Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in meningitis

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 595-618

  Andes, D R ^a   Craig, W A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZTREONAM; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFAMANDOLE; CEFAZOLIN; CEFEPIME; CEFOXITIN; CEFTIZOXIME; CEFUROXIME; CIPROFLOXACIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; METRONIDAZOLE; NAFCILLIN; PEFLOXACIN; PIPERACILLIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; STEROID; TICARCILLIN; TOBRAMYCIN; TROVAFLOXACIN; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; DRUG CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; HUMAN; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; PHARMACODYNAMICS; REVIEW; STEROID THERAPY;

EID: 0032770616     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70096-9     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Ahmed A, Trujillo M, Wubbel L, et al: Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin in experimental cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis [abstract 161]. In Abstracts of the 34th Infectious Diseases Society of American Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Sept 1996, p 65
2. A. Ahmed M.M. Paris M. Trujillo Once-daily gentamicin therapy for experimental Escherichia coli meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 49 53
3. Argiedas-Mohs A, Vargas SL, Bradley JS, et al: Trovafloxacin CSF penetration and pharmacokinetics in children [abstract A105]. In Abstracts of the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1997, p 21
4. G.W. Amsden J.J. Schentag Tables of antimicrobial agent pharmacology Mandell G.L. Bennett J.E. Dolin R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases ed 4 1995 Churchill Livingston New York 492 528
5. B.I. Asmar M.C. Thirumoorthi J.A. Buckley Cefotaxime diffusion into cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28 1985 138 140
6. D.J. Briedis H.G. Robson Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of amikacin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13 1978 1042 1043
7. B.H. Belohradsky D. Geiss W. Marget Intravenous cefotaxime in children with bacterial meningitis Lancet 1 1980 61 63
8. J.P. Bryan H. Rocha Da Silva H.R. Comparison of ceftriaxone and ampicillin plus chloramphenicol for the therapy of acute bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28 1985 361 368
9. C. Cabellos J. Martinez-Lacasa A. Martos Influence of dexamethasone on efficacy of ceftriaxone and vancomycin therapy in experimental pneumococcal meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 1995 2158 2160
10. D. Cable G. Edralin G.D. Overturf Human cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics and treatment of bacterial meningitis with ceftizoxime J Antimicrob Chemother 10 suppl C 1982 121 127
11. D. Cable G. Overturf G. Edralin Concentrations of cefoperazone in cerebrospinal fluid during bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23 1983 688 691
12. H.F. Chambers H.C. Neu Other β-lactam antibiotics Mandell G.L. Bennett J.E. Dolin R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases ed 4 1995 Churchill Livingston New York 264 272
13. P.H. Chandrasekar K.V.I. Rolston B.R. Smith Diffusion of ceftriaxone into the cerebrospinal fluid of adults J Antimicrob Chemother 14 1984 427 430
14. C.E. Cherubin R.H.K. Eng R. Norrby Penetration of newer cephalosporins into cerebrospinal fluid Reviews of Infectious Diseases (Clinical Infectious Diseases) 11 1989 548 526
15. B.L. Congeni Comparison of ceftriaxone and traditional therapy of bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25 1984 40 44
16. R.M. Cozens E. Tuomanen W. Tosch Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of β-lactam antibiotics on slowly growing bacteria cultured in the chemostat Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29 1986 797 802
17. W.A. Craig Postantibiotic effects in experimental infection models: Relationship to in-vitro phenomena and to treatment of infections in man J Antimicrob Chemother 31 suppl D 1993 149 158
18. W.A. Craig Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: Rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men Clin Infect Dis 26 1998 1 12
19. W.A. Craig S. Gudmundsson Postantibiotic effect Lorian V. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine ed 4 1996 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore, MD 296 329
20. R.G. Dacey M.A. Sande Effect of probenecid on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives Antimicrob Agents Chemother 6 1974 437 441
21. R. Dagan L. Velghe J.L. Rodda Penetration of meropenem into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with inflamed meninges J Antimicrob Chemother 34 1994 175 179
22. W.M. Dankner J.D. Connor M. Sawyer Treatment of bacterial meningitis with once daily ceftriaxone J Antimicrob Chemother 21 1988 637 645
23. J.M. Decazes J.D. Ernst M.A. Sande Correlation of in vitro time-kill curves an kinetics of bacterial killing in cerebrospinal fluid during ceftriaxone therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24 1983 463 467
24. Del Rio M.D.L.A. D.F. Chrane S. Shelton Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in infants and children with bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22 1982 990 994
25. Del Rio M. G.H. McCracken J.D. Nelson Pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid bactericidal activity of ceftriaxone in the treatment of pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22 1982 622 627
26. G.M. Dickinson D.G. Droller R.L. Greenman Clinical evaluation of piperacillin with observations on penetrability into cerebrospinal fluid Antimicrob Agents Chemother 20 1981 481 486
27. 14C-penicillin from cerebrospinal fluid to blood J Pharm Sci 58 1969 1106 1109
28. G.V. Doern A. Brueggemann H. Preston-Holley Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: Results of a 30-center national surveillance study Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 1208 1213
29. G.V. Doern M.A. Pfaller K. Kugler Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program Clin Infect Dis 27 1998 764 770
30. C. Doit J. Barre R. Cohen Bactericidal activity against intermediately resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid of children with bacterial meningitis treated with high doses of cefotaxime and vancomycin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 2050 2052
31. L. Dotevall L. Hagerg Penetration of doxycycline into cerebrospinal fluid in patients treated for suspected lyme neurborreliosis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33 1989 1078 1080
32. R.J. Duma A.J. Berry S.M. Smith Penetration of aztreonam into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with and without inflamed meninges Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26 1984 730 733
33. R.A. Fishman Blood brain and CSF barriers to penicillin and related organic acids Arch Neurol 15 1966 113 124
34. I.W. Fong K.B. Tomkins Penetration of ceftazidime into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with and without evidence of meningeal inflammation Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26 1984 115 116
35. B.E. Fossieck J.G. Kane C.R. Diaz Nafcillin entry into human cerebrospinal fluid Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11 1977 965 967
36. G. Foulds T.J. McBride A.K. Knirsch Penetration of sulbactam and ampicillin into cerebrospinal fluid of infants and young children with meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31 1987 1703 1705
37. I.R. Friedland M. Paris S. Ehrett Evaluation of antimicrobial regimens for treatment of experimental penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 1630 1636
38. P.A.A. Galvao A.V. Lomar W. Francisco Cefoxitin penetration into cerebrospinal fluid in patients with purulent meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 17 1980 526 529
39. S.D.R. Green R. Ilunga J.S. Cheesbrough The treatment of neonatal meningitis due to gram-negative bacilli with ciprofloxacin: Evidence of satisfactory penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid J Infect 26 1993 253 256
40. R.L. Greenman S.M. Arcey G.M. Dickinson Penetration of aztreonam into human cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of meningeal inflammation J Antimicrob Chemother 15 1985 637 640
41. D. Greitz Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics Acta Radiol 34(Suppl) 386 1993 23 21
42. L. Guerra-Romero S.L. Kennedy M.A. Fournier Use of ampicillin-sulbactam for treatment of experimental meningitis caused by a β-lactamase-producing strain of Escherichia coli K-1 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1991 2037 2041
43. C.J. Hackbarth H.F. Chambers F. Stella Ciprofloxacin in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Antimicrob Chemother 18 suppl D 1986 65 69
44. D. Hatch G.D. Overturf A. Kovacs Treatment of bacterial meningitis with ceftazidime Pediatr Infect Dis J 5 1986 416 420
45. J.P. Hieber J.D. Nelson A pharmacologic evaluation of penicillin in children with purulent meningitis N Engl J Med 297 1977 410 413
46. J.B. Hooper Quinolones Mandell G.L. Bennett J.E. Dolin R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases ed 4 1995 Churchill Livingston New York 364 376
47. G. Humbert A. Leroy J.P. Rogez Cefoxitin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluids of patients with meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 17 1980 675 678
48. R.F. Jacobs G.L. Kearns A.L. Brown Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of imipenem and cilastin (primaxin) in children with central nervous system infections Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29 1986 670 674
49. H.S. Jafari X. Saez-Llorens O. Ramilo Pharmacokinetics and antibacterial efficacy of cefpirome (HR 810) in experimental Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1991 220 223
50. D.M. Johnson G.V. Doern T.A. Haugen Comparative activity of twelve beta-lactam drugs tested against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from five medical centers Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 25 1996 137 141
51. A.M.M. Jokipii V.V. Myllyla E. Hokkanen Penetration of the blood brain barrier by metronidazole and tinidazole J Antimicrob Chemother 3 1977 239 245
52. A.M.M. Jokipii L. Jokipii Metronidazole, tinidazole, onidazole and anaerobic infections of the middle ear, maxillary sinus and central nervous system Scand J Infect Dis 26 suppl 1981 123 129
53. J.H. Jorgensen G.V. Doern L.A. Maher Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34 1990 2075 2080
54. D.A. Kafetzis D.C. Brater J. Kanarios Clinical pharmacology of cefotaxime in pediatric patients Antimicrob Agents Chemother 20 1981 487 490
55. A.B. Kaiser Z.A. McGee Aminoglycoside therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis N Engl J Med 293 1975 1215 1220
56. J.G. Kane R.H. Parker G.W. Jordan Nafcillin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid during treatment of staphylococcal infections Ann Intern Med 87 1977 309 311
57. A.W. Karchmer Cephalosporins Mandell G.L. Bennett J.E. Dolin R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases ed 4 1995 Churchill Livingston New York 247 264
58. W. Kern S.L. Kennedy M. Sachdeva Evaluation of piperacillin-tazobactam in experimental meningitis caused by a β-lactamase-producing strain of K1-positive Escherichia coli Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34 1990 697 701
59. Y.S. Kim Q. Liu L.L. Chow Trovafloxacin in treatment of rabbits with experimental meningitis caused by high-level penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 1186 1189
60. K. Kishida K. Kobayashi M. Minagawa Clinical Study of Penetration of Three Antibiotics into Cerebrospinal Fluid: Cefotaxime, Cefmenoxime, and Latamoxef Ishigami J. Recent Advances in Chemotherapy 1985 University of Tokyo Press Tokyo 720 721
61. K.P. Klugman I.R. Friedland J.S. Bradley Bactericidal activity against cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 1995 1988 1992
62. R. Koch H. Hansen Treatment of acute purulent meningitis with tetracycline J Pediatr 51 1957 65 71
63. O.M. Korzeniowski E.M. Carvalho H. Rocha Evaluation of cefamandole therapy of patients with bacterial meningitis J Infect Dis 137 suppl 1978 169 179
64. D.P. Krontz L.J. Strausbaugh Effect of meningitis and probenecid on the penetration of vancomycin into cerebrospinal fluid in rabbits Antimicrob Agents Chemother 18 1980 882 886
65. C.M. Kunin Effect of serum binding on the distribution of penicillins in the rabbit J Lab Clin Med 65 1965 406 415
66. R. Latif A.S. Dajani Ceftriaxone diffusion into cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23 1983 46 48
67. J.E. Leggett S. Ebert B. Fantin Comparative dose-effect relations at several dosing intervals for beta-lactam, aminoglycoside and quinolone antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli in murine thigh-infection and pneumonitis models Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 74 1991 179 184
68. R.M. Levy P.H. Gutin D.S. Baskin Vancomycin penetration of a brain abscess: Case report and review of the literature Neurosurgery 18 1986 632 636
69. L. Licuta C.E. Smith R.M. Goldschmidt Comparison of the postantibiotic and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 950 955
70. C. Liu D.R. Hinthorn G.R. Hodges Penetration of cefoxitin into human cerebrospinal fluid: Comparison with cefamandole, ampicillin, and penicillin Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1 1979 127 131
71. I. Lutsar A. Ahmed I.R. Friedland Pharmacodynamics and bactericidal activity of ceftriaxone therapy in experimental cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 2414 2417
72. I. Lutsar I.R. Friedland L. Wubbel Pharmacodynamics of gatifloxacin in cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1998 2650 2655
73. I. Lutsar G.H. McCracken I.A. Friedland Antibiotic pharmacodynamics in cerebrospinal fluid Clin Infect Dis 27 1998 1117 1129
74. P.B. McIntyre C.S. Barkey S.M. King Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis JAMA 2748 1997 925 931
75. L. Mizen G. Woodnutt I. Kernutt Simulation of human serum pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid and ceftazidime in rabbits, and efficacy against experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33 1989 693 699
76. J. Modai D. Vittecoz J.M. Decazes Penetration of ceftazidime into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24 1983 126 128
77. J. Modai D. Vittecoq J.M. Decazes Penetration of aztreonam into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29 1986 281 283
78. C. Muller A. Netland The penetration of cefuroxime into the cerebrospinal fluid through inflamed and non-inflamed meninges J Antimicrob Chemother 6 1980 279 283
79. R. Nau F. Sorgel H.W. Prange Lipophilicity at pH 7.4 and molecular size govern the entry of the free serum fraction of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid in humans with uninflamed meninges J Neurol Sci 122 1994 61 65
80. R. Nau T. Schmidt K. Kaye Quinolone antibiotics in therapy of experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 1995 593 597
81. R. Nau K. Kaye M. Sachdeva Rifampin for therapy of experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 1994 1186 1189
82. R. Nau C. Lassek M. Kinzig-Schipper Disposition and elimination of meropenemi in cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic patients with external ventriculostomy Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1998 2012 2016
83. R. Nau M. Kinzig-Schipper F. Sorgel Kinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic patients Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 987 991
84. R. Nau H.W. Prange M. Kinzig Cerebrospinal fluid ceftazidime kinetics in patients with external ventriculostomies Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 763 766
85. R. Nau H.W. Prange P. Muth Passage of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with uninflamed meninges Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 1518 1524
86. A. Netland C. Muller E. Andrew Concentration of cefuroxime in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with bacterial meningitis Scand J Infect Dis 13 1981 273 275
87. G.D. Overturf D.C. Cable D.N. Forthal Treatment of bacterial meningitis with ceftizoxime Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25 1984 258 262
88. G.A. Pankuch M.R. Jacobs P.C. Appelbaum Postantibiotic effect of trovafloxacin against gram-positive and -negative organisms Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1998 1503 1505
89. M.M. Paris S. Shelton M. Trujillo Clindamycin therapy of experimental meningitis caused by penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 122 126
90. Paris MM, Hickey SM, Trujillo M, et al: Evaluation of CP-99,219, a new fluoroquinolone, for treatment of experimental penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:1243–1246
91. M.M. Paris S.M. Hickey M.I. Uscher Effect of dexamethasone on therapy of experimental penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 1994 1320 1324
92. J.C. Pioge M. Wolff E. Singlas Diffusion of ofloxacin into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with purulent meningitis or ventriculitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33 1989 933 936
93. M. Pollay Transport mechanisms in choroid plexus Federal Proceedings 33 1974 2064 2069
94. J.J. Rahal M.S. Simberkoff Bactericidal and bacteriostatic action of chloramphenicol against meningeal pathogens Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16 1979 13 18
95. T.S. Reese M.J. Karnovsky Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase J Cell Biol 34 1967 207 217
96. Report from a Swedish Study Group Cefuroxime versus ampicillin and chloramphenciol for the treatment of bacterial meningitis Lancet 1 1982 295 298
97. X. Saez-Llorens E. Castano R. Garcia Prospective randomized comparison of cefepime and cefotaxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis in infants and children Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 1995 937 940
98. M.A. Sande O.M. Korzeniowski G.M. Allegro Intermittent or continuous therapy of experimental meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in rabbits: Preliminary observations on the postantibiotic effect in vivo Reviews of Infectious Diseases 3 1981 98 109
99. U.S. Schaad L.M. Grimm G. Beskid Mecillinam alone and in combination with ampicillin or moxalactam in experimental Escherichia coli meningitis Infection 10 1982 90 96
100. U.B. Schaad G.H. McCracken C.A. Loock Pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of moxalactam (LY127935), netilmicin, and ampicillin in experimental gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 17 1980 406 411
101. W.M. Scheld F.N. Fink D.D. Fletcher Mecillinam-ampicillin synergism in experimental Enterobacteriacae meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16 1979 271 276
102. W.M. Scheld J.P. Brodeur M.A. Sande Comparison of cefoperazone with penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol in the therapy of experimental meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22 1982 652 656
103. W.M. Scheld Drug delivery to the central nervous system: General principles and relevance to therapy for infections of the central nervous system Reviews of Infectious Diseases 11 suppl 11 1989 1669 1690
104. W.M. Scheld J.P. Brodeur Effect of methylprednisolone on entry of ampicillin and gentamicin into cerebrospinal fluid in experimental pneumococcal and Escherichia coli meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23 1983 108 112
105. W.M. Scheld D.D. Fletcher F.N. Fink Response to therapy in an experimental rabbit model of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes J Infect Dis 140 1979 287 294
106. W.M. Scheld R.S. Brown M.A. Sande Comparison of netilmicin and gentamicin in the therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13 1978 899 904
107. W.M. Scheld G.M. Alliegro M.R. Field Synergy between ampicillin and gentamicin in experimental meningitis due to group B streptococci J Infect Dis 146 1982 100 101
108. W.M. Scheld M.A. Sande Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic antibiotic therapy of experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits J Clin Invest 71 1983 411 419
109. W.M. Scheld J.M. Keeley M.R. Field Co-trimoxazole versus nafcillin in the therapy of experimental meningitis due to Staphylococcus aureus J Antimicrob Chemother 19 1987 647 658
110. W.M. Scheld Quinolone therapy for infections of the central nervous system Rev Infect Dis 11 suppl 11 1989 1194 1202
111. T. Schmidt M.G. Tauber Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in the therapy of meningitis: Infection model observations J Antimicrob Chemother 31 suppl D 1993 61 70
112. J.E. Sippel I.A. Mikhail N.I. Girgis Rifampin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Respir Dis 109 1974 579 580
113. S. Sirinavin S. Chiemachanya P. Visudhipan Cefuroxime treatment of bacterial meningitis in infants and children Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25 1984 273 275
114. R. Spector Ceftriaxone transport through the blood-brain barrier J Infect Dis 156 1987 209 211
115. R. Spector S.R. Snodgrass The effect of uremia on penicillin flux between blood and cerebrospinal fluid J Lab Clin Med 87 1976 749 759
116. R. Spector A.V. Lorenzo Inhibition of penicillin transport from the CSF following intracisternal inoculation of bacteria J Clin Invest 54 1974 316 325
117. R.W. Steele L.B. Eyre R.W. Bradsher Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in pediatric patients with meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23 1983 191 194
118. R.W. Steele R.W. Bradsher Comparison of ceftriaxone with standard therapy for bacterial meningitis J Pediatr 103 1983 138 140
119. E.A. Steinberg G.D. Overturf L.J. Baraff Penetration of cefamandole into spinal fluid Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11 1977 933 935
120. G.A. Syrogiannopoulos A. Al-Sabbagh K.D. Olsen Pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (Timentin) in experimental Escherichia coli K-1 and Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31 1987 1296 1300
121. M.G. Tauber C.J. Hackbarth K.G. Scott New cephalosporins cefotaxime, cefpimizole, BMY 28142, and HR 810 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 27 1985 340 342
122. M.G. Tauber S. Kunz O. Zak Influence of antibiotic dose, dosing interval, and duration of therapy on outcome in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33 1989 418 423
123. M.G. Tauber O. Zak W.M. Scheld The postantibiotic effect in the treatment of experimental meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in rabbits J Infect Dis 149 1984 575 583
124. M.G. Tauber C.A. Doroshow C.J. Hackbarth Antibacterial activity of β-lactam antibiotics in experimental meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae J Infect Dis 149 1984 568 574
125. J.P. Thys B. Vanderkelen J. Klastersky Pharmacological study of cefazolin during intermittent and continuous infusion: A crossover investigation in humans Antimicrob Agents Chemother 10 1976 395 398
126. J.M. Trang R.F. Jacobs G.I. Kearns Cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime pharmacokinetics in infants and children with meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28 1985 791 795
127. P.F. Viladrich F. Gudiol J. Linares Evaluation of vancomycin for therapy of adult pneumococcal meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1991 2467 2472
128. E.E.L. Wang C.G. Prober Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole J Antimicrob Chemother 11 1983 385 389
129. H.D. Wilson K.C. Haltalin Ampicillin in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis Am J of Diseases of Children 129 1975 208 215
130. M. Wolff P. Chavenet A. Kazmierczak Diffusion of cefpirome into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with purulent meningitis J Antimicrob Chemother 29 suppl A 1992 59 62
131. M. Wolff B. Regnier C. Daldoss Penetration of pefloxacin into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26 1984 289 291
132. R. Yogev W.E. Schultz S.B. Rosenman Penetrance of nafcillin into human ventricular fluid: Correlation with ventricular pleocytosis and glucose levels Antimicrob Agents Chemother 19 1981 545 548
133. R. Yogev W.M. Kolling Intraventricular levels of amikacin after intravenous administration Antimicrob Agents Chemother 20 1981 583 586
134. G.G. Zhanel J.A. Karlowsky R.J. Davidson Effect of pooled human cerebrospinal fluid on the postantibiotic effects of cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin against Escherichia coli Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 1992 1136 1139