Emergence of the Ehrlichioses as Human Health Problems

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 18-29

  Walker, David H ^a,c   Dumler, J Stephen ^b  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

^b DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

^c Department of Pathology ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; EHRLICHIA; EHRLICHIOSIS; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; EHRLICHIA; EHRLICHIOSIS; HUMANS;

EID: 0029679613     PISSN: 10806040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3201/eid0201.960102     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Anderson BE, Dawson JE, Jones DC, Wilson KH. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 1991.29:2838-42.
2. Chen S-M, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:589-95.
3. Dawson JE, Anderson BE, Fishbein DB, Sanchez JL, Goldsmith CS, Wilson KH, et al. Isolation and characterization of an Ehrlichia sp. from a patient diagnosed with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2741-5.
4. Dumler JS, Chen S-M, Asanovich K, Trigiani E, Popov VL, Walker DH. Isolation and characterization of a new strain of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from a patient with nearly fatal monocytic ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1704-11.
5. Chen S-M, Popov VL, Feng H-M, Wen J, Walker DH. Cultivation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in mouse embryo, Vero, BGM, and L929 cells and study of Ehrlichia-induced cytopathic effect and plaque formation. Infect Immun 1995;63:647-55.
6. Maeda K, Markowitz N, Hawley RC, Ristic M, Cox D, McDade JE. Human infection with Ehrlichia canis, a leukocytic rickettsia. N Engl J Med 1987;316:853-6.
7. Bakken JS, Dumler JS, Chen SM, Eckman MR, Van Etta LL, Walker DH. human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper midwest United States: a new species emerging? JAMA 1994;272:212-8.
8. Anderson BE, Greene CE, Jones DA, Dawson JE. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992;42:299-302.
9. Wen B, Rikihisa Y, Mott J, Fuerst PA, Kawahara M, Suto C. Ehrlichia muris sp. nov., identified on the basis of 16S rRNA base sequences and serological, morphological, and biological characteristics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995;45:250-4.
10. Pretzman C, Ralph D, Stothard DR, Fuerst PA, Rikihisa Y. 16S rRNA gene sequence of Neorickettsia helminthoeca and its phylogenetic alignment with members of the genus Ehrlichia: Int J Sys Bacteriol 1995;45:207-11.
11. Ohashi N, Fukuhara M, Shimada M, Tamura A. Phylogenetic position of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and the relationship among its antigenic variants by analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995;125:299-304.
12. Rikihisa Y. The tribe Ehrlichieae and ehrlichial diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991;4:286-308.
13. Eng TR, Harkess JR, Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Greene CN, Redus MA, et al. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1988. JAMA 1990;264:2251-8.
14. Harkess JR, Ewing SA, Crutcher JM, Kudlac J, McKee G, Istre GR. Human ehrlichiosis in Oklahoma. J Infect Dis 1989;159:576-9.
15. Fishbein DB, Kemp A, Dawson JE, Greene NR, Redus MA, Fields DH. Human ehrlichiosis: prospective active surveillance in febrile hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis 1989;160:803-9.
16. Yevich SJ, Sanchez JL, DeFraites RF, Rives CC, Dawson JE, Uhaa IJ, et al. Seroepidemiology of infections due to spotted fever group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichia species in military personnel exposed in areas of the United States where such infections are endemic. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1266-73.
17. Dawson JE, Fishbein DB, Eng TR, Redus MA, Greene NR. Diagnosis of human ehrlichiosis with the indirect fluorescent antibody test: kinetics and specificity. J Infect Dis 1990;162:91-5.
18. Popov VL, Chen S-M, Feng H-M, Walker DH. Ultrastructural variation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in cell culture. J Med Microbiol. In press.
19. Silverman DJ, Wisseman CL Jr. Comparative ultrastructural study on the cell envelopes of Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Infect Immun 1978;21:1020-3.
20. Tamura A, Ohashi N, Urakami H, Miyamura S. Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995;45:589-91.
21. Chen SM, Dumler JS, Feng H-M, Walker DH. Identification of the antigenic constituents of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;50:52-8.
22. Sumner JW, Sims KG, Jones DC, Anderson BE. Ehrlichia chaffeensis expresses an immunoreactive protein homologous to the Escherichia coli GroEL protein. Infect Immun 1993;61:3536-9.
23. Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Robinson LE. Human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1985 to 1990. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:736-43.
24. Fichtenbaum CJ, Peterson LR, Weil GJ. Ehrlichiosis presenting as a life-threatening illness with features of the toxic shock syndrome. Am J Med 1993;95:351-7.
25. Dumler JS, Sutker WL, Walker DH. Persistent infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:903-5.
26. Paddock CD, Suchard DP, Grumbach KL, Hadley WK, Kerschmann RL, Abbey NW, et al. Brief report: fatal seronegative ehrlichiosis in a patient with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1164-7.
27. Yu X, Brouqui P, Dumler JS, Raoult D. Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in human tissue by using a species-specific monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:3284-8.
28. Dumler JS, Brouqui P, Aronson J, Taylor JP, Walker DH. Identification of Ehrlichia in human tissue. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1109-10.
29. Moskovitz M, Fadden R, Min T. Human ehrlichiosis: a rickettsial disease associated with severe cholestasis and multisystemic disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991;13:86-90.
30. Dunn BE, Monson TP, Dumler JS, Morris CC, Westbrook AB, Duncan JL, et al. Identification of Ehrlichia chaffeensis morulae in cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:2207-10.
31. Everett ED, Evans KA, Henry RB, McDonald G. Human ehrlichiosis in adults after tick exposure: diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:730-5.
32. Williams JD, Snow RM, Arciniegas JG. Myocardial involvement in a patient with human ehrlichiosis. Am J Med 1995;98:414-5.
33. Standaert SM, Dawson JE, Schaffner W, Childs JE, Biggie KL, Singleton Jr J, et al. Ehrlichiosis in a golf-oriented retirement community. N Engl J Med 1995;333:420-5.
34. Anderson BE, Sumner JW, Dawson JE, Tzianabos T, Greene CR, Olson JG, et al. Detection of the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:775-80.
35. Anderson BE, Sims KG, Olson JG, Childs JE, Piesman JF, Happ CM, et al. Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of human ehrlichiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;49:239-44.
36. Morais JD, Dawson JE, Greene C, Filipe AR, Galhardas LC, Bacellar F. First European case of ehrlichiosis. Lancet 1991;338:633-4.
37. Uhaa IJ, Maclean JD, Greene CR, Fishbein DB. A case of human ehrlichiosis acquired in Mali: clinical and laboratory findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;46:161-4.
38. Dawson JE, Childs JE, Biggie KL, Moore C, Stallknecht D, Shaddock J, et al. White-tailed deer as a potential reservoir of Ehrlichia spp. J Wildl Dis 1994;30:162-8.
39. Dawson JE, Strallknecht DE, Howerth EW, Warner C, Biggie K, Davidson WR, et al. Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2725-8.
40. Lockhart JM, Davidson WR, Dawson JE, Stallknecht DE. Temporal association of Amblyomma americanum with the presence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis reactive antibodies in white-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis 1995;31:119-24.
41. Dawson JE, Ewing SA. Susceptibility of dogs to infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human ehrlichiosis. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:1322-7.
42. Groves MG, Dennis GL, Amyx HL, Huxsoll DL. Transmission of Ehrlichia canis to dogs by ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Am J Vet Res 1975; 36:937-40.
43. Smith RD, Sells DM, Stephenson EH, Ristic M, Huxsoll DL. Development of Ehrlichia canis, causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis, in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and its differentiation from a symbiotic rickettsia. Am J Vet Res 1976;37:119-26.
44. Ewing SA, Dawson JE, Kocan AA, Barker RW, Warner CK, Panciera RJ, et al. Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) among white-tailed deer by Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 1995;32:368-74.
45. Roland WE, McDonald G, Caldwel CW, Everett ED. Ehrlichiosis - a cause of prolonged fever. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:821-5.
46. Dumler JS, Dawson JE, Walker DH. Human ehrlichiosis: hematopathology and immunohistologic detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Hum Pathol 1993;24:391-6.
47. Brouqui P, Raoult D. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of the newly recognized agent of ehrlichiosis in humans, Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2799-803.
48. Barnewall RE, Rikihisa Y. Abrogation of gamma interferon-induced inhibition of Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in human monocytes with iron transferrin. Infect Immun 1994;62:4804-10.
49. Lewis GE Jr, Hill SL, Ristic M. Effect of canine immune serum on the growth of Ehrlichia canis within nonimmune canine macrophages. Am J Vet Res 1978;39:71-6.
50. Lewis GE Jr, Hill SL, Ristic M. Effect of canine immune macrophages and canine immune serum on the growth of Ehrlichia canis. Am J Vet Res 1978;39:77-82.
51. Caldwell CW, Everett ED, McDonald G, Yesus YW, Roland WE. Lymphocytosis of γ/δ T cells in human ehrlichiosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103:761-6.
52. Wilson KH, Blitchington RB, Greene RC. Amplification of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA and polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:1942-6.
53. Relman DA, Loutit JS, Schmidt TM, Falkow S, Tompkins LS. The agent of bacillary angiomatosis: an approach to the identification of uncultured pathogens. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1573-80.
54. Johansson K-E, Pettersson B, Uhlen M, Gunnarsson A, Malmqvist M, Olsson E. Identification of the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Swedish dogs and horses by direct solid phase sequencing of PCR products from the 16S rRNA gene. Res Vet Sci 1995;58:109-12.
55. Greig B, Asanovich KM, Armstrong J, Dumler JS. Geographic, clinical, serologic and molecular findings of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Minnesota and Wisconsin dogs, a likely zoonotic disease. J Clin Microbiol. In press.
56. Madigan JE, Richter Jr PJ, Kimsey RB, Barlough JE, Bakken JS, Dumler JS. Transmission and passage in horses of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1141-4.
57. Lewis GE, Huxsoll DL, Ristic M, Johnson AJ. Experimentally induced infection of dogs, cats, and nonhuman primates with Ehrlichia equi, etiologic agent of equine ehrlichiosis. Am J Vet Res 1975;36:85-8.
58. Madewell BR, Gribble DH. Infection in two dogs with an agent resembling Ehrlichia equi. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;180:512-4.
59. Dumler JS, Asanovich KM, Bakken JS, Richter P, Kimsey R, Madigan JE. Serologic cross-reactions among Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, and human granulocytic ehrlichia. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1098-103.
60. Tuomi J. Experimental studies on bovine tick-borne fever. 2. Differences in virulence of strains in cattle and sheep. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1967;70:577-89.
61. Bakken JS, Krueth J, Wilson-Nordskog C, Tilden RL, Asanovich K, Dumler JS. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE): clinical and laboratory characteristics of 41 patients from Minnesota and Wisconsin. JAMA 1995;275:199-205.
62. Pancholi P, Kolbert CP, Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, et al. Ixodes dammini as a potential vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1007-12.
63. Hardalo CJ, Quagliarello V, Dumler JS. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Connecticut: report of a fatal case. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:910-4.
64. Larsen HJS, Overnes G, Waideland H, Johansen GM. Immunosuppression in sheep experimentally infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Res Vet Sci 1994;56:216-24.
65. Woldehiwet Z. The effects of tick-borne fever on some functions of polymorphonuclear cells of sheep. J Comp Pathol 1987;97:481-5.
66. Telford III SR, Lepore TJ, Snow P, Warner CK, Dawson JE. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Massachusetts. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:277-9.
67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis - New York, 1995. MMWR 1995;44:593-5.
68. Brouqui P, Dumler JS, Lienhard R, Brossard M, Raoult D. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Lancet 1995;346:782-3.
69. Richter PJ, Kimsey RB, Madigan JE, Barlough JE, Dumler JS, Brooks DL. Ixodes pacificus as a vector of Ehrlichia equi. J Med Entomol 1996;33:1-5.
70. Magnarelli LA, Stafford III KC, Mather TN, Yeh M-T, Horn KD, Dumler JS. Hemocytic rickettsia-like organisms in ticks: serologic reactivity with antisera to ehrlichiae and detection of DNA of agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2710-4.
71. Tyzzer EE. Cytœcetes microti, N.G., N.Sp., a parasite developing in granulocytes and infective for small rodents. Parasitology 1938;30:242-60.