Growth hormone as a potential future therapy for congestive heart failure

Coronary Artery Disease

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 383-388

  Fazio, Serafino ^a,b   Cittadini, Antonio ^a   Biondi, Bernadette ^a   Palmieri, Emiliano A ^a   Saccà, Luigi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b Medicina Interna   (Italy)

Author keywords

Congestive heart failure; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Growth hormone

Indexed keywords

GROWTH HORMONE;

AGED; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0032848358     PISSN: 09546928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019501-199909000-00006     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Schocken DD, Arrieta MI, Leaverton PE, Ross EA. Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20:301-306.
2. American Heart Association. Heart and stroke facts: 1996 statistical supplement. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 1995. pp. 15.
3. Ho KKL, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Grossman W, Levy D. Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects. Circulation 1993; 88:107-115.
4. Dec GW, Fuster V. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1564-1575.
5. Ross J Jr. Afterload mismatch and preload reserve: a conceptual framework for the analysis of ventricular function. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1976; 18:225-264.
6. Saccà L, Fazio S. Cardiac performance: growth hormone enters the race. Nat Med 1996; 2: 29-31.
7. Thorner MO, Vance ML, Horvath E, Kovacs K. The anterior pituitary gland. In Wilson JD, Foster DW (editors). Textbook of endocrinology. Eighth edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1992. pp. 221-310.
8. Saccà L, Cittadini A, Fazio S. Growth hormone and the heart. Endocr Rev 1994; 15:555-573. This was the first extensive review concerning basic and clinical studies of the cardiovascular effects of the excess and deficiency of growth hormone and IGF-I.
9. Froesch ER, Schnid C, Schwander J, Zapf J. Action of insulin-like growth factors. Ann Rev Physiol 1985; 47:443-467.
10. Isaksson OG, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Isgaard J. Action of growth hormone: current views. Acta Pediatr Scand 1988; 343:12-18.
11. Mathews LS, Norstedt G, Palmiter RD. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression by growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83:9343-9347.
12. Lie JT, Grossman SJ. Pathology of the heart in acromegaly: anatomic findings in 27 autopsied patients. Am Heart J 1980; 100:41-52. This paper presents an anatomic demonstration of the presence of cardiac hypertrophy in autopsied acromegalic patients.
13. Fazio S, Cittadini A, Sabatini D, Merola B, Colao A, Biondi B, et al. Evidence for biventricular involvement in acromegaly: a Doppler echocardiographic study. Eur Heart J 1993; 14:26-33. This paper presents evidence for biventricular involvement in active uncomplicated acromegaly, using Doppler echocardiography.
14. Merola B, Cittadini A, Colao A, Longobardi S, Fazio S, Sabatini D, et al. Cardiac structural and function abnormalities in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:1658-1661. This study showed that childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency produces left ventricular thinning and impairment of cardiac function.
15. Amato G, Carella C, Fazio S, La Montagna G, Cittadini A, Sabatini D, et al. Body composition, bone metabolism, heart structure and function in growth hormone deficient adult before and after growth hormone replacement therapy at low doses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:1671-1676. This study demonstrated how growth hormone replacement therapy in growth hormone-deficient patients increased left ventricular wall thickness and improved cardiac function.
16. Merola B, Cittadini A, Colao A, Ferone D, Fazio S, Sabatini D, et al. Chronic treatment with octreotide improves cardiac abnormalities in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:790-793. The authors of this report demonstrated that octreotide reduces left ventricular mass and improves diastolic filling in patients with acromegaly.
17. Fazio S, Cittadini A, Sabatini D, Merola B, Colao A, Biondi B, et al. Growth hormone and heart performance. A novel mechanism of cardiac wall stress regulation in humans. Eur Heart J 1997; 18:340-347. It was shown in this report that cardiac wall stress was reduced in patients with excess growth hormone, whereas it was increased in patients with growth hormone deficiency.
18. Timsit J, Rion B, Bertherat J, Wisnewsky C, Kato NS, Weisberg AS, et al. Effects of chronic growth hormone hypersecretion on intrinsic contractility, energetics, isomyosin pattern, and myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity of rat left ventricle. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:507-515. Chronic growth hormone hypersecretion was shown to lead to a unique pattern of myocardial adaptation which allows the muscle to improve its contractile performance and economy simultaneously. This was the first paper concerning the action of excess growth hormone on both ventricular function and energetics in the rat.
19. Cittadini A, Strömer H, Katz SE, Clark RG, Moses AC, Morgan JP, et al. Differential cardiac effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the rat. A combined in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Circulation 1996;93:800-809. Left ventricular hypertrophy induced by growth hormone and IGF-I was shown to be associated with increased in-vivo and in-vitro cardiac function, but not with significant reactive fibrosis. This was the first paper to describe the cardiovascular effects of growth hormone, IGF-I, and a combination of the two in the normal mammalian heart.
20. 2+ handling and enhance cardiac performance. In vitro evaluation in the isolated isovolumic buffer-perfused rat heart. Circ Res 1996; 79:227-236. Growth hormone was shown to exert inotropic action by enhancing the calcium responsiveness of the contractile myofilaments.
21. Thuesen L, Christiansen JS, Sørensen KE, Jørgensen JOL, Ørskov H, Henningsen P. Contractility following growth hormone administration in normal man. An echocardiographic study. Danish Med Bull 1988; 35:193-196. Administration of growth hormone in normal humans was shown to enhance left ventricular fractional shortening.
22. Russel-Jones DL, Bates AT, Umpleby AM, Hennessy TR, Bowes SB, Hopkins KD, et al. A comparison of the effects of IGF-I and insulin on glucose metabolism, fat metabolism and the cardiovascular system in normal human volunteers. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25:403-411.
23. Donath MY, Jenni R, Brunner H-P, Aurig M, Kohli S, Glatz Y, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of insulin-like growth factor I at rest and during exercise in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:4089-4094. In this paper, IGF-I administration was shown to produce a significant increase in ejection fraction and cardiac output in healthy male volunteers.
24. Duerr RL, Huang S, Miraliakbar HR, Clark RG, Chien KR, Ross J Jr. Insulin like growth factor-1 enhances ventricular hypertrophy and function during the onset of experimental cardiac failure. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:619-627. It was demonstrated that IGF-I induces additional hypertrophy and improves cardiac function in an experimental model of heart failure. This was the first report of treatment with IGF-I in experimental post-ischemic heart failure in the rat.
25. Duerr RL, Dan Mckirnan M, Gim RD, Clark RG, Chien KR, Ross J Jr. Cardiovascular effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone in chronic left ventricular failure in the rat. Circulation 1996; 93:2188-2198. IGF-I plus growth hormone were shown to decrease systemic vascular resistance and increase cardiac output in experimental heart failure.
26. Yang R, Bunting S, Gillett N, Clark RG, Jin H. Growth hormone improves cardiac performance in experimental heart failure. Circulation 1995; 92:262-267. Treatment with growth hormone improved cardiac function and decreased peripheral vascular resistance in experimental heart failure in this paper.
27. Cittadini A, Grossman JD, Napoli R, Katz SE, Strömer H, Smith RJ, et al. Growth hormone attenuates early left ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac function in rats with large myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29:1109-1116. This report demonstrated how early treatment of large myocardial infarction with growth hormone attenuates early pathologic left ventricular remodeling and improves left ventricular function.
28. Jin H, Yang R, Gillett N, Clark RG, Ko A, Paoni NF. Beneficial effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in experimental heart failure in rats treated with chronic ACE inhibition. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 26:420-425. Growth hormone and IGF-I plus captopril were shown to improve cardiac performance in CHF by both independent and complementary mechanisms.
29. Ambler GR, Johnston BM, Maxwell L, Gavin JB, Gluckman PD. Improvement of doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy in rats treated with insulin-like growth factor I. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27:1368-1373. IGF-I was shown to exert protection against myocardial damage.
30. Buerke M, Murohara T, Sturk C, Nuss C, Tomaselli K, Lefer AM. Cardioprotective effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 in myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:8031-8035. IGF-I appeared to be an effective agent for preserving ischemic myocardium from reperfusion injury. This was the first demonstration of the anti-apoptotic properties of IGF-I in the mammalian myocardium.
31. Cuneo RC, Wilmshurst P, Lowy C, McGauley G, Sönksen PH. Cardiac failure responding to growth hormone. Lancet 1989; i:838-839.
32. Frustaci A, Perrone GA, Gentiloni N, Russo MA. Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy due to growth hormone deficiency. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 97:503-511. This paper presented the first histologic evidence that treatment with growth hormone produces a clear improvement in cardiac function associated with a marked recovery in myofibrillar content of myocardiocytes, in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy.
33. Fazio S, Biondi B, Sabatini D, Cuocolo A, Tommaselli AP, Lombardi G, et al. Long-term growth hormone deficiency as a cause of cardiomyopathy and its reversibility with specific replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:887-890.
34. Giustina A, Lorusso R, Borghetti V, Bugari G, Misitano V, Alfieri O. Impaired spontaneous growth hormone secretion in severe dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1996; 131:620-622. The authors demonstrated that the growth hormone/IGF-I axis may be involved in regulatory responses to heart failure.
35. Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, Vigorito C, Giordano A, Guida R, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:809-814. It was shown that human recombinant growth hormone treatment administered to patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy increases myocardial mass and reduces the size of the left ventricular chamber, resulting in improvements in hemodynamics, myocardial energy metabolism, and clinical status. This was the first report of the efficacy of treatment with growth hormone in humans with dilated cardiomyopathy.
36. Fazio S, Cittadini A, Biondi B, Riccio G, Sabatini D, Saccà L. Heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy: rationale for treatment with growth hormone. Endocrinol Metab 1997; 4 (suppl B):33-36.
37. Capaldo B, Lembo G, Rendina V, Vigorito C, Guida R, Cuocolo A, et al. Sympathetic deactivation by growth hormone treatment in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1998; 19:623-627. This paper describes how administration of growth hormone to patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy reduces myocardial sympathetic drive and circulating levels of aldosterone.
38. Packer M. The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20:248-254.
39. Volterrani M, Desenzani P, Lorusso R, D'Aloia A, Manelli F, Giustina A. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous growth hormone in congestive heart failure. Lancet 1997; 349:1067-1068. It was shown in this report that growth hormone may have a beneficial acute effect on the heart in patients with CHF.
40. Coskeran PB, McKenna WJ, Lipkin D, Bauloux PMG. Adjunctive use of growth hormone in the management of chronic heart failure due to cardiomyopathy [abstract]. Endocrinol Metab 1997; 4 (suppl B):P15.
41. O'Driscoll JG, Green DJ, Ireland M, Kerr D, Larbalestrier RI. Treatment of end-stage cardiac failure with growth hormone. Lancet 1997, 349:1068.
42. Beer N, Tortoledo F, Beer R, Pinedo M. Beneficial effect of growth hormone in patients with congestive heart failure [abstract]. Heart failure '97. Second International Meeting of the Working Groups on Heart Failure. 1997;P294.
43. Osterziel KJ, Strohm O, Schuler J, Friedrigh M, Hänlein D, Willenbrock R, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1998; 351:1233-1237. Growth hormone in dilated cardiomyopathy was shown to lead to reductions in blood pressure and significant increases in left ventricular mass. This was the first double-blind, randomized, study of treatment with growth hormone in either idiopathic or post-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.