Clinical applications of colour Doppler energy imaging in the female reproductive tract and pregnancy

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 515-529

  Guerriero, Stefano ^a   Ajossa, Silvia ^a   Lai, Maria Paola ^a   Risalvato, Andrea ^a   Paoletti, Anna Maria ^a   Melis, Gian Benedetto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Colour Doppler energy (CDE) imaging; Echo contrast agents; Ovary; Power Doppler; Three dimensional power Doppler sonography

Indexed keywords

CONTRAST MEDIUM;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTERIOLE; COLOR DOPPLER ENERGY; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; CORPUS LUTEUM; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; ENDOMETRIOSIS; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; FETUS DISEASE; HUMAN; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); OVARY BLOOD FLOW; OVARY CANCER; OVARY FOLLICLE; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; VASCULARIZATION;

CORPUS LUTEUM; ENDOMETRIOSIS; FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE; GENITALIA, FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; LAPAROSCOPY; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; OVARIAN FOLLICLE; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, COLOR; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL;

EID: 0032740364     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/5.5.515     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Agrawal, R., Sladkevicius, P., Engmann, L. et al. (1998) Serum vascular growth factors concentrations and ovarian stromal blood flow are increased in women with polycystic ovaries. Hum. Reprod., 13, 651-655.
2. Alcazar, J.L. and Jurado, M. (1998) Using a logistic model to predict malignancy of adnexal masses based on menopausal status, ultrasound morphology, and color Doppler findings. Gynecol. Oncol., 69, 146-150.
3. Alcazar, J.L., Ruiz-Perz, M.L. and Errasti, T. (1996) Transvaginal color Doppler sonography in adnexal masses: which parameter performs best? Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 8, 114-119.
4. Alcazar, J.L., Errasti, T. and Jurado, M. (1997a) Blood flow in functional cyst and in benign ovarian neoplasm in premenopausal women. J. Ultrasound Med., 16, 819-824.
5. Alcazar, J.L., Laparte, C., Jurado, M. et al. (1997b) The role of transvaginal ultrasonography combined with color velocity imaging and pulsed Doppler in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Fertil. Steril., 67, 487-491.
6. Aleem, F.A. and Predanic, M. (1996) Transvaginal color Doppler determination of the ovarian and uterine blood flow characteristics in polycystic ovary disease. Fertil. Steril., 65, 510-516.
7. Aleem, F.A., Pennisi, J., Zeitoun, K. et al. (1995) The role of color Doppler in the diagnosis of endometriomas. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 5, 51-54.
8. Anandakumar, C., Chew, S., Wong, Y.C. et al. (1996) Role of transvaginal ultrasound color flow imaging and Doppler waveform analysis in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 7, 280-284.
9. Anasti, J.N., Kalantaridou, S.N., Kimzey, L.M. et al. (1998) Human follicle fluid vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations are correlated with luteinization in spontaneously developing follicles. Hum. Reprod., 13, 1144-1147.
10. Bhal, P.S., Pugh, N., Chui, D. et al. (1996) The potential role of transvaginal Colour Angio (Power Doppler) Imaging in the assessment of follicular vascularity & outcome in IVF treatment cycles. Abstracts of the 6th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rotterdam 1996. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 8, Abstract Book, p. 46.
11. Bhal, P.S., Pugh, N., Chui, D. et al. (1997) Is follicular vascularity an index of pregnancy potential among women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment cycles? Abstracts of the 13th Annual Meeting of the ESHRE, Edinburgh 1997. Hum. Reprod., 12 (Abstract Book 1), p. 72.
12. Blood, C.H. and Zetter, B.R. (1990) Tumor interactions with vasculature: angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1032, 89-118.
13. Bourne, T.H., Hagstrom, H., Hahlin, M. et al. (1996) Ultrasound studies of vascular and morphological changes in the human corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril., 65, 753-758.
14. Brannstrom, M., Zackrisson, U., Hagstrom, H.G. et al. (1998) Preovulatory changes of blood flow in different regions of the human follicle. Fertil. Steril., 69, 435-442.
15. Brocks, V., Ramsoe-Jacobsen, J. and Stafanger, G. (1998) Early fetal echocardiography using color Doppler energy (CDE). Abstracts of the 8th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edinburgh, 1-5 November 1998. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, Abstract Book, p. 87.
16. Brown, D.L., Frates, M.C., Laing, F.C. et al. (1994) Ovarian masses: can benign and malignant lesions be differentiated with color Doppler US? Radiology, 190, 333-336.
17. Bruce, N.W. and Moor, R.M. (1976) Capillary blood flow to ovarian follicles, stroma and corpora lutea anesthetized sheep. J. Reprod. Fertil., 46, 299-304.
18. Brustmann, H., Riss, P. and Naude, S. (1997) The relevance of angiogenesis in benign and malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary: a quantitative histologic study. Gynecol. Oncol., 67, 20-26.
19. Bude, R.O., Rubin, J.M. and Adler, R.S. (1994) Power versus conventional Doppler sonography: comparison in the depiction of normal intrarenal vasculature. Radiology, 192, 777-780.
20. Buy, J.N., Ghossain, M.A., Hugol, D. et al. (1996) Characterization of adnexal masses: combination of color Doppler and conventional sonography compared with spectral Doppler analysis alone and conventional sonography alone. Am. J. Roentgenol., 166, 385-393.
21. Cacciatore, B. (1996) Power Doppler in diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. Abstracts of the 6th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rotterdam 1996. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 8, Abstract Book, p. 205.
22. Campbell, S., Bourne, T.H., Waterstone, J. et al. (1993) Transvaginal color blood flow imaging of the periovulatory follicle. Fertil. Steril., 60, 433-438.
23. Carter, J.R., Lau, M., Fowler, J.M. et al. (1995) Blood flow characteristics of ovarian tumors: implications for ovarian cancer screening. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 172, 901-907.
24. Caruso, A., Caforio, L., Testa, A.C. et al. (1996) Transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography in the presurgical characterization of adnexal masses. Gynecol. Oncol., 63, 184-191.
25. Chang, K.H., Hwang, K.J., Kwon, H.C. et al. (1998) Conservative therapy of adnexal torsion employing color Doppler sonography. J. Am. Assoc. Gynecol. Laparosc., 5, 13-17.
26. Chaoui, R., Kalache, J., Hartung, K.S. et al. (1998) 3-D Color Power Angio (3D-CPA) of the umbilical vessels in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Abstracts of the 8th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edinburgh, 1-5 November 1998. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, Abstract Book, p. 150.
27. Cheng, W.F., Lee, C.N., Chu, J.S. et al. (1999) Vascularity index as a novel parameter for the in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in patients with cervical carcinoma. Cancer, 85, 651-657.
28. Cho, J.Y., Seong, C.K. and Kim, S.H. (1998) Krukenberg tumor findings at color and power Doppler US; correlation with findings at CT, MR imaging and pathology. Case reports. Acta Radiol., 39, 327-329.
29. Chou, C.Y., Chang, C.H., Yao, B.L. et al. (1994) Color Doppler ultrasonography and serum CA 125 in the differentiation of benign and malignant ovarian tumors. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 22, 491-496.
30. Chou, M.M. and Ho, E.S. (1997) Prenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta with power amplitude ultrasonic angiography. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 177, 1523-1525.
31. Chua, L.K. and Twining, P. (1997) A comparison of power colour flow with frequency based colour flow Doppler in fetal echocardiography. Clin. Radiol., 52, 712-714.
32. Chui, D.K., Pugh, N.D., Walker, S.M. et al. (1997) Follicular vascularity -the predictive value of transvaginal power Doppler ultrasonography in an in-vitro fertilization programme: a preliminary study. Hum. Reprod., 12, 191-196.
33. Collins, W., Jurkovic, D., Bourne, T.H. et al. (1991) Ovarian morphology, endocrine function and intra-follicular blood flow during the peri-ovulatory period. Hum. Reprod., 6, 319-324.
34. Crvenkovic, G. and Platt, L.D. (1996) Color and Power Doppler sonography assessment of ovarian blood flow. Abstracts of the 6th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rotterdam 1996. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 8, Abstract Book, p. 97.
35. Denbow, M,L., Cox, P., Talbert, D. et al. (1998) Colour Doppler energy insonation of placental vasculature in mono chorionic twins: absent arterio-arterial anastomoses in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 105, 760-765.
36. Dissen, G.A., Lara, H.E., Fahrenbach, W.H. et al. (1994) Immature rat ovaries become revascularized rapidly after autotransplantation and show a gonadotrophin independent increase in angiogenic factor gene expression. Endocrinology, 134, 1146-1154.
37. Downey, D.B. and Fenster, A. (1995) Vascular imaging with a three-dimensional power Doppler system. Am. J. Roentgenol., 165, 665-668.
38. Dubiel, M., Gudmundsson, S., Breborowicz, G.H. and Marsal, K. (1997a) Fetal splenic color Doppler Energy imaging and velocimetry in normal and high-risk pregnancies. Abstracts of the 7th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington, DC, 26-30 October 1997. Abstract Book, p. 56.
39. Dubiel, M., Gudmundsson, S., Pirhonen, J. et al. (1997b) Betamethasone treatment and fetal lung perfusion evaluated with Color Doppler Energy imaging. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 10, 272-276.
40. Dubiel, M., Drews, K., Skrzypczak, J. et al. (1998) Power Doppler and Doppler velocimetry imaging of the fetal lung before and after betamethasone treatment in correlation with interleukin-6 and C reactive protein levels. Abstracts of the 8th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edinburgh, 1-5 November 1998. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, Abstract Book, p. 170.
41. Dvorak, H.F., Brown, L.F., Delmer, M. et al. (1995) Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor microvascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol., 145, 1029-1039.
42. Emoto, M., Iwasaki, H., Mimura, K. et al. (1997) Differences in the angiogenesis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors, demonstrated by analyses of color Doppler ultrasound, immunohistochemistry, and microvessel density. Cancer, 80, 899-907.
43. Feichtinger, W. (1998) Follicle aspiration with interactive three-dimensional digital imaging (Voluson): a step toward real-time puncturing under three-dimensional ultrasound control. Fertil. Steril., 70, 374-377.
44. Fleischer, A.C., Rodgers, W.H., Rao, B.K. et al. (1991) Assessment of ovarian tumor vascularity with transvaginal color Doppler sonography. J. Ultrasound Med., 10, 563-568.
45. Fleischer, A.C., Rodgers, W.H., Kepple, D.M. et al. (1993) Color Doppler sonography of ovarian masses: a multiparameter analysis. J. Ultrasound Med., 12, 41-48.
46. Folkman, J. (1985) Tumor angiogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res., 43, 175-203.
47. Folkman, J. and Shing, Y. (1992) Angiogenesis. J. Biol. Chem., 267, 10931-10934.
48. Fortunato, S.J. (1996) The use of power Doppler and color power angiography in fetal imaging. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 174, 1828-1831.
49. Fox, D.B., Bruner, J.P. and Fleischer, A.C.(1996) Amplitude-based color Doppler sonography of fetus with sacrococcygeal teratoma. J. Ultrasound Med., 15, 785-787.
50. Goldberg, B.B., Merton, D.A., Forsberg, F. et al. (1996) Color amplitude imaging: preliminary results using vascular sonographic contrast agents. J. Ultrasound Med., 15, 127-134.
51. Gordon, J.D., Mesiano, S., Zoloudek, C.J. et al. (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor localization in human ovary and fallopian tubes. Possible role in human reproduction and ovarian cyst formation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 353-359.
52. Gregory, L., Booth, A.D., Wells, C. et al. (1994) A study of cumulus/corona cell complex in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET): a prognostic indicator of the failure of implantation. Hum. Reprod., 9, 1308-1317.
53. Gregory, L., Wells, C., Thomas, L. et al. (1998) Peri-follicular vascularity and in vitro activity of human cumulus cells, markers of implantation from IVF-ET. Fertil. Steril., 70(Suppl.), abstract O-037, p. S14.
54. Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S., Paoletti, A.M. et al. (1996a) Tumor markers and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Obstet. Gynecol., 88, 403-407.
55. Guerriero, S., Mais, V., Ajossa, S. et al. (1996b) Transvaginal ultrasonography combined with CA 125 plasma levels in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Fertil. Steril., 65, 293-298.
56. Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S., Lai, M.P. et al. (1997a) Transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pelvic adhesions. Hum. Reprod., 12, 2649-2653.
57. Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S., Mais, V. et al. (1997b) Color Doppler energy imaging in the diagnosis of fetal intracranial hemorrhage in the second trimester. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 10, 205-208.
58. Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S., Mais, V. et al. (1997e) Prelaparoscopic assessment of ovarian cysts in reproductive age women. Gynecol. Endosc., 6, 157-167.
59. Guerriero, S., Mallarini, G., Ajossa, S. et al. (1997d) Transvaginal ultrasound and computed tomography combined with clinical parameters and CA-125 determinations in the differential diagnosis of persistent ovarian cysts in premenopausal women. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 9, 339-343.
60. Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S., Mais, V. et al. (1998a) Is colour Doppler useful in the diagnosis of functional ovarian cysts? Hum. Reprod., 13, 503-504.
61. Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S., Mais, V. et al. (1998b) The diagnosis of endometriomas using colour Doppler energy imaging. Hum. Reprod., 13, 1691-1695.
62. Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S., Risalvato, A. et al. (1998c) Diagnosis of adnexal malignancies by using color Doppler energy imaging as a secondary test in persistent masses. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 11, 277-282.
63. Hamper, U.M., Sheth, S., Abbas, F.M. et al. (1993) Transvaginal color Doppler sonography of adnexal masses: differences in blood flow impedance in benign and malignant lesions. Am. J. Radiol., 160, 1225-1228.
64. Hamper, U.M., DeJong, M.R., Caskey, C.I. and Sheth, S. (1997) Power Doppler imaging: clinical experience and correlation with color Doppler US and other imaging modalities. Radiographics, 17, 499-513.
65. Hartung, J., Kalache, K., Chaoui, R. and Bollmann R. (1997) Color Power Imaging in prenatal diagnosis. Abstracts of the 7th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington, DC, 26-30 October 1997. Abstract Book, p. 25.
66. Hata, K., Hata, T., Manabe, A. et al. (1992) A critical evaluation of transvaginal Doppler studies, transvaginal sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and CA 125 in detecting ovarian cancer. Obstet. Gynecol., 80, 922-926.
67. Hata, K., Akiba, S., Hata, T. and Miyazaki, K. (1998a) A multivariate logistic regression analysis in predicting malignancy for patients with ovarian tumors. Gynecol. Oncol., 68, 256-262.
68. Hata, K., Nagami, H., Iida, K. et al. (1998b) Expression of thymidine phosphorylase in malignant ovarian tumors: correlation with microvessel density and an ultrasound-derived index of angiogenesis. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, 201-206.
69. Hata, T., Manabe, A., Yonehara, T. et al. (1998c) Power Doppler enhancement of the placenta by dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in term pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 105, 360-361.
70. Hoskins, P.R. and McDicken, W.N. (1997) Colour ultrasound imaging of blood flow and tissue motion. Br. J. Radiol., 70, 878-890.
71. Jaffe, R. (1992) Color Doppler imaging, a new interpretation of the Doppler effect. In Jaffe, R. and Warsof, S.L. (eds), Color Doppler Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 17-34.
72. Jain, K.A. (1994) Prospective evaluation of adnexal masses with endovaginal gray-scale and duplex and color Doppler US: correlation with pathological findings. Radiology, 191, 63-67.
73. Jakab, A., Jr, Juhasz, B., Ovari, L. et al. (1998) Power Doppler imaging in the diagnosis of endometrial polyps - the feeding vessels. Abstracts of the 8th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edinburgh, 1-5 November 1998. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, Abstract Book, p. 14.
74. Kamat, B.R., Brown, L.F., Manseau, E.J. et al. (1995) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor vascular permeability factor by human granulosa and theca lutein cells. Role in corpus luteum development. Am. J. Pathol., 146, 157-165.
75. Kanaoka, Y., Maeda, T., Nakai, Y. et al. (1998) Placental polyp: power Doppler imaging and conservative resection. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 11, 225-226.
76. Kawai, M., Kano, T., Kikkawa, F. et al. (1992) Transvaginal Doppler ultrasound with color flow imaging in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Obstet. Gynecol., 79, 163-167.
77. Koos, R.D. (1995) Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in the rat ovary following an anovulatory gonadotrophin stimulus: potential role in follicle rupture. Biol. Reprod., 52, 1426-1435.
78. Kremkau, F.W. (1995) Contemporary ultrasound technology. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 6, 233-236.
79. Kupesic, S. and Kurjak, A. (1998) Three dimensional Power Doppler in the staging of endometrial carcinoma. Abstracts of the 8th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edinburgh, 1-5 November 1998. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, Abstract Book, p. 33.
80. Kurjak, A. (1995) Conflicting Doppler data on the assessment of pelvic tumors vascularity. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 62, 1-2.
81. Kurjak, A. and Kupesic, S. (1994) Scoring system for the prediction of ovarian endometriosis based on transvaginal color and pulsed Doppler sonography. Fertil. Steril., 62, 81-88.
82. Kurjak, A., Schulman, H., Sosic, A. et al. (1992) Transvaginal ultrasound, color flow, and Doppler waveform of the postmenopausal adnexal masses. Obstet. Gynecol., 80, 917-921.
83. Kurjak, A., Kupesic, S., Breyer, B. et al. (1998) The assessment of ovarian tumor angiogenesis: what does three-dimensional power Doppler add? Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, 136-146.
84. Laifer-Naron, S., Ragavendra, N., Tabsh, K. and Grant, E. (1998) The use of color power angiography in imaging the fetal renal arteries. Abstracts of the 42nd Annual Convention of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Boston 1998. J. Ultrasound Med., 17, S21.
85. Laitinen, M., Ristimaki, A., Paavonen, K. et al. (1997) Differential hormonal regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, VEGF-B, and VEGF-C messenger ribonucleic acid levels in culture human granulosa-luteal cells. Endocrinology, 138, 4748-4756.
86. Lee, E.J., Kwon, H.C., Joo, H.J. et al. (1998) Diagnosis of ovarian torsion with color Doppler sonography: depiction of twisted vascular pedicle. J. Ultrasound Med., 17, 83-89.
87. Lencioni, R., Pinto, F., Armillotta, N. and Bartolozzi, C. (1996) Assessment of tumor vascularity in hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of power and color Doppler US. Radiology, 201, 353-358.
88. Leung, D., Cachianes, G., Kuang, W. et al. (1989) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science, 246, 1309-1312.
89. Levine, D., Hulka, C.A., Ludmir, J. et al. (1997) Placenta accreta: evaluation with color Doppler US, power Doppler US, and MR imaging. Radiology, 205, 773-776.
90. Locci, M., Nazzaro, G., DePlacido, G. et al. (1994) Angiogenesis: a new diagnostic aspect of obstetric and gynecologic echography. J. Perinat. Med., 22, 453-473.
91. Lunenfeld, E., Schwartz, I., Meizner, I. et al. (1996) Intraovarian blood flow during spontaneous and stimulated cycles. Hum. Reprod., 11, 2481-2483.
92. Mais, V., Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S. et al. (1993) The efficiency of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Fertil. Steril., 60, 776-780.
93. Mais, V., Guerriero, S., Ajossa, S. et al. (1995) Transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cystic teratoma. Obstet. Gynecol., 85, 48-52.
94. Maly, Z., Riss, P. and Deutinger, J. (1995) Localization of blood vessels and qualitative assessment of blood flow in ovarian tumors. Obstet. Gynecol., 85, 33-36.
95. Merce, L.T., Caballero, R.A., Barco, M.J. et al. (1998) B-mode, utero-ovarian and intratumoral transvaginal colour Doppler ultrasonography for differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 76, 97-107.
96. Meyerowitz, C.B., Fleischer, A.C., Pickens, D.R. et al. (1996) Quantification of tumor vascularity and flow with amplitude color Doppler sonography in an experimental model: preliminary results. J. Ultrasound Med., 15, 827-833.
97. Miyazaki, T., Tanaka, M., Miyakoshi, K. et al. (1998) Power and colour Doppler ultrasonography for the evaluation of the vasculature of the human corpus luteum. Hum. Reprod., 13, 2836-2841.
98. Nakanishi, Y., Kodama, J., Yoshinouchi, M. et al. (1997) The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta associates with angiogenesis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 16, 256-262.
99. Neeman, M., Abramovitch, R., Schiffenbauer, Y.S. et al. (1997) Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxic stress: from solid tumours to the ovarian follicle. Int. J. Exp. Pathol., 78, 57-70.
100. Neulen, J., Zhaoping, Y., Raczek, S. et al. (1995) Human chorionic gonadotrophin dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human granulosa cells and importance of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 80, 1967-1971.
101. Newman, J.S., Adler, R.S. and Bude, R.O. (1994) Detection of soft tissue hyperemia: value of power Doppler sonography. Am. J. Roentgenol., 163, 385-389.
102. Newman, J.S., Adler, R.S. and Rubin, J.M. (1997) Power Doppler sonography: use in measuring alterations in muscle blood volume after exercise. Am. J. Roentgenol., 168, 1525-1530.
103. Nilsson, A., Olofsson, P., Loren, I. et al. (1997) Color Doppler energy: computer analysis for detection of volume flow variations. J. Ultrasound Med., 16, 679-684.
104. Niswender, G.D., Reuimers, T.J. and Diekman, M.A. (1976) Blood flow: a mediator of ovarian function. Biol. Reprod., 14, 64-81.
105. Nores, J., Athanassiou, A., Craigo, S. et al. (1997) Evaluation of fetal thyroid vascularity with amplitude-based Doppler. Abstracts of the 7th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington, DC, 26-30 October 1997. Abstract Book, p. 46.
106. Ohishi, H., Hirai, T., Yamada, R. et al. (1998) Three-dimensional power Doppler sonography of tumor vascularity. J. Ultrasound Med., 17, 619-622.
107. Pairleitner, H. and Steiner, H. (1998) Three dimensional Power Doppler sonography in adnexal masses. Abstracts of the 8th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edinburgh, 1-5 November 1998. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, Abstract Book, p. 15.
108. Pairleitner, H., Steiner, H., Hasenoehrl, G. et al. (1997) Three dimensional Power Doppler sonography in ovarian tumors reproducibility of scanning and computer analyses. Abstracts of the 7th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington, DC, 26-30 October 1997. Abstract Book, p. 118.
109. Paley, P.J., Staskus, K.A., Gebhard, K. et al. (1997) Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in early stage ovarian carcinoma. Cancer, 80, 98-106.
110. Papadimitriou, A., Kalagirou, D., Petridis, N. et al. (1996) Power Doppler ultrasound: a potentially useful alternative in diagnosing pelvic pathologic conditions. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol., 23, 229-232.
111. Park, K.S., Choi, B.I., Won, H.J. et al. (1998) Intratumoral vascularity of experimentally induced VX2 carcinoma: comparison of color Doppler sonography, power Doppler sonography, and microangiography. Invest. Radiol., 33, 39-44.
112. Parsons, A.K. (1996) Sonographic demonstration and analysis of the vascular structure of human corpus luteum. Abstracts of the 6th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rotterdam 1996. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 8, Abstract Book, p. 252.
113. Pembridge, J.M., Bhal, P.S., Pugh, N. et al. (1998) Salvage of overstimulated IUI treatment cycles by controlled selective follicular reduction using power Doppler imaging. Fertil. Steril., 70(Suppl.), abstract O-284, p. S106.
114. Phillips, H.S., Hains, J., Leung, W. et al. (1990) Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in the rat corpus luteum. Endocrinology, 127, 965-967.
115. Pierson, R.A. (1998) Ovarian imaging. In Kempers, R.D., Cohen, J., Haney, eA.F. and Younger, J.B. (eds), Fertility and Reproductive Medicine. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 85-98.
116. Pilu, G., Falco, P., Milano, V. et al. (1998) Prenatal diagnosis of microcephaly assisted by vaginal sonography and power Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 11, 357-360.
117. Pooh, R.K. and Aono, T. (1996) Transvaginal power Doppler angiography of the fetal brain. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 8, 417-421.
118. Pretorius, D.H., Nelson, T.R. and Baergen, R.N. (1998) Imaging of placental vasculature using three-dimensional ultrasound and color power Doppler: a preliminary study. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 12, 45-49.
119. Prompeler, H.J., Madjar, H., Sauerbrei, W. et al. (1994) Quantitative flow measurements for classification of ovarian tumors by transvaginal color Doppler sonography in postmenopausal patients. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 4, 406-413.
120. Prompeler, H.J., Madjar, H. and Sauerbrei, W. (1996) Classification of adnexal tumors by transvaginal color Doppler. Gynecol. Oncol., 61, 354-363.
121. Raza, S. and Baum, J.K. (1997) Solid breast lesions: evaluation with power Doppler US. Radiology, 203, 164-168.
122. Rehn, M., Lohmann, K. and Rempen, A. (1996) Transvaginal ultrasonography of pelvic masses: evaluation of B-mode technique and Doppler ultrasonography. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 175, 97-104.
123. Reles, A., Wein, U. and Lichtenegger, W. (1997) Transvaginal color Doppler sonography and conventional sonography in the preoperative assessment of adnexal masses. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 25, 217-225.
124. Ritchie, C.J., Edwards, W.S., Mack, L.A. et al. (1996) Three dimensional ultrasonic angiography using power-mode Doppler. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 22, 277-286.
125. Roth, P., Agnani, G., Arbez-Gindre, F. et al. (1998) Use of energy color Doppler in visualizing fetal pulmonary vascularization to predict the absence of severe pulmonary hypoplasia. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 46, 153-157.
126. Rubin, J.M., Bude, R.O., Carson, P.L. et al. (1994) Power Doppler US: a potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based Color Doppler US. Radiology, 190, 853-856.
127. Salem, S., White, L.M. and Lai, J. (1994) Doppler sonography of adnexal masses: the predictive value of the pulsatility index in benign and malignant disease. Am. J. Roentgenol., 163, 1147-1150.
128. Sase, M., Ogata, T., Numa, F. et al. (1996) Findings of uterine sarcoma and uterine myoma by color and power Doppler. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi, 48, 1159-1160.
129. Sauerbrei, E.E., and Davies, G.L. (1998) Diagnosis of vasa previa with endovaginal color Doppler and power Doppler sonography: report of two cases. J. Ultrasound Med., 17, 393-398.
130. Schmiedl, U.P., Komarniski, K., Winter, T.C. et al. (1998) Assessment of fetal and placental blood flow in primates using contrast enhanced ultrasonography. J. Ultrasound Med., 17, 75-80.
131. Senger, D.R., Van Der Water, L., Brown, L. et al. (1983) VPF (VEGF) in tumor biology. Cancer Metab. Rev., 12, 303-324.
132. Shweiki, D., Itin, A., Neufeld, G. et al. (1993) Patterns of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in mice suggest a role in hormonally regulated angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest., 91, 2235-2243.
133. Simpson, N.A., Nimrod, C., De Vermette, R. and Fournier, J. (1997) Determination of intervillous flow in early pregnancy. Placenta, 18, 287-293.
134. Simpson, N.A., Nimrod, C., De Vermette, R. et al. (1998) Sonographic evaluation of intervillous flow in early pregnancy: use of echo-enhancement agents. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 11, 204-208.
135. Sohn, C. and Weskott, H.P. (1997) The sensitivity of new color systems in blood-flow diagnosis. The maximum entropy method and angio-color-comparative in vitro flow measurements to determine sensitivity. Surg. Endosc., 11, 1040-1044.
136. Sowter, H.M., Corps, A.N., Evans, A.L. et al. (1997) Expression and localization of the vascular endothelial growth factor family in ovarian epithelial tumors. Lab. Invest., 77, 607-614.
137. Stein, S.M., Laifer-Narin, S., Johnson, M.B. et al. (1995) Differentiation of benign and malignant adnexal masses: relative value of gray-scale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler sonography. Am. J. Roentgenol., 164, 381-386.
138. Strigini, F.A.L., Gadducci, A., Del Bravo, B. et al. (1996) Differential diagnosis of adnexal masses with transvaginal sonography, color flow imaging, and serum CA 125 assay in pre- and postmenopausal women. Ginecol. Oncol., 61, 68-72.
139. Suren, A., Osmers, R., Kulenkampff, D. and Kuhn, W. (1994) Visualization of blood flow in small ovarian tumor vessels by transvaginal color Doppler sonography after echo enhancement with injection of Levovist. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 38, 210-212.
140. Suren, A., Osmers, R. and Kuhn, W. (1998) 3D Color Power Angio imaging: a new method to assess intracervical vascularization in benign and pathological conditions. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 11, 133-137.
141. Tailor. A., Jurkovic, D., Bourne, T.H. et al. (1997) Sonographic prediction of malignancy in adnexal masses using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 10, 41-47.
142. Tailor, A., Jurkovic, D., Bourne, T.H. et al. (1998) Comparison of transvaginal color Doppler imaging and color Doppler energy for assessment of intraovarian blood flow. Obstet. Gynecol., 91, 561-567.
143. Tan, S.L., Zaidi, J., Campbell, S. et al. (1996) Blood flow changes in the ovarian and uterine arteries during the normal menstrual cycle. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 175, 625-631.
144. Tekay, A. and Jouppila, P. (1992) Validity of pulsatility and resistance indices in classification of adnexal tumors with transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 2, 338-344.
145. Tekay, A. and Jouppila, P. (1995) Blood flow in benign ovarian tumors and normal ovaries during the follicular phase. Obstet. Gynecol., 86, 55-59.
146. Tekay, A. and Jouppila, P. (1996) Controversies in assessment of ovarian tumors with transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 75, 316-329.
147. Tepper, R., Lerner-Geva, L., Altaras, M.M. et al. (1995) Transvaginal color flow imaging in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. J. Ultrasound Med., 14, 731-734.
148. Timor-Tritsch, I.E., Lerner, J.P., Monteagudo, A. et al. (1993) Transvaginal ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian masses by means of color flow-directed Doppler measurements and a morphologic scoring system. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 168, 909-913.
149. Tseng, C.W., Chao, A.S., Chang, F.H. et al. (1997) Color Doppler energy in prenatal diagnosis of meconium peritonitis: a case report. Chung Keng I Hsueh, 20, 58-61.
150. Umesaki, N., Nakai, Y., Kawamura, N. et al. (1998) Power Doppler findings of adenoma malignum of uterine cervix. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 45, 213-216.
151. Valentin, L. (1997) Gray scale sonography, subjective evaluation of the color Doppler image and measurement of blood flow velocity for distinguishing benign and malignant tumors of suspected adnexal origin. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 72, 63-72.
152. Valentin, L., Sladkevicius, P. and Marsal, K. (1994) Limited contribution of Doppler velocimetry to the differential diagnosis of extrauterine pelvic tumors. Obstet. Gynecol., 83, 425-433.
153. Van Blerkom, J., Antczak, M. and Schrader, R. (1997) The developmental potential of the human oocyte is related to the dissolved oxygen content of follicular fluid: association with vascular endothelial growth factor levels and perifollicular blood flow characteristics. Hum. Reprod., 12, 1047-1055.
154. Vrtacnick-Bokal, E. and Meden-Vrtovec, H. (1998) Utero-ovarian arterial blood flow an in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 13, 815-821.
155. Weiner, Z., Thaler, I., Beck, D. et al. (1992) Differentiating malignant from benign ovarian tumors with transvaginal color flow imaging. Obstet. Gynecol., 79, 159-162.
156. Weskott, H.P. (1997) Amplitude Doppler US: slow blood flow detection tested with a flow phantom. Radiology, 202, 195-204.
157. Wu, C.C., Lee, C.N., Chen, T.M. et al. (1994) Factors contributing to the accuracy in diagnosing ovarian malignancy by color Doppler ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol., 84, 605-608.
158. Yamamoto, S., Konishi, I., Tsuruta, Y. et al. (1997) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during folliculogenesis and corpus luteum formation in the human ovary. Gynecol. Endocrinol., 11, 371-381.
159. Yap, C., Choa, L.C., Yu, S.L. et al. (1998) Power Doppler sonographic assessment of uterine endometrium prior to embryo transfer. Fertil. Steril., 70 (Suppl), Abstract P-183, p. S183.
160. Zalud, I., Kurjak, A. and Weiner, Z. (1994) The corpus luteum. In Kurjak, A. (ed.), Ultrasound and the Ovary. Parthenon Publishing, Carnforth, pp. 99-113.
161. Zalud, I., Maulik, D. and Conway, C. (1996) Pelvic blood flow in postmenopausal women: Color vs. Power Doppler. Abstracts of the 6th World Congress of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rotterdam 1996. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 8, Abstract Book, p. 8.
162. Zheng, J., Redmer, D.A. and Reynolds, L.P. (1993) Vascular development and heparin-binding growth factors in the bovine corpus luteum at several stages of the estrous cycle. Biol. Reprod., 49, 1177-1189.