570:186-196.
52. Fornstedt B, Pileblad E, Carlsson A. In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age. J Neurochem. 1990;55:655-659.
53. Olanow CW. Oxidation reactions in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1990;40 (suppl 3):32-37.
54. Olanow CW. An introduction to the free radical hypothesis in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:S2-S9.
55. Jenner P. Oxidative stress as a cause of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1991;84:6-15.
56. Jenner P, Dexter DT, Sian J, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD. Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Ann Neurol. 1992;32(suppl):S82-S87.
57. Jenner P, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD. New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1992;42:2241-2250.
58. Fahn S, Cohen G. The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: evidence supporting it. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:804-812.
59. Yoshikawa T. Free radicals and their scavengers in Parkinson's disease. Eur Neurol. 1993;33:60-68.
60. Dexter DT, Holley AE, Flitter WD, et al. Increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides in the parkinsonian substantia nigra: an HPLC and ESR study. Mov Disord. 1994; 9:92-97.
61. Sian J, Dexter DT, Lees AJ, et al. Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting basal ganglia. Ann Neurol. 1994;36:348-355.
62. Hirsch EC. Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease with special reference to the dopaminergic systems. Mol Neurobiol. 1994;9:135-142.
63. Sanchez-Ramos JR, Overvik E, Ames BN. A marker of oxyradical-mediated DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine) is increased in nigro-striatum of Parkinson's disease brain. Neurodegeneration. 1994;3:197-204.
64. Schapira AHV. Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease: review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1995;21:3-9.
65. Jenner P. Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Pathol Biol. 1996;44:57-64.
66. Yoritaka A, Hattori N, Uchida K, Tanaka M, Stadtman ER, Mizuno Y. Immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:2696-2701.
67. Castellani R, Smith MA, Richey PL, Perry G. Glycoxidation and oxidative stress in Parkinson disease and diffuse Lewy body disease. Brain Res. 1996; 737:195-200.
68. Ziv I, Zilkhafalb R, Offen D, Shirvan A, Barzilai A, Melamed E. Levodopa induces apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells: a possible accelerator of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord. 1997;12:17-23.
69. Maruyama W, Sobue G, Matsubara K, Hashizume Y, Dostert P, Naoi M. A dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1(R),2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, and its oxidation product, 1,2 (N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion, accumulate in the nigrostriatal system of the human brain. Neurosci Lett. 1997;223:61-64.
70. Romero-Ramos M, Rodriguez-Gomez JA, Venero JL, Cano J, Machado A. Chronic inhibition of the high-affinity dopamine uptake system increases oxidative damage to proteins in the aged rat substantia nigra. Free Radical Biol Med. 1997; 23:1-7.
71. Cohen G, Farooqui R, Kesler N. Parkinson disease: a new link between monoamine oxidase and mitochondrial electron flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94:4890-4894.
72. Alam ZI, Jenner A, Daniel SE, et al. Oxidative DNA damage in the parkinsonian brain: an apparent selective increase in 8-hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra. J Neurochem. 1997;69:1196-1203.
73. Alam ZI, Daniel SE, Lees AJ, Marsden CD, Jenner P, Halliwell B. A generalised increase in protein carbonyls in the brain in Parkinson's but not incidental Lewy body disease. J Neurochem. 1997;69:1326-1329.
74. Pearce RKB, Owen A, Daniel S, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Alterations in the distribution of glutathione in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 1997;104:661-677.
75. Owen AD, Schapira AHV, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Indices of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1997;51:167-173.
76. Haavik J, Toska K. Tyrosine hydroxylase and Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurobiol. 1998;16:285-309.
77. Jenner P. Oxidative mechanisms in nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1998;13:24-34.
78. Cheng NN, Maeda T, Kume T, et al. Differential neurotoxicity induced by L-DOPA and dopamine in cultured striatal neurons. Brain Res. 1996;743:278-283.
79. Fukuda T, Watabe K, Tanaka J. Effects of bromocriptine and/or L-DOPA on neurons in substantia nigra of MPTP-treated C578L/6 mice. Brain Res. 1996;728: 274-276.
80. Offen D, Ziv I, Sternin H, Melamed E, Hochman A. Prevention of dopamine-induced cell death by thiol antioxidants: possible implications for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 1996;141:32-39.
81. Ziv I, Zilkhafalb R, Offen O, Shirvan A, Barzilai A, Melamed E. Levodopa induces apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells: a possible accelerator of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord. 1997;12:17-23.
82. Alexander T, Sortwell CE, Sladek CD, Roth RH, Steece-Collier K. Comparison of neurotoxicity following repeated administration of L-dopa, D-dopa, and dopamine to embryonic mesencephalic dopamine neurons in cultures derived from Fisher 344 and Sprague-Dawley donors. Cell Transplant. 1997;6:309-315.
83. Velez-Pardo C, Del Rio MJ, Verschueren H, Ebinger G, Vauquelin G. Dopamine and iron induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997;80:76-84.
84. Lai CT, Yu PH. Dopamine- and L-beta-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine hydrochloride (L-DOPA)-induced cytotoxicity towards catecholaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: effects of oxidative stress and antioxidative factors. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997;53:363-372.
85. Offen D, Ziv I, Panet H, et al. Dopamine-induced apoptosis is inhibited in PC12 cells expressing bcl-2. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1997;17:289-304.
86. Hastings TG, Zigmond MJ. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in parkinsonism: possible role of reactive dopamine metabolites. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1997;49: 103-110.
87. Mena MA, Casarejos MJ, Carazo A, Paino CL, de Yebenes JG. Glia protect fetal midbrain dopamine neurons in culture from L-DOPA toxicity through multiple mechanisms. J Neural Transm. 1997;104:317-328.
88. Levay G, Ye QP, Bodell WJ. Formation of DNA adducts and oxidative base damage by copper mediated oxidation of dopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine. Exp Neurol. 1997;146:570-574.
89. Nakao N, Nakai K, Itakura T. Metabolic inhibition enhances selective toxicity of L-DOPA toward mesencephalic dopamine neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 1997; 777:202-209.
90. Luo YQ, Umegaki H, Wang XT, Abe R, Roth GS. Dopamine induces apoptosis through an oxidation-involved SAPK/JNK activation pathway. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273:3756-3764.
91. McLaughlin BA, Nelson D, Erecinska M, Chesselet MF. Toxicity of dopamine to striatal neurons in vitro and potentiation of cell death by a mitochondrial inhibitor. J Neurochem. 1998;70:2406-2415.
92. Von Voigtlander PF, Fici GJ, Althaus JS. Pharmacological approaches to counter the toxicity of dopa. Amino Acids. 1998;14:189-196.
93. Fahn S. Levodopa-induced neurotoxicity: does it represent a problem for the treatment of Parkinson's disease? CNS Drugs. 1997;8:376-393.
94. Mena MA, Casarejos MJ, Carazo A, Paino CL, De Yebenes JG. Glia conditioned medium protects fetal rat midbrain neurones in culture from L-DOPA toxicity. Neuroreport. 1996;7:441-445.
95. Mena MA, Casarejos MJ, Carazo A, Paino CL, de Yebenes JG. Glia protect fetal midbrain dopamine neurons in culture from L-DOPA toxicity through multiple mechanisms. J Neural Transm. 1997;104:317-328.
96. Mena MA, Davila V, Sulzer D. Neurotrophic effects of L-DOPA in postnatal midbrain dopamine neuron cortical astrocyte cocultures. J Neurochem. 1997;69: 1398-1408.
97. Cotzias GC, Milier ST, Tang LC, Papavasiliou PS. Levodopa, fertility, and longevity. Science. 1977;196:549-551.
98. Hefti F, Melamed E, Bhawan J, Wurtman RJ. Long-term administration of levodopa does not damage dopaminergic neurons in the mouse. Neurology. 1981; 31:1194-1195.
99. Reches A, Fahn S. Chronic dopa feeding of mice. Neurology. 1982;32:684-685.
100. Perry TL, Yong VW, Ito M, et al. Nigrostriatal dopamine neurons remain undamaged in rats given high doses of L-DOPA and carbidopa chronically. J Neurochem. 1984;43:990-993.
101. Quinn N, Parkes D, Janota I, Marsden CD. Preservation of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in a patient receiving levodopa (2 kg) plus decarboxylase inhibitor over a four-year period. Mov Disord. 1986;1:65-68.
102. Rajput AH, Fenton ME, Birdi S, Macaulay R. Is levodopa toxic to human substantia nigra? Mov Disord. 1997;12:634-638.
103. Blunt SB, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Suppressive effect of L-DOPA on dopamine cells remaining in the ventral tegmental area of rats previously exposed to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Mov Disord. 1993;8:129-133.
104. Fukuda T, Watabe K, Tanaka J. Effects of bromocriptine and/or L-DOPA on neurons in substantia nigra of MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice. Brain Res. 1996;728: 274-276.
105. Murer MG, Dziewczapolski G, Menalled LB, et al. Chronic levodopa is not toxic for remaining dopamine neurons, but instead promotes their recovery, in rats with moderate nigrostriatal lesions. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:561-575.
106. Agid Y. Levodopa: is toxicity a myth? Neurology. 1998;50:858-863.
107. Fahn S. Welcome news about levodopa, but uncertainty remains. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:551-554.
108. Fahn S, Rudolph A, Parkinson Study Group. Neurologists' treatment patterns for Parkinson's disease (PD) [abstract]. Mov Disord. 1996;11:595.