Benefits and risks of transfer from oral agents to insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Drug Safety

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 7-22

  Evans, Alison ^a   Krentz, Andrew J ^a  

^a SOUTHAMPTON GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; INSULIN; ISOPHANE INSULIN; METFORMIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; TROGLITAZONE;

DIET THERAPY; EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN TREATMENT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; PREGNANCY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0032868270     PISSN: 01145916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00002018-199921010-00002     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. 1. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1183-97
2. 2. Bennett PH, Bogardus C, Tuomiletho J, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of NIDDM: non-obese and obese. In: Alberti KGMM, DeFronzo RA, Keen H, et al., editors. International textbook of diabetes. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992: 147-96
3. 3. Yudkin JS. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in Asians in the UK. Diabetic Med 1996; 13 Suppl. 6: S16-8
4. 4. Yki-Järvinen H. Pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1994; 343: 91-5
5. 5. Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Mitrakou A, et al. Renal glucose metabolism and utilization: new aspects in humans. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 749-57
6. 6. Dineen S, Gerich JE, Rizza R. Carbohydrate metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 707-13
7. 7. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-607
8. 8. Boden G. Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 1997; 46: 3-10
9. 9. Taylor SI, Accili D, Imai Y. Insulin resistance or insulin deficiency. Which is the primary cause of NIDDM? Diabetes 1994; 43: 735-40
10. 10. Krentz AJ. Insulin resistance. BMJ 1996; 313: 1385-9
11. 11. Turner R, Cull C, Holman R, et al. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 17: a 9-year update of a randomized, controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124 (1 Pt 2): 136-45
12. 12. Krentz AJ, Ferner RE, Bailey C. Comparative tolerability profiles of oral antidiabetic agents. Drug Saf 1994; 11: 224-38
13. 13. Groop L. Drug treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In: Williams G, Pickup JC, editors. Textbook of diabetes. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1997; 38.1-18
14. 14. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in type 2 diabetes patients (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854-65
15. 15. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1661-9
16. 16 Turner RC, Stratton I, Horton V, et al. UKPDS 25: auto-antibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1997; 350: 1288-93
17. 17. Alberti KGMM, Gries FA. Management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in europe: a consensus view. Diabetic Med 1988; 5: 275-81
18. 18. Watkins PJ. Guidelines for good practice in the diagnosis and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1993; 27: 259-66
19. 19. Knowler WC, Narayan KMV, Hanson RL, et al. Preventing non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes 1995; 44: 483-8
20. 20. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. Relation of glycemic control to diabetic microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1996; 123 (1 Pt 2): 90-6
21. 21. Hanssen KF. Blood glucose control and microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes. Diabetes 1997; 46: S101-3
22. 22. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86
23. 23. Pollet RJ, El-Kebbi IM. The applicability and implications of the DCCT to NIDDM. Diabetes Rev 1994; 2: 413-27
24. 24. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomised prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 28: 103-17
25. 25. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonytureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-53
26. 26. Nathan DM. Some answers, more controversy, from UKPDS. Lancet 1998; 352: 832-3
27. 27. Colwell JA. Intensive insulin therapy in type II diabetes: rationale and collaborative clinical trial results. Diabetes 1996; 45 Suppl. 3: S87-90
28. 28. Panzram G. Mortality and survival in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 123-31
29. 29. Hanefeld M, Fischer S, Julius U, et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: the Diabetes Intervention Study, 11 year follow-up. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1577-83
30. 30. Uusitupa MIJ, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, et al. Ten-year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in fipoprotein composition in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 1175-84
31. 31. Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS): II. Increased risk of cardiovascular complications in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 319-25
32. 32. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control an risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 701-13
33. 33. Savage P. Cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus: what we know and what we need to know about their prevention. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124 (1 Pt 2): 123-6
34. 34. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S. Dysglycaemia and risk of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1996; 347: 949-50
35. 35. European Arterial Risk Policy Group. A Strategy for arterial risk assessment and management in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1997; 14: 611-21
36. 36. Kuusísto J, Mykkanen L, Pyörälä K, et al. NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects. Diabetes 1994; 43: 960-7
37. 37. Genuth S. Exogenous insulin administration and cardiovascular risk in non insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124 (1 Pt 2): 104-9
38. 38. Taskinen M-R, Kuusi T, Helve E, et al. Insulin therapy induces antiatherogenic changes of serum lipoproteins in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 168-77
39. 39. Romano G, Patti L, Innelli F, et al. Insulin and sulfonylurea therapy in NIDDM. Are the effects on lipoprotein metabolism different even with similar blood glucose control? Diabetes 1997; 46: 1610-6
40. 40. Jain SR, Nagi DK, Slavin BM, et al. Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic subjects suppresses plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity and proinsulin-like molecules independently of glycaemic control. Diabetic Med 1993; 10: 27-32
41. 41. Malmberg K for the DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) study group. Prospective randomised study of intensive treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1997; 314: 1512-5
42. 42. Nattrass M. Managing diabetes after myocardial infarction. BMJ 1997; 314: 149
43. 43. Seltzer HS. A summary of criticism of the findings and conclusions of the University Group Diabetes Program. Diabetes 1972; 21: 976-9
44. 44. Leibowitz G, Cerasi E. Sulphonylurea treatment of NIDDM patients with cardiovascular disease: a mixed blessing? Diabetologia 1996; 39: 503-14
45. 45. Paasikivi J, Wahlberg F. Preventive tolbutamide treatment and arterial disease in mild hyperglycaemia. Diabetologia 1971; 7: 323-7
46. 46. Sartor G, Scherstén B, Carlström S, et al. Ten year follow-up of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Prevention of diabetes by tolbutamide and diet intervention. Diabetes 1980; 29: 41-9
47. 47. Elliot TG, Viberti GC. Relationship between insulin resistance and coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus and the general population: a critical appraisal. Bailliere's Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 7: 1079-103
48. 48. Jarrett RJ. Why insulin is not a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 945-7
49. 49. Reaven GM, Chen Y-DI. Insulin resistance, its consequences and coronary heart disease. Must we choose one culprit? Circulation 1996; 93: 1780-3
50. 50. Despres J-P, Lamarche B, Mauriège P, et al. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 952-7
51. 51. Stout RW. Hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis. Diabetes 1996; 45 Suppl. 3: S45-6
52. 52. Nordestgaard BG, Agerholm-Larsen B, Stender S. Effect of exogenous hyperinsulinaemia on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 512-20
53. 53. Stern MP. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The 'common soil' hypothesis. Diabetes 1995; 44: 369-74
54. 54. Abraira C, Colwell J, Nuttall F, et al. Veterans Affairs cooperative study on glycemic control and complication in type II diabetes (VA CSDM). Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1113-23
55. 55. Abraira C, Colwell J, Nuttall F, et al. Cardiovascular events and correlates in the Veterans Affairs diabetes feasibility trial. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 181-8
56. 56. Chantelau E, Kohner EM. Why some cases of retinopathy worsen when diabetic control improves. BMJ 1997; 315: 1105-6
57. 57. Henricsson M, Nilsson A, Janzon L, et al. The effect of glycaemic control and the introduction of insulin therapy on retinopathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1997; 14: 123-31
58. 58. Edelman SV, Henry RR. Insulin therapy for normalizing glycosylated hemoglobin in type II diabetes. Application, benefits, and risks. Diabetes Rev 1995; 3: 308-34
59. 59. Pugh JA, Ramirez G, Wagner ML, et al. Is combination sulfonylurea and insulin therapy useful in NIDDM patients? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 953-9
60. 60. Chow C-C, Tsang LWW, Sorensen JP, et al. Comparison of insulin with or without continuation of oral hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of secondary failure in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 307-14
61. 61. Groop LC, Widén E, Ekstrand A, et al. Morning or bedtime NPH insulin combined with a sulfonylurea in the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1992; 831-4
62. 62. Soneru IL, Agrawal L, Murphy JC, et al. Comparison of morning or bedtime insulin with and without glyburide in secondary sulfonylurea failure. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 896-901
63. 63. Yki-Järvinen H, Kauppila M, Kujansuu E, et al. Comparison of insulin regimens in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1426-33
64. 64. Abraira C, Henderson WG, Colwell J, et al. Response to intensive therapy steps and to glipizid dose in combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 574-9
65. 65. Hunt LM, Valenzuela MA, Pugh JA. NIDDM patients' fears and hopes about insulin therapy: the basis of patient reluctance. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 292-8
66. 66. Sykes JE, Donohoc ME, Eiser C, et al. Quality of life and metabolic control in elderly patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes following conversion to insulin therapy. Diabetic Med 1994; 11 Suppl. 2: S5-6
67. 67. Wolffenbuttel BHR, Sels J-P JE, Rondas-Colbers GJWM, et al. Comparison of different insulin regimes in elderly patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1997; 19: 1326-32
68. 68. Chaudhuri A, Tomar R, Mohanty E, et al. The combination of insulin and metformin in treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diabetologia 1997; 40 Suppl.: A345
69. 69. Giugliano D, Quatraro A, Consoli G, et al. Metformin for obese, insulin-treated diabetic patients: improvement in glycaemic control and reduction of metabolic risk factors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 44: 107-12
70. 70. Yki-Järvinen H, Ryysy L, Nikkilä K, et al. Comparison of bedtime insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 30: 389-96
71. 71. Schwartz S, Raskin P, Fonseca V, et al for the troglitazone and exogenous insulin study group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 861-6
72. 72. Riddle MC. Learning to use troglitazone. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1389-90
73. 73. Taskinen M-R, Sane T, Helve E, et al. Bedtime insulin for suppression of overnight free-fatty acid, blood glucose, and glucose production in NIDDM. Diabetes 1989; 38: 580-9
74. 74. Turner RC, Holman RR. Insulin use in NIDDM: rationale based on pathophysiology of disease. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 1011-20
75. 75. Johannesen J, Petersen KF, Berger M, et al. New insulins and other possible therapeutic approaches. Diabetologia 1997; 40: B89-92
76. 76. Hepburn DA, MacLeod KM, Pell ACH, et al. Frequency and symptoms of hypoglycaemia experienced by patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. Diabetic Med 1993; 10: 231-7
77. 77. Henry RR, Gumbiner B, Ditzler T, et al. Intensive conventional insulin therapy for type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 21-31
78. 78. Shank ML, Del Prato S, DeFronzo RA. Bedtime insulin/daytime glipizide: effective therapy for sulfonylurea failures in NIDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44: 165-72
79. 79. Gaster B, Hirsch IB. The effects of improved glycemic control on complications in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 134-40
80. 80. Taylor R. Insulin for the non-insulin dependent diabetic? BMJ 1988; 296: 1015-6
81. 81. Van der Does FEE, De Necling JND, Snoek FJ, et al. Symptoms and well-being in relation to glycemic control in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 204-10
82. 82. De Sonnaville JJJ, Snoek FJ, Colly LP, et al. Well-being and symptoms in relation to insulin therapy in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 919-24
83. 83. Close CF, Lewis PG, Holder R, et al. Diabetes care in South Asian and white European patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Med 1995; 12: 619-21
84. 84. Hellman R, Regan J, Rosen H. Effect of intensive insulin treatment of diabetes on the risk of death or renal failure in NIDDM and IDDM. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 258-64
85. 85. De Sonnaville JJJ, Bouma M, Colly LP, et al. Sustained good glycaemic control in NIDDM patients by implementation of structured care in general practice: 2 year follow-up study. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 1334-40