Measurement of leukocyte rheology in vascular disease: Clinical rationale and methodology

Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 7-24

  Wautiera, Jean Luc ^a   Schmid Schönbeinb, Geert W ^b   Nashc, Gerard B ^c  

^a INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA TRANSFUSION SANGUINE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; INTEGRIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; PENTOXIFYLLINE; SELECTIN; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD RHEOLOGY; COLITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DOWN REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CELL ADHESION; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY; GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE; HEMORHEOLOGY; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; INTEGRINS; LEUKOCYTES; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; SELECTINS; VASCULAR DISEASES; VASCULITIS;

EID: 0032845481     PISSN: 13860291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. U. Bagge and P.I. Branemark, White blood cell rheology. An intravital study in man, Adv. Microdrc. 7 (1977), 1-17.
2. G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, Leukocyte biophysics, Cell. Biophys. 17(1990), 107-135.
3. G.G. Worthen, B. Schwab, E.L. Elson and G.P. Downey, Mechanics of stimulated neutrophils: cell stiffening induces retention in capillaries, Science 245 (1989), 183-186.
4. A.G. Harris and T.C. Skalak, Effects of leukocyte activation on capillary hemodynamics in skeletal muscle, Am. J. Physiol. 264 (1993), H909-H916.
5. E. Ernst, E. Hammerschmidt, U. Bagge, A. Matrai and J.A. Dormandy, Leukocytes and the risk of ischémie disease, JAMA 267 (1987), 2318-2324.
6. G.W. Schmid-Schönbein and R.L. Engler, Granulocytes as active participants in acute myocardial ischemia and infarction, Am. J. Cardiovascular. Patlwl. 1 (1987), 15-30.
7. G.B. Nash, P.R.S. Thomas and J.A. Dormandy, Abnormal flow properties of white blood cells in patients with severe ischaemia of the leg, Er. Med. J. 296 (1988), 1699-1701.
8. A.J. Grau, E. Berger, K.L.P. Sung and G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, Granulocyte adhesion, deformability, and Superoxide formation in acute stroke, Stroke 22 (1992), 33-39.
9. S. Chien, E.A. Schmalzer, M.M.I. Lee, T. Impelluso and R. Skalak, Role of white blood cells in filtration of blood cell suspensions, Biorheology 20 (1983), 11-27.
10. E.A. Evans and B. Kukan, Passive material behaviour of granulocytes based on large deformation and recovery after deformation tests, Blood 64 (1984), 1028-1035.
11. D. Needham and R.M. Hochmuth, Rapid flow of passive neutrophils into a 4 p.m pipet and measurement of cytoplasmic viscosity, J. Biochem. Eng. 112 (1990), 269-276.
12. M.A. Tsai, R.S. Frank and R.E. Waugh, Passive mechanical behavior of human neutrophils: effect of cytochalasin B, Biophys. J. 66 (1994), 2166-2174.
13. E. Drost, C. Selby, S. Lannan, G.D.O. Lowe and W. MacNee, Changes in neutrophil deformability following in vitro smoke exposure: mechanisms and protection, Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 6 (1992), 287-295.
14. Z. Pécsvârady, TC. Fisher, A. Fabök, T.D. Coates and H.J. Meiselman, Kinetics of granulocyte deformability following exposure to chemotactic stimuli, Blood Cells 18 (1992), 333-352.
15. S.M. Buttrum, E.M. Drost, W. MacNee, E. Coffin, C.M. Lockwood, R. Hatton and G.B. Nash, Rheological response of neutrophils to different types of stimulation, J. Appl. Physiol. 77 (1994), 1801-1810.
16. T.H. Howard and C.O. Oresajo, The kinetics of chemotactic peptide-induced change in F-actin content, F-actin distribution, and the shape of neutrophils, J. Cell. Biol. 101 (1985), 1078-1085.
17. T.A. Springer, Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration, Ann. Rev. Physiol. 57 (1995), 827-872.
18. B.A. Imhof and D. Dunon, Leukocyte migration and adhesion, Adv. Immunol. 58 (1995), 34516.
19. T.M. Carlos and M.J. Harlan, Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules, Blood 84 (1994), 2068-2101.
20. M.P. Bevilacqua and R.M. Nelson, Selectins, J. Clin. Invest. 91 (1993), 379-387.
21. D.E. Staunton, S.D. Mariin, C. Stratova, M.L. Dustin and T.A. Springer, Primary structure of ICAM-1 demonstrates interaction between members of the immunoglobulin and integrin supergen families, Cell 52 (1988), 925-933.
22. P.J. Newman, M.C. Berndt, J. Gorski, G.G. White, S. Lyman, C. Paddock and W.A. Muller, PECAM-1 (CD31) cloning and relation to adhesion molecules of immunoglobulin gene superfamily, Science 247 (1990), 1219-1222.
23. C.D. Buckley, R. Doyonnas, J.P. Newton, S.D. Blystone, E.J. Brown, S.M. Watt and D.L. Simmons, Identification of aVb3 as a heterotypic ligand for CD31/PECAM-1, J. Cell. Sei. 109 (1996), 437-445.
24. P. Newham and M. Humphries, Integrin adhesion receptors: structure, function and implications for biomedicine, Mol. Med. Today 2 (1996), 304-313.
25. P. Kubes, X.F. Niu, C.W. Smith, M.E. Kehrli, P.M. Reinhardt and R.C. Woodman, A novel beta(Independent adhesion pathway of neutrophils-a mechanism invoked by dihydrocytochalasin-B or endothelial transmigration, FASEB J. 9 (1995), 1103-1111.
26. A. Mantovani, F. Bussolino and E. Dejana, Cytokine regulation of endothelial cell function, FASEB J. 6 (1992), 2591-2599.
27. W.A. Muller, The role of PECAM-1 (CD31 ) in leukocyte emigration-studies in vitro and in vivo, J. Leuk. Biol. 57 (1995), 523-528.
28. R. Alon, P.D. Kassner, M. Woldemar-Carr, E.B. Finger, M.E. Hemler and T.A. Springer, The integrin VLA-4 supports tethering and rolling in flow on VCAM-1, J. Cell. Biol. 128 (1995), 1243-1253.
29. H.L. Malech and W.M. Nauseef, Primary inherited defects in neutrophil function: etiology and treatment, Semin. Hemawl. 34(4) (1997), 279-290.
30. A. Karsan, C.J. Cornejo, R.K. Winn, B.R. Schwartz, N. Lannir, R. Gershoni-Baruch, A. Etzioni, H.D. Ochs and J.M. Harlan, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II is a generalized defect of de novo GDP-fucose biosynthesis. Endothelial cell fucosylation is not required for neutrophil rolling on human lymphoid endothelium, J. din. Invest. 101(11) (1998), 2438-2445.
31. S.I. Simon, Y.P. Rochon, E.B. Lynam, C.W. Smith, D.C. Anderson and L.A. Sklar, /32-Integrin and L-selectin are obligatory receptors in neutrophil aggregation, Blood 82 (1993), 1097-1106.
32. S. Sheikh and G.B. Nash, Continuous activation and deactivation of integrin CDllb/CD18 during de novo expression enables rolling neutrophils to immobilize on platelets, Blood 87 (1996), 5040-5050.
33. P.R. Craddock, D.E. Hammerschmidt, J.G. White, A.P. Dalmasso and H.S. Jacob, Complement (CSa)-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro: a possible mechanism for complement-mediated leukostasis and leukopaenia, J. Clin. Invest. 60 (1977), 260-264.
34. C.S. Rinder, J.L. Bonan, H.M. Rinder, J. Mathew, R. Hines and B.R. Smith, Cardiopulmonary bypass induces leukocyteplatelet adhesion, BloodW (1992), 1201-1205.
35. T. Palabrica, R. Lobb, B.C. Furie, M. Aronowitz, C. Benjamin, Y.M. Hsu, S.A. Sajer and B. Furie, Leukocyte accumulation promoting fibrin deposition is mediated in vivo by P-selectin on adherent platelets, Nature 359 (1992), 848-851.
36. Y.C. Lim, K. Snapp, O.S. Kansas, R. Camphausen, H. Ding and F.W. Luscinskas, Important contributions of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 mediated secondary capture to human monocyte adhesion to P-selectin, E-selectin, and TNFa activated endothelium under flow in vitro, J. Imtmmol. 161 (1998), 2501-2508.
37. D.H. Adams and G.B. Nash, Disturbance of leukocyte circulation and adhesion to the endothelium as factors in circulatory pathology, Br. J. Anaesthes. 77 (1996), 17-31.
38. G.B. Nash, B. Christopher, A.J.R. Morris and J.A. Dormandy, Changes in the flow properties of white blood cells after acute myocardial infarction, Br. Heart. J. 62 (1989), 329-334.
39. F.J. Neumann, W. Waas, C. Diehm, T. Weiss, H.M. Haupt, R. Zimmermann and H. Tillmanns, Activation and decreased deformability of neutrophils after intermittent claudication, Circulation 82 (1990), 922-929.
40. R.K.K. Chang, N.T.Y. Chien, C.H. Chen, K.M. Jan, G.W. Schmid-Schönbein and S. Chien, Spontaneous activation of circulation granulocytes in patients with acute myocardial and cerebral diseases, Biorheology 29 (1992), 549-561.
41. B. Jude, B. Agraou, O. McFodden, S. Susen, C. Bauters, P. Lepelley, C. Vanhaesbroucke, P. Devos, A. Cosson and A. Asseman, Evidence for time dependent activation of monocytes in the systemic circulation in unstable angina but not in acute myocardial infarction or stable angina, Circulation 90 (1994), 1662-1668.
42. F. Liote, B. Boval-Boizard, D. Weill, D. Kuntz and J.L. Wautier, Blood monocyte activation in rheumatoid arthritis: increased monocyte adhesiveness, integrin expression, and cytokine release, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 106 (1996), 13-19.
43. D.A. Bass, P. Olbrantz, P. Szejda, M.C. Seeds and C.E. McCall, Subpopulations of neutrophils with increased oxidative product formation in blood of patients with infections, J.-Immunol. 136 (1986), 860-866.
44. A.J.H. Gearing and W. Newman, Circulating adhesion molecules in disease, Immunol. Today 14 (1993), 506-512.
45. J.H. Campbell and G.R. Campbell, Cell biology of atherosclerosis, J. Hypertens. 12 (1994), S129-132.
46. M.I. Cybulski and M.A. Gimbrone, Endothelial expression of a mononuclear adhesion molecule during atherogenesis, Science 251 (1991), 788-791.
47. Z.M. Dong, S.M. Chapman, A.A. Brown, P.S. Frenette, R.O. Hynes and D.D. Wagner, The combinent role of P- and E-selectins in atherosclerosis, J. Clin. Invest. 102(1) (1998), 145-152.
48. M. Otsuki, K. Hashimoto, Y. Morimoto, T. Kishimoto and S. Kasayama, Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in atherosclerotic NIDDM patients, Diabetes 46(12) (1997), 2096-2101.
49. M. Koga, M. Otsuki, M. Kubo, J. Hashimoto and S. Kasyama, Relationship between circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabet. Med. 15(8) (1998), 661-667.
50. A.M. Schmidt, O. Hori, J. Brett, S.D.Van, J.L. Wautier and D. Stern, Cellular receptors for advanced glycation end products. Implications for induction of oxidant stress and cellular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions, Arterioscler. Thromb. 14 (1994), 1521-1528.
51. J.L. Wautier, C. Zoukourian, O. Chappey, M.P. Wautier, P.J. Guillausseau, R. Cao, O. Hori, D. Stern and A.M. Schmidt, Receptor mediated endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetic vasculopathy: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products blocks hyperpermeability in diabetic rats, J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996), 238-243.
52. F. Imrami, Y. Horii, M. Suthanthirada, E. Skolnik, Z. Makita, V. Sharma, L. Sehappa and H. Vlassara, Advanced glycation end products specific receptors on human and rat T lymphocytes mediate synthesis of interferon gamma role in tissue remodeling, J. Exp. Med. 178 (1993), 2165-2172.
53. D.Y. Leung, R.S. Cotran, E.A. Kirk-Djones, J.C. Burns', J.W. Neuburger and J.S. Pober, Endothelial activation and high interleukin-1 secretion in the pathogenesis of acute Kawasaki disease, Lancet 2 (1989), 1298-1305.
54. C.O.S. Savage and A.J. Rees, Role of neutrophils in vasculitis, in: Immimopharmacology ofNeutrophils, P.O. Hellewell and T.J. Williams, eds, Academic Press Ltd., London, 1994, pp. 259-273.
55. M. Koizumi, N. King, R. Lobb, C. Benjamin and D.K. Podolski, Expression of vascular adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease, GastroenterologyT.03 (1992), 840-847.
56. A.E. Koch, M.M. Halloran, C.J. Haskell, M.R. Shah and P.J. Polverini, Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, Nature 376 ( 1995), 517-519.
57. M.M. Corkill, B.W. Kinkham, D.O. Haskard, C. Barbatis, T. Gibson and G.S. Panayi, Gold treatment of rheumatoid arthritis decreases synovial expression of the endothelial leukocyte adhesion receptor ELAM-1, J. Rheumatol. 18 (1991), 1453-1460.
58. S. Aoki, K. Imai and A. Yachi, Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Scand. J. Immunol. 38 (1993), 485-490.
59. C.K. Lai, K.C. Wong, C.H. Chan, S.S. Ho, S.Y. Chung, D.O. Haskard and K.N. Lai, Circulating adhesion molecules in tuberculosis, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 94(3) (1993), 522-526.
60. W. Newman, L.D. Beall, C.W. Carson, G.G. Hunder, N. Graben, Z.I. Randhwa, T.V. Gopal, J. Wienerkronish and M.A. Matthay, Soluble E-selectin is found in supcmatants of activated endothelial cells and is elevated in the serum of patients with septic shock, J. Immunol. 150 (1993), 644-654.
61. S.C. Donnely, C. Haslett, I. Dransfield, C.E. Robertson, D.C. Carter, J.A. Ross, I.S. Grant and T.F. Tedder, Role of selectins in development of adult respiratory distress syndrome, Lancet 344 (1994), 215-219.
62. J. Norton and J.P. Sloane, A prospective study of cellular and immunologie changes in skin of allogenic bone marrow recipients, Am. J. Clin. Path. 101 (1994), 597-602.
63. U. Bechtel, R. Scheuer, R. Landgraf, A. Koning and H.E. Feucht, Assessment of soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sELAM-1) and complement cleavage products (sc4d, sc5b-d) in urine, Transplantation 58 (1994), 905-911.
64. C. Ferran, M. Peuchmaur, M. Debruennes, J.J. Ghoussoub, A. Cabrol, N. Brousse, C. Cabrol, J.F. Bach and L. Chatenoud, Implications of de novo ELAM-1/N and VCAM-1 expression in human cardiac allograft rejection, Transplantation 55 (1993), 605-609.
65. H. Setiadi, J.L. Wautier, A. Courillon-Mallet, P. Passa and J.P. Caen, Increased adhesion to fibronectin and Mol expression by diabetic monocytes, J. Immunol. 138 (1987), 2330-2334.
66. P. Thomas, G.B. Nash and J. Dormandy, White cell accumulation in the dependent leg of patients with venous hypertension - a possible mechanism for trophic skin changes, Br. Med. J. 196 (1988), 1693-1695.
67. D.A. Shields, S.K. Andaz, S. Sarin, J.H. Sourr and P.D. Coleridge Smith, Plasma elastase in venous disease, Brit. J. Siirg. 81 (1994), 1496-1499.
68. S.A. Elgebaly, F.H. Hashmi, S.L. Houser, M.E. Allam and K. Doyle, Cardiac-derived neutrophil chemotactic factors: detection in coronary sinus effluents of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization, J. Tliorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 193 (1992), 952-959.
69. G.B. Nash, Filterability of blood cells: methods and clinical applications, Clin. Hemorlieol. 4 (1990), 353-362.
70. J.G Jones, R.A. Adams and S.A. Evans, Bulk filtration through micropore filters for analyzing blood cell rheology in clinical research, Clin. Hemorlieol. 14 (1994), 149-169.
71. G.B. Nash, J.G. Jones, J. Mikita and J.A. Dormandy, Methods and theory for analysis of flow of white cell subpopulations through micropore filters, Br. J. Haematol. 70 (1988), 165-170.
72. R.A. Adams, S.A. Evans and J.G. Jones, Characterization of leukocytes by filtration of diluted blood, Biorheology 31 (1994), 603-615.
73. A.M. Cook, S.A. Evans and J.G. Jones, The filterability of leukocytes in undiluted blood, Biorheology 35 (1998), 119-130.
74. G. Ciuffetti, R. Balendra, S.E. Lcnnie, J. Anderson and G.D.O. Löwe, Impaired filterability of white cells in acute cerebral infarction, Br. Mad. J. 298 (1989), 930-931.
75. A.M. Cook, S.A. Evans, I.F. Lane and J.G. Jones, Leukocyte filterability: comparing diluted with undiluted blood, Br. J. Haematol. 102 (1998), 952-956.
76. Z. Pecsvarady, T.C. Fisher, C.H. Darwin, A. Fabok, T.S. Maqueda, M.F. Saad and H.J. Meiselman, Decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability in NIDDM, Diabetes Care 17 (1994), 57-63.
77. R.M. Bauersachs, G. Messmer, C. Koch, F.J. Neumann, H.J. Meiselman and C. Pfafferott, Flow resistance of individual neutrophils in coronary artery disease: decreased pore transit times in acute myocardial infarction, Heart. 77 (1997), 18-23.
78. G.B. Nash and H.J. Meiselman, Rheological properties of individual polymorphonuclear granulocytes and lymphocytes, Clin. Hemorheol. 6(1986), 87-97.
79. M.A. Lichtman, Rheology of leukocytes, leukocyte suspensions, and blood in leukaemia, J. Clin. Invest. 52 (1973), 350-358.
80. J. Bateman, S.K. Parida and G.B. Nash, Neutrophil integrin assay for clinical research, Cell. Biochem. Funct. 11 (1993), 87-91.
81. D.A. McCarthy, J. Bernhagen, M.J. Taylor, A.S. Hamblin, I. James, P.W. Thompson and J.D. Perry, Morphological evidence that activated polymorphs circulate in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51(1992), 13-18.
82. D. McCarthy, M.J. Taylor, J. Bernhagen, J.D. Perry and A.S. Hamblin, Leukocyte integrin and CR1 expression on peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51 (1992), 307-312.
83. H. Ikeda, H. Nakayama, T. Oda, K. Kuwano, A. Yamaga, T. Ueno, M. Yoh, K. Hiyamuta, Y. Koga and H. Toshima, Neutrophil activation after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, Am. Heart. J. 128 (1994), 1091-1098.
84. F.J. Neumann, I. Ott, M. Gawaz, G. Richardt, H. Holzapfel, M. Jochum and A. Schomig, Cardiac release of cytokines and inflammatory responses in acute myocardial infarction, Circulation 92 (1995), 748-755.
85. N.B. Vedder and J.M. Harlan, Increased surface expression of CDllb/CD18 (Mac-1) is not required for stimulated neutrophil adherence to cultured endothelium, J. Clin. Invest. 81 (1988), 676.
86. M.A. Jutila, T.K. Kishimoto and T.J. Tedder, Regulation and lectin activity of the human neutrophil lymph node homing receptor, Blood'76 (1990), 178-183.
87. P.R. Craddock, D.E. Hammerschmidt, J.G. White, A.P. Dalmasso and H.S. Jacob, Complement(C5a)-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro: a possible mechanism for complement-mediated leukostasis and leukopenia, J. Clin. Invest. 60 (1977), 260-264.
88. T.W. Jungi, M.O. Spycher, U.E. Nydegger and S. Barandun, Platelet-leukocyte interactions: selective binding of thrombin stimulated platelets to human monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and related cell lines, Blood 67 (1986), 629-636.
89. T. Maeda, G.B. Nash, B. Christopher, Z. Pecsvarady and J.A. Dormandy, Platelet-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro, Blood Coag. Fibrmolys. 2 (1991), 699-703.
90. T.C. Fisher, J.J. Belch, J.C. Barbenel and A.C. Fisher, Human whole-blood granulocyte aggregation in vitro, Clin. Science 76(1989), 183-187.
91. H.M. Rinder, J.L. Bonan, C.S. Rinder, K.A. Ault and B.R. Smith, Dynamics of leukocyte-platelet adhesion in whole blood, Blood'18 (1991), 1730-1737.
92. P. Spangenberg, H. Redlich, I. Bergmann, W. Lösche, M. Götzrath and B. Kehrel, The platelet glycoprotein IIB/IIIa complex is involved in the adhesion of activated platelets to leukocytes, Thrombos. Haemost. 70 (1993), 514-521.
93. G. Ricevuti, S. De Servi, A. Mazzone, L. Angoli, S. Ohio and G. Specchia, Increased neutrophil aggregability in coronary artery disease, Eitr. Heart. J. 11(9) (1990), 814-818.
94. A.B. Bridges, N.A. Scott, O.P. McNeill, T.H. Pringle and J.J. Belch, Circadian variation of white blood cell aggregation and free radical indices in men with ischaemic heart disease, Eitr. Heart. J. 13 (1992), 1632-1636.
95. C.S. Rinder, J.L. Bonan, H.M. Rinder, J. Mathew, R. Hines and B.R. Smith, Cardiopulmonary bypass induces leukocyte-platelet adhesion, Bloodl9 (1992), 1201.
96. D.A. McCarthy, J. Bernhagen, Y.C. Liu and J.D. Perry, A rapid preparation technique for leukocytes, J. Microscopy 158 (1990), 63-72.
97. R.A. Lord and S. Roath, Evaluation and comparison of neutrophil bipolar shape formation with a migration assay, J. Clin. Pathol. 43 (1990), 342-345.
98. Y. Kobayashi, S. Taniuchi and Y. Kobayashi, A quantitative assay of oxidative metabolism by neutrophils in whole blood using flow cytometry, J. Immunol. Methods 82 (1985), 253-259.
99. C.R. Hind, J.F. Griffin, S. Pack, Y.E. Latchman, H.F. Drake, H.M. Jones, J. Brostoff and T.L. Dormandy, Treasures T. Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on circulating concentrations of leukocyte elastase and free radical activity, Cardiovascular Res. 22 (1988), 37-41.
100. G.L. Snider, D.E. Ciccolella, S.M. Morris, P.J. Stone and E.G. Lucey, Putative role of neutrophil elastase in the pathogenesis of emphysema, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei. 624 ( 1991 ), 45-59.
101. M. Suematsu, I. Kurose, H. Asako, S. Miura and M. Tsuchiya, In vivo visualization of oxyradical-dependent photoemission during endothelium-granulocyte interaction in microvascular beds treated with platelet-activating factor, J. Biochem. 106 (1989), 355-380.
102. M. Suematsu, C. Oshlo, S. Miura and M. Tsuchiya, Real-time visualization of oxidative burst from single neutrophil by using ultrasensitive video intensifier microscopy, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149 (1987), 994-1110.
103. M. Suematsu, G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, R.H. Chavez-Chavez, T.T. Yee, T. Tamatam, M. Miyasaka, F.A. De Lano and B.W. Zweifach, In vivo visualization of oxidative changes in microvessels during neutrophil activation, Am. J. Physiol. 264 (1992), H881-H891.
104. M. Suematsu, F.A. De Lano, D. Poole, R.L. Engler, M. Miyasaka, B.W. Zweifach and G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, Spatial and temporal correlation between leukocyte behavior and pell injury in postischemic rat skeletal muscle microcirculation, Lab. Invest. 70 (1994), 684-695.
105. J.E. Pitzer, G.J. Del Zoppo and G.W. Schmidt-Schönbein, Neutrophil activation in smokers, Biorheology 33 (1996).
106. P.P. Youssel, B.X. Mantzioris, P.J. Roberts-Thomson, M.J. Ahern and M.D. Smith, Effects of ex vivo manipulation on the expression of cell adhesion molecules on neutrophils, J. Immimol. Methods 186 (1995), 217-224.
107. G.B. Nash, T. Loosemore, P.R.S. Thomas and J.A. Dormandy, Effects of acute Trental infusion on white blood cell rheology in patients with critical leg ischaemia, Clin. Hemorheol. 11 (1991), 309-315.
108. G.B. Nash and R. Grant, Neutrophil integrin assay for clinical studies, Cell. Biochem. Function 12 (1994), 153-154.
109. G.B. Nash, J.G. Jones, J. Mikita, B. Christopher and J.A. Dormandy, Effects of preparative procedures and of cell activation on flow of white cells through micropore filters, Br. J. Haematol. 70 (1988), 171-176.
110. C. Haslett, L.A. Guthrie, M.M. Kopaniak, R.B. Johnston and P.M. Henson, Modulation of multiple neutrophil functions by preparative methods or trace concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, Am. J. Pathology 119 (1985), 101-110.
111. K.D. Forsyth and R.J. Levinsky, Preparative procedures of cooling and rewarming increase leukocyte integrin expression and function on neutrophils, J. Immunol. Methods 128 (1990), 159-163.
112. F. Moazzam, F.A. DeLano, B.W. Zweifach and G.W. Schmid-Schönbein, The leukocyte response to fluid stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 94 (1997), 338-343.
113. L.L. Munn, R.J. Melder and R.K. Jain, Role of erythrocytes in leukocyte-endothelial interactions: mathematical model and experimental validation, BiophysicalJ. 71 (1996), 466-478.
114. S.P.M. Crouch, E.M. Saihan and Fletcher, Effect of ingested pentoxyfylline on the ex vivo neutrophil function of patients with varicose leg ulcers, Clin. Hemorheol. 14 (1994), 379-392.
115. M.J. Yin, Y. Yamamoto and R.B. Gaynor, The anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and salicylate inhibit the activity of I(kappa)B kinase-beta, Nature 396(6706) (1998), 77-80.
116. J.A. Dormandy, Pharmacologie treatment of venous leg ulcers, J. Cardiovascular Phannacol. 25(S2) (1995), S61-S65.
117. J.E. Frampton and R.N. Brogden, Pentoxifylline (oxpentifylline). A review of its therapeutic efficacy in the management of peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disorders, Drugs & Aging 7 (1995), 480-503.