Neuroprotection mediated via neurotrophic factors and induction of neurotrophic factors

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 176-188

  Semkova, Irina ^a   Krieglstein, Josef ^b  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^b PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Excitotoxicity; Induction; Ischemia; Neuroprotection; Neurotrophic factor; NGF; Rat

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CLENBUTEROL; EXCITOTOXIN; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN; PROPRANOLOL;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; BETA ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL SURVIVAL; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN INDUCTION; RAT; REVIEW; STROKE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL SURVIVAL; HUMANS; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEURONS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; RATS;

EID: 0032873417     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00013-2     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Anciaux K., van Dommelen K., Nikolai S., van Mechelen E. Cyclic AMP-mediated induction of the glial fibrillary acidic protein is independent of protein kinase A activation in rat C6 glioma. J. Neurosci. Res. 48:1997;324-333.
2. Anderson K.J., Dam D., Lee S., Cotman C.W. Basic fibroblast growth factor prevents death of lesioned cholinergic neurons in vivo. Nature. 332:1988;360-368.
3. Arenander A.T., de Vellis J., Herschman H.R. Induction of c-fos and TIS genes in cultured astrocytes by neurotransmitters. J. Neurosci. Res. 24:1989;107-114.
4. Arendt T., Brückner M.K., Krell T., Pagliusi S., Kruska L., Heumann R. Degeneration of rat cholinergic basal forebrain neurons and reactive changes in nerve growth factor expression after chronic neurotoxic injury: II. Reactive expression of nerve growth factor gene in astrocytes. Neuroscience. 65:1989;647-659.
5. Asada H., Ip N.Y., Pan L., Razack N., Parfitt M.M., Plunkett R.J. Time course of ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in coincident with the present of protoplasmic astrocytes in traumatized rat striatum. J. Neurosci. Res. 40:1995;22-30.
6. Ayer-LeLievre C., Olson L., Ebendal T., Seiger A., Persson H. Expression of the β-nerve growth factor gene in hippocampal neurons. Science. 240:1988;1339-1341.
7. Bakhit C., Armanini M., Bennett G.L., Wong W.L.T., Hansen S.E., Taylor R. Increase in glia-derived nerve growth factor following destruction of hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 560:1991;76-84.
8. Beg A.A., Baltimore D. An essential role for NFκB in preventing TNF-α-induced cell death. Science. 274:1996;782-784.
9. Berry M., Maxwell W.L., Logan A., Mathewson A., McConnell P., Ashhurst D.E., Thomas G.H. Deposition of scar tissue in the central nervous system. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 32:1983;31-53.
10. Biagini G., Frasoldati A., Fuxe K., Agnati L.F. The concept of astrocyte-kinetic drug in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: evidence for l-deprenyl-induced activation of reactive astrocytes. Neurochem. Int. 25:1994;17-22.
11. Black M.A., Pope L., Lefebvre F., Lefebvre Y., Walker P. Thyroid hormones precociously increase nerve growth factor gene expression in the submandibular gland of neonatal mice. Endocrinology. 130:1992;2083-2090.
12. Boutros T., Croze E., Yong V.W. Interferon-β is a potent promoter of nerve growth factor production by astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;939-946.
13. Buchan A.M., Williams L., Bruederlin B. Nerve growth factor: pretreatment ameliorates ischemic hippocampal neuronal injury. Stroke. 21:1990;177.
14. Carman-Krzan M., Vige X., Wise B.C. Regulation by interleukin-1 of nerve growth factor secretion and nerve growth factor mRNA expression in rat primary astroglial cultures. J. Neurochem. 56:1991;636-643.
15. Carroll P., Sendtner M., Meyer M., Thoenen H. Rat ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF): gene structure and regulation of mRNA levels in glial cell cultures. Glia. 9:1994;176-187.
16. Carswell S., Hoffman E.K., Clopton-Hartpence K., Wilcox H.M., Lewis M.E. Induction of NGF by isoproterenol, 4-methylcatechol and serum occurs by three distinct mechanisms. Mol. Brain Res. 15:1992;145-150.
17. Carswell S. The potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders with NGF-inducing compounds. Exp. Neurobiol. 124:1993;36-42.
18. Carter B.D., Kaltschmidt C., Kaltschmidt B., Offenhäuser N., Böhm-Matthaei R., Baeuerle P.A., Barde Y-A. Selective activation of NF-kB by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75. Science. 272:1996;542-545.
19. Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Carter B.D., Dobrowsky R.T., Chao M.V. Death of oligodendrocytes mediated by the interaction of nerve growth factor with its receptor p75. Nature. 383:1996;716-719.
20. Cheng B., Mattson M.P. NGF and bFGF protect rat hippocampal and human cortical neurons against hypoglycemic damage by stabilizing calcium homeostasis. Neuron. 7:1991;1031-1041.
21. Condorelli D.F., Dell'Albani P., Mudo G., Timmusk T., Belluardo N N. Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in primary astroglial celtures: induction by cyclic AMP-elevating agents. J. Neurochem. 63:1994;509-516.
22. da Penha Berzaghi M., Cooper J., Castren E., Zafra F., Sofroniew M., Thoenen H., Lindholm D. Cholinergic regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) but not neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA levels in the developing rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;3818-3826.
23. dal Toso R., de Bernardi M.A., Brooker G., Costa E., Mocchetti I. Beta-adrenergic and prostaglandin receptor activation increases nerve growth factor mRNA content in C6-2B rat astrocytoma cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 246:1988;1190-1193.
24. D'Mello S.R., Heinrich G. Induction of nerve growth factor gene expression by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate. J. Neurochem. 55:1990;718-721.
25. D'Mello S.R., Heinrich G. Nerve growth factor gene expression: involvement of a downstream AP-1 element in basal and modulated transcription. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 2:1991;157-167.
26. DeKosky S.T., Goss J.R., Miller P.D., Styren S.D., Kochanek P.M., Marion D. Upregulation of nerve growth factor following cortical trauma. Exp. Neurol. 130:1994;173-177.
27. Dobrowsky R.T., Werner M.H., Castellino A.M., Chao M.V., Hannun Y.A. Activation of the sphingomyelin cycle through the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor. Science. 265:1994;1596-1599.
28. Ernfors P., Bengzon J., Kokaia Z., Persson H., Lindvall O. Increased levels of messenger RNAs for neurotrophic factors in the brain during kindling epileptogenesis. Neuron. 7:1991;165-176.
29. Facci L., Skaper D., Levin D.L., Varon S. Dissociation of the stellate morphology from intracellular cyclic-AMP levels in cultured rat brain astroglial cells: effect of ganglioside GM1 and lysophosphatidylserine. J. Neurochem. 48:1987;566-573.
30. Figueiredo B.C., Plüss K., Skup M., Otten U., Cuello A.C. Acidic FGF induces NGF and its mRNA in the injured neocortex of adult animals. Mol. Brain Res. 33:1995;1-6.
31. Follesa P., Mocchetti I. I Regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor mRNA by β-adrenergic receptor activation and adrenal steroids in rat central nervous system. Mol. Pharmacol. 43:1992;132-138.
32. Frautschy S.A., Walicke P.A., Baird A. Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor and ist mRNA after CNS injury. Brain Res. 553:1991;291-299.
33. Frim D.M., Short M.P., Rosenberg W.S., Simpson J., Breakfield X.O., Isacson O. Local protective effect of nerve growth factor-secreting fibroblasts against excitotoxic lesions in the rat striatum. J. Neurosurg. 78:1993;267-273.
34. Fukumoto H., Kakihana M., Suno M. Characterization of C6-10A glioma cells highly responsive to β-adrenergic receptor agonist-induced NGF synthesis/secretion. Glia. 12:1994;151-160.
35. Furukawa Y., Fukazawa N., Miyama Y., Hayashi K., Furukawa S. Stimulatory effect of 4-alkylcatechols and their diacetylated derivatives on the synthesis of nerve growth factor. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40:1990;2337-2342.
36. Furukawa S., Furukawa Y., Satoyoshi E., Hayashi K. Synthesis/secretion of nerve growth factor is associated with cell growth in cultured mouse astroglial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 142:1987;359-402.
37. Gadient R.A., Cron K.C., Otten U. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α synergistically stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) release from cultured rat astrocytes. Neurosci. Lett. 117:1990;335-340.
38. Gall C.M., Murray K., Isackson P.J. Kainic acid induces seizures stimulate increased expression of nerve growth factor mRNA in the rat hippocampus. Mol. Brain Res. 9:1991;113-123.
39. Galve-Roperh I., Haro A., Diaz-Laviada I. Induction of nerve growth factor synthesis by sphingomyelinase and ceramide in primary astrocyte cultures. Mol. Brain Res. 52:1997;90-97.
40. Galve-Roperh I., Malpartida J.M., Haro A., Brachet P., Diaz-Laviada I. Regulation of nerve growth factor secretion and mRNA expression by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 49:1997;569-575.
41. Gasser U.E., Weskamp G., Otten U., David A.R. Time course of the elevation of nerve growth factor (N.F.) content in the hippocampus and septum following lesions of the septohippocampal pathways in rats. Brain Res. 376:1986;351-356.
42. Giaume C., Marin P., Cordier J., Glowinski J., Premont J. Adrenergic regulation of intracellular communications between cultures of striatal astrocytes from the mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:1991;5577-5581.
43. Giulian D., Baker T.J., Shih L.C., Lachman L.B. Interleukin 1 of the central nervous system is produced by ameboid microglia. J. Exp. Med. 154:1986;594-604.
44. Guilian D., Lachman L.B. Interleukin-1 stimulation of astroglial proliferation after brain injury. Science. 228:1985;497-498.
45. Goldman J.E., Abramson B. Cyclic AMP-induced shape changes of astrocytes are accompanied by rapid depolymerization of actin. Brain Res. 528:1990;189-196.
46. Gwag B.J., Sessler F.M., Waterhouse B.D., Springer J.E. Regulation of nerve growth factor mRNA in the hippocampal formation: effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Exp. Neurol. 121:1993;160-171.
47. Hahn M., Lorez H., Fischer G. The immortalized astroglial cell line RC/ia a new model system for the study of nerve growth factor (NGF) regulation: stimulation by interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β1 is additive and affected differently by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Glia. 10:1994;286-294.
48. Harrison B.C., Mobley P.L. Phorbol ester-induced change in astrocyte morphology: correlation with protein kinase C activation and protein phosphorylation. J. Neurosci. Res. 25:1990;71-80.
49. Hartikka J., Hefti F. Development of septal cholinergic neurons in culture: plating density and glial cells modulate effects of NGF on survival, fiber growth, and expression of transmitter-specific enzymes. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;2967-2985.
50. Hayes V.Y., Isackson P.J., Fabrazzo M., Follesa P., Mocchetti I. Induction of nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA following clenbuterol: contrasting anatomical and cellular localization. Exp. Neurol. 132:1995;33-41.
51. Hefti F., Dravid A., Hartikka J. Chronic intraventricular injections of nerve growth factor elevate hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity in adult rats with partial septo-hippocampal lesions. Brain Res. 293:1984;305-311.
52. Hengerer B., Lindholm D., Heumann R., Ruther U., Wagner E.W., Thoenen H. Lesion-induced increase in nerve growth factor mRNA is mediated by c-fos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1990;3899-3902.
53. Henrich-Noack P., Prehn J.H.M., Krieglstein J. TGF-β1 protects hippocampal neurons against degeneration caused by transient global ischemia. Stroke. 27:1996;1609-1615.
54. Hodges-Savola C., Rogers S.D., Ghilardi J.R., Timm D.R., Mantyh P. β-Adrenergic receptors regulate astrogliosis and cell proliferation in the central nervous system in vivo. Glia. 17:1996;52-62.
55. Houlgatte R., Mallat M., Brachet P., Prochiantz A. Secretion of nerve growth factor in cultures of glial cells and neurons derived from different regions of the mouse brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 24:1989;143-152.
56. Hutter P., Johansson M., Saria A., Humpel C. Acute and chronic noradrenergic regulation of neurotrophin messenger RNA expression in rat hippocampus: evidence from lesions and organotypic culture. Neuroscience. 70:1996;15-29.
57. Junier M.P., Suzuki F., Onteniente B., Peschanski M. Target-deprived CNS neurons express the NGF gene while reactive glia around their axonal terminals contain low and high affinity NGF receptors. Mol. Brain Res. 24:1994;247-260.
58. Ip N.Y., Li Y., Yancopoulos G.D., Lindsay R.M. Cultured hippocampal neurons show responses to BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, but not NGF. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;3394-3405.
59. Ishikawa R., Nishikori K., Furukawa S. Appearance of nerve growth factor and acidic fibroblast growth factor with different time course in the cavity-lesioned cortex of the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 127:1991;70-72.
60. Klempt N.D., Sirimanne E., Gunn A.J., Klempt M., Singh K., Williams C., Gluckman P.D. Hypoxia-ischemia induces transforming growth factor β1 mRNA in the infant rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 13:1992;93-101.
61. Korsching S., Heumann R., Thoenen H., Hefti F. Levels of nerve growth factor and its mRNA in the central nervous system of the rat correlate with cholinergic innervation. EMBO J. 4:1985;1389-1393.
62. K. Krieglstein, J. Krieglstein, TGF-β1 signaling and neuroprotection: relevance to ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, in: M.P. Mattson (Ed.), Neuroprotective Signal Transduction, Humana Press, Totowa, 1998, pp. 119-144.
63. J. Krieglstein, I. Semkova, C. Culmsee, P. Wolz, Neuroprotection by drug-induced neurotrophic factors, in: U. Ito, T. Kirino, T. Kuroiwa, I. Klatzo (Eds.), Maturation Phenomenon in Cerebral Ischemia, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996, pp. 57-69.
64. Ladiwala U., Lachance C., Simoneau S.J., Bhakar A., Barker P.A., Antel J.P. p75 Neurotrophin receptor expression on adult human oligodendrocytes: signaling without cell death in response to NGF. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;1297-1304.
65. Lärkfors L., Lindsay R.M., Alderson R.F. Ciliary neurotrophic factor enhances the survival of Purkinje cells in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:1994;1015-1025.
66. Lauterborn J.C., Isackson P.J., Gall C.M. Nerve growth factor mRNA-containing cells are distributed within regions of cholinergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 306:1991;439-446.
67. Lauterborn J.C., Isackson P.J., Gall C.M. Seizure-induced increases in NGF mRNA exhibit different time courses across forebrain regions and are biphasic in hippocampus. Exp. Neurol. 125:1994;22-40.
68. Lee T.-H., Abe K., Kogure K., Itoyama Y. Expressions of nerve growth factor and p75 low affinity receptor after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbil hippocampal CA1 neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 41:1995;684-695.
69. Lin L.F., Mismer D., Lile J.D., Armes L.G., Butler E.T., Vanice J.L., Collins F. Purification, cloning and expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Science. 246:1989;1023-1025.
70. Lindefors N., Ernfors P., Falkenberg T., Persson H. Septal cholinergic afferents regulate expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and β-nerve growth factor mRNA in rat hippocampus. Exp. Brain Res. 88:1992;78-90.
71. Lindholm D., Castren E., Hengerer B., Zafra F., Berninger B., Thoenen H. Differential regulation of NGF synthesis in neurons and astrocytes by glucocorticoid hormones. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1992;404-410.
72. Lindholm D., Hengerer B., Zafra F., Thoenen H. Transforming growth factor-β1 stimulates expression of nerve growth factor in the rat CNS. NeuroReport. 1:1990;9-12.
73. Liu Z., Hsu H., Goeddel D.V., Karin M. Dissection of TNF receptor 1 effector functions: JNK activation is not linked to apoptosis while NFκB activation prevents cell death. Cell. 87:1996;565-576.
74. Lorez H., Keller F., Ruess G., Otten U. Nerve growth factor increases in adult rat brain after hypoxic injury. Neurosci. Lett. 98:1989;339-344.
75. Loy R., Koziell D.A., Lindsey J.D., Moore R.Y. Noradrenergic innervation of the adult rat hippocampal formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 189:1980;699-710.
76. Lu B., Yokoyama M., Dreyfus C.F., Black I.B. NGF gene expression in actively growing brain glia. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;318-326.
77. Magal E., Louis J-C., Oudega M., Varon S. CNTF promotes the survival of neonatal rat corticospinal neurons in vitro. NeuroReport. 4:1993;779-782.
78. Maimone D., Cioni C., Rosa S., Macchia G., Aloisi F., Annunziata P. Norepinephrine and vasoactive intestinal peptide induce IL-6 secretion by astrocytes: synergism with IL-1β and TNFα J. Neuroimmunol. 47:1993;73-82.
79. 2-Adrenergic receptors are expressed by glia in vivo in the normal and injured central nervous system in the rat, rabbit, and human. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;152-164.
80. Mattson M.P., Goodman Y., Luo H., Fu W., Furukawa K. Activation of NFκB protects hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis: evidence for induction of manganese superoxide dismutase and suppression of peroxynitrate production and protein tyrosine nitration. J. Neurosci. Res. 49:1997;681-697.
81. Mattson M.P., Kumar K.H., Wang H., Cheng B., Michaelis E.K. Basic FGF regulates the expression of a functional 71 kDa NMDA receptor protein that mediates calcium influx and neurotoxicity in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;4575-4588.
82. 2+ concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurochem. 65:1995;1740-1751.
83. Mattson M.P., Murrain M., Guthrie B., Kater S.B. Fibroblast growth factor and glutamate: opposing actions in the generation and degeneration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;3728-3740.
84. Mobley W.C., Rutkowoski J.L., Tennekoon G.I., Gemski J., Buchanan K., Johnson M.V. Nerve growth factor increases choline acetyltransferase activity in developing basal forebrain neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 1:1986;53-62.
85. Mocchetti I. Theoretical basis for a pharmacology of nerve growth biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:1991;303-328.
86. Mocchetti I., de Bernardi M.A., Szekely A.M., Alho H., Brooker G., Costa E. Regulation of nerve growth factor biosynthesis by β-adrenergic receptor activation in astrocytoma cells: a potential role of c-Fos protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:1989;3891-3895.
87. Neveu I., Jehan P., Houlgatte R., Wion D., Brachet P. Activation of nerve growth factor synthesis by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate: role of protein kinase C. Brain Res. 570:1992;316-322.
88. Nieto-Sampedro M., Lewis E.R., Cotman C.W., Manthorpe M., Skaper S.D., Barbin G., Longo F.M., Varon S. Brain injury causes a time-dependent increase in neuronotrophic activity at the lesion site. Science. 217:1982;860-861.
89. Nitta A., Furukawa Y., Hayashi K., Hiramatsu M., Kameyama T., Hasegawa T., Nabeshima T. Denervation of dopaminergic neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine increases nerve growth factor content in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 144:1992;152-156.
90. Nozaki K., Finklestein S.P., Beal M.F. Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against hypoxia/ischemia and NMDA neurotoxicity in neonatal rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13:1993;221-228.
91. Oderfeld-Nowak B., Bacia A., Gradlowska M., Fusco M., Vantini G., Leon A., Aloe L. In vivo activated brain astrocytes may produce and secrete nerve growth factor-like molecules. Neurochem. Int. 21:1992;455-461.
92. Ono T., Saito H., Kishimoto T., Okumoto T., Miyamoto K. Stimulation of biosynthesis of nerve growth factor by acidic fibroblast growth factor in cultured mouse astrocytes. Neurosci. Lett. 126:1991;18-28.
93. Onteniente B., Horellou P., Neveu I., Makeh I., Suzuki F., Bourdet C., Grimber G., Colin P., Brachet P., Mallet J., Briand P., Peschanski M. Cell-type-specific expression and regulation of a c-fos-NGF fusion gene in neurons and astrocytes of transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 21:1994;225-234.
94. Ordway G.A., Gambarana C., Frazer A. Quantitative autoradiography of central beta adrenoceptor subtypes: comparison of the effects of chronic treatment with desipramine or centrally administered l-isoproterenol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247:1988;379-389.
95. Pechan P.A., Yoshida T., Panahian N., Moskowitz M.A., Breakefield X.O. Genetically modified fibroblasts producing NGF protect hippocampal neurons after ischemia in the rat. NeuroReport. 6:1995;669-672.
96. Prehn J.H.M., Backhauß C., Krieglstein J. Transforming growth factor-β1 prevents glutamate neurotoxicity in rat neocortical cultures and protects mouse neocortex from ischemic injury in vivo. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13:1993;521-525.
97. Pshenichkin S.P., Szekeley A.M., Wise B.C. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms involved in the interleukin-1, steroid, and protein kinase C regulation of nerve growth factor in cortical astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 63:1994;419-428.
98. Roßner S., Wörtwein G., Gu Z., Yu J., Schleibs R., Bigl V., Perez-Polo R.J. Cholinergic control of nerve growth factor in adult rats: evidence from cortical cholinergic deafferentation and chronic drug treatment. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;947-953.
99. J.S. Rudge, Astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factors, in: S. Murphy (Ed.), Astrocytes: Pharmacology and Function, Academic Press, New York, 1993, pp. 267-305.
100. Rudge J.S., Alderson R.F., Pasnikowski E.M., McClain J., Ip N.Y., Linsay R.M. Expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor and the neurotrophins - nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 - in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1992;459-471.
101. Rudge J.S., Li Y., Pasnikowski E.M., Mattson K., Pan L., Yancopoulos G.D., Wiegand S.J., Lindsay R.M., Ip N.Y. Neurotrophic factor receptors and their signal transduction capabilities in rat astrocytes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:1994;693-705.
102. Rudge J.S., Pasnikowski E.M., Cai N., Wiegand S.J., Lindsay R.M. The β-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol attenuates neuronal loss and prevents CNTF up-regulation induced by systemic injection of kainic acid. IBRO Abstr. A. 7.14:1995;147.
103. Rudge J.S., Pasnikowski E.M., Holst P., Lindsay R.M. Changes in neurotrophic factor expression and receptor activation following exposure of hippocampal neuron/astrocyte cocultures to kainic acid. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;6856-6867.
104. Rush R.A., Mayo R., Zettler C. The regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis and delivery to peripheral neurons. Pharmacol. Ther. 65:1995;93-123.
105. Salm A.K., McCarthy L.D. Beta-adrenergic receptor regulation by astrocytes isolated from adult rat cortex. Glia. 2:1989;346-352.
106. Schreck R., Meier B., Mannel D.N., Droge W. Tithiocarbamates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor κB in intact cells. J. Exp. Med. 175:1992;1181-1194.
107. Schwartz J.P., Costa E. Regulation of nerve growth factor content in C6 glioma cells by β-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 300:1977;123-129.
108. Schwartz J.P., Mishler K. Beta-adrenergic receptor regulation, through cyclic AMP, of nerve growth factor expression in rat cortical and cerebellar astrocytes. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 10:1990;447-457.
109. Schwartz J.P., Nishiyama N. Neurotrophic factor gene expression in astrocytes during development and following injury. Brain Res. Bull. 35:1994;403-407.
110. I. Semkova, C. Culmsee, J. Krieglstein, Neuroprotection caused by NGF and NGF-inducing drugs, in: J. Krieglstein (Ed.), Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia 1996, Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart, 1996, pp. 477-493.
111. Semkova I., Krieglstein J. Induction of NGF in rat cortical astrocytes by isoproterenol, clenbuterol and selegiline. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15:1995;573. Abstr.
112. Semkova I., Schilling M., Henrich-Noack P., Rami A., Krieglstein J. Clenbuterol protects mouse cerebral cortex and rat hippocampus from ischemic damage and attenuates glutamate neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons by induction of NGF. Brain Res. 717:1996;44-54.
113. Sendtner M., Kreutzberg G.W., Thoenen H. Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the degeneration of motor neurons after axotomy. Nature. 345:1990;440-441.
114. Shao Y., McCarthy K.D. Plasticity of astrocytes. Glia. 11:1996;147-155.
115. Shao Y., Sutin J. Noradrenergic facilitation of motor neurons: localization of adrenergic receptors in neurons and nonneuronal cells in the trigeminal motor nucleus. Exp. Neurol. 114:1991;216-227.
116. Shao Y., Sutin J. Expression of adrenergic receptors in individual astrocytes and motor neurons isolated from the adult rat brain. Glia. 6:1992;108-117.
117. Shelton D.L., Reichardt L.F. Studies on the expression of the β-nerve growth factor (NGF) gene in the central nervous system: level and regional distribution of NGF mRNA suggest that NGF functions as a trophic factor for several distinct populations of neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:1986;2714-2720.
118. Shigeno T., Mima T., Takaura K., Graham D.I., Kato G., Hashimoto Y., Furukawa S. Amelioration of delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus by nerve growth factor. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;2914-2919.
119. Shimohama S., Ogawa N., Tamura Y., Akaike A., Tsukahara T., Iwata H., Kimura J. Protective effect of nerve growth factor against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. Brain Res. 632:1993;296-302.
120. Spranger M., Lindholm D., Bandtlow C., Heumann R., Gnahn H., Naher-Noe M., Thoenen H. Regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in tha rat central nervous system: comparison between the effect of interleukin-1 and various growth factors in astrocyte cultures and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2:1990;69-76.
121. Stahl N., Yancopoulos G.D. The alphas, betas and kinases of cytokine receptor complexes. Cell. 74:1993;587-590.
122. Strauss S., Otten U., Joggerst B., Pluss K., Volk B. Increased levels of nerve growth factor (NHG) protein and mRNA and reactive gliosis following kainic acid injection into the rat striatum. Neurosci. Lett. 168:1994;193-196.
123. Taglialatela G., Robinson R., Perez-Polo R.J. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activity induces nerve growth factor-resistant apoptosis in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 47:1997;155-162.
124. 14C ]iodoantipyrine autoradiography following middle cerebral artery occlusion J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1:1981;61-68.
125. van Antwerp D.J., Martin S.J., Kafri T., Green D.R., Verma I.M. Suppression of TNF-α-induced apoptosis by NFκB. Science. 274:1996;787-789.
126. Vige X., Tang B., Wise B.C. Cortical neurons inhibit basal and interleukin-1-stimulated astroglial cell secretion of nerve growth factor. Brain Res. 591:1992;345-350.
127. Whittemore S.R., Ebendal T., Lärkfors L., Olson L., Seiger A., Strömberg I., Persson H. Developmental and regional expression of β-nerve growth factor messenger RNA and protein in the rat central nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:1986;817-821.
128. Whittemore S.R., Friedman P.L., Larhammar D., Persson H., Gonzales-Carvajal M., Holets V.R. Rat beta nerve growth factor sequence and site of synthesis in the adult hippocampus. J. Neurosci. Res. 20:1988;403-410.
129. Whittemore S.R., Seiger A. The expression, localization and functional significance of β-nerve growth factor in the central nervous system. Brain Res. Rev. 12:1987;439-446.
130. Wiegmann K., Schutze S., Machleidt T., Witte D., Kronke M. Functional dichotomy of neutral and acidic sphyngomyelinases in tumor necrosis factor signaling. Cell. 78:1994;1005-1015.
131. Williams L.R., Varon S., Peterson G., Wictorin K., Fischer W., Björklund A., Gage F.H. Continuous infusion of nerve growth factor prevents basal forebrain neuronal cell death after fimbria-fornix transection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:1986;9231-9236.
132. Wion D., Houlgatte R., Barbot N., Barrand P., Dicou E., Brachet P. Retinoic acid increases the expression of NGF gene in mouse L cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149:1987;510-514.
133. Yamakuni T., Ozawa F., Hishinuma F., Kuwano R., Takahashi Y., Amano T. Expression of β-nerve growth factor mRNA in rat glioma cells and astrocytes from rat brain. FEBS Lett. 223:1987;117-121.
134. Yankner B.A., Caceres A., Duffy L.K. Nerve growth factor potentiates the neurotoxicity of beta amyloid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1990;9020-9023.
135. Yoshida K., Gage F.H. Cooperative regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis and secretion in fibroblasts and astrocytes by fibroblast growth factor and other cytokines. Brain Res. 569:1992;14-25.
136. Yu J., Pizzo D.P., Hutton L.A., Perez-Polo R.J. Role of cholinergic system in the regulation of neurotrophin synthesis. Brain Res. 705:1995;247-254.
137. Yu J., Wiley R.G., Perez-Polo R.J. Altered NGF protein levels in different brain areas after immunolesion. J. Neurosci. Res. 43:1996;213-223.
138. Zafra F., Castren E., Thoenen H., Lindholm D. Interplay between glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid transmitter systems in the physiological regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor synthesis in hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:1991;10037-10041.
139. Zafra F., Hengerer B., Lebrock J., Thoenen H., Lindholm D. Activity dependent regulation of BDNF and NGF mRNAs in the rat hippocampus is mediated by non-NMDA dlutamate receptors. EMBO J. 9:1990;3545-3550.
140. Zafra F., Lindholm D., Castren E., Hartikka J., Thoenen H. Regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor mRNA in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4793-4799.
141. Zhang Y., Tatsuno T., Carney J.M., Mattson M.P. Basic FGF, NGF, and IGFs protect hippocampal and cortical neurons against iron-induced degeneration. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13:1993;378-388.
142. Y. Zhu, C. Culmsee, I. Semkova, J. Krieglstein, Stimulation of β-adrenoceptors inhibits apoptosis in rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (1998) in press.