Coronary microembolization - Its role in acute coronary syndromes and interventions

Herz

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 558-575

  Erbel, Raimund ^a,b   Heusch, Gerd ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^b Center of Internal Medicine   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndromes; Acute myocardial infarct; Coronary microembolization; Percutaneous interventional cardiology (PCI); Plaque rupture; PTCA; Rotablation; Stenting; Sudden death; Unstable angina

Indexed keywords

CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY STENT; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MICROEMBOLISM; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SUDDEN DEATH; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

EID: 0032731795     PISSN: 03409937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03044228     Document Type: Review

References (259)

1. Abdelmeguid AE, Topol EJ, Whitlow PL, et al. Significance of mild transient release of creatine kinases-MB fraction after percutaneous coronary interventions. Circulation 1996;94:1528-36.
2. Abdelmeguid AE, Topol EJ. The myth of the myocardial "infarctlet" during percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures. Circulation 1996;94:3369-75.
3. Adelman AG, Cohen EA, Kimball BP, et al. A comparison of directional atherectomy with balloon angioplasty for lesions of the left anterior descending coronary artery. N Engl J Med 1993;329:228-33.
4. Aengevaeren WRM, Uijen GJH, van der Werf T. Comparison of coronary flow velocity and regional myocardial perfusion for functional evaluation of coronary artery disease in the setting of angioplasty. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;45:16-24.
5. Agati L, Voci P, Bilotta F, et al. Influence of residual perfusion within the infarct zone on the natural history of left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: a myocardial contrast echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:336-42.
6. Ahn SS, Auth D, Marcus DR, et al. Removal of focal atheromatous lesions by angioscopically guided high-speed rotary atherectomy: preliminary experimental observations. J Vasc Surg1988;7:292-300.
7. Alfonso F, Goicolea J, Hernandez R, et al. Findings of coronary angioscopy in angiographically normal coronary segments of patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 1995;130:987-93.
8. Alfonso F, Macaya C, Goicolea J, et al. Angiographic changes induced by intracoronary ultrasound imaging before and after coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J 1993;125:877-80.
9. Alpert JS. Coronary vasomotion, coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction and the camel's back. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:617-9.
10. Amanullah AM Lindvall K, Bevegard S. Exercise echocardiography after stabilization of unstable angina: Correlation with exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography. Clin Cardiol 1992;15:585-9.
11. Ambrose JA, Hjemdahl-Monsen CE. Arteriographic anatomy and mechanism of myocardial ischemia in unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;9:1397-402.
12. Ambrose JA, Winters SL, Arora RR, et al. Evolution of coronary morphology in unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:472.
13. Ambrose JA, Winters SL, Stern A, et al. Angiographic morphology and the pathogenesis of unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:609.
14. Ameli S, Kaul S, Castro L, et al. Effect of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on circulating endothelin levels. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:1352-6.
15. Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Becker LC. TIMI perfusion grade 3 but not grade 2 results in improved outcome after thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;87:1829-39.
16. Annex BH, Denning SM, Channon KM, et al. Differential experssion of tissue factor protein in directional atherectomy specimens from patients with stable and unstable coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995;91:619-22.
17. Antman EM, Grudzien C, Mitchell RN, et al. Detection of unsuspected myocardial necrosis by rapid bedside assay for cardiac troponin T. Am Heart J 1997;133:596-8.
18. Aoki T, Konishi T, Futagami Y, et al. Clinical significance of exercise induced ST segment depression after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Assessment by thallium-201 SPECT. Jpn J Nucl Med 1989;26:733-41.
19. Ashton JH, Golino P, McNatt JM, et al. Serotonin S-2 and thromboxane A-2-prostaglandin H-2 receptor blockade provide protection against epinephrine-induced cyclic flow variations in severely narrowed canine coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:755-63.
20. Baumgart D, Haude M, Goerge G, et al. Improved assessment of coronary stenosis severity using the relative flow velocity reserve. Circulation 1998;98:40-6.
21. Baumgart D, Liu F, Haude M, et al. Acute plaque rupture and myocardial stunning in patients with normal coronary arteriography. Lancet 1995;346:193-4.
22. Benamer H, Steg PG, Benessiano J, et al. Comparison of the prognostic value of C-reactive protein and troponin I in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:845-50.
23. Betrand ME, Lablanche JM, Leroy F, et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary rotary ablation with rotablator (European experience). Am J Cardiol 1992;69:470-4.
24. Biasucci LM, Liuzzo G, Grillo RL, et al. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein at discharge in patients with unstable angina predict recurrent instability. Circulation 1999;99:855-60.
25. Bittle JA, Sanborn TA, Yardley DE, et al. Predictors of outcome of percutaneous excimer laser coronary angioplasty of saphenous vein bypass graft lesions. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:144-8.
26. Bocksch W, Schartl M, Beckmann S, et al. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Coron Art Dis 1997;8:265-73.
27. Bocksch WG, Schartl M, Beckmann SH, et al. Intravascular ultrasound imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction: comparison with chronics table angina pectoris. Coron Art Dis 1994;5:727-35.
28. Bowers TR, Stewart RE, O'Neill WW, et al. Effect of rotablator atherectomy and adjunctive balloon angioplasty of coronary blood flow. Circulation 1997;95:1157-64.
29. Braunwald E. Unstable angina: a classification. Circulation 1989; 80:410-4.
30. Bresnahan DR, Davis JL, Holmes DR. et al. Angiographic occurrence and clinical correlates of intraluminal coronary artery thrombus: role of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:285-9.
31. Brogan WC III, Popma JJ, Pichard AD, et al. Rotational coronary atherectomy after unsuccessful coronary balloon angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:794-8.
32. Brown DL, George CJ, Steenkiste AR, et al. High-speed rotational atherectomy of human coronary stenoses: Acute and one-year outcomes from the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention (NACI) registry. Am J Cardiol 1997;80 A:60K-7K.
33. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, et al. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in patients with coronary disease dying suddenly. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1276-82.
34. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, et al. Plaque rupture and sudden death related to exertion in men with coronary artery disease. JAMA 1999;281:921-4
35. Califf RM, Abdelmeguid AE, Kuntz RE, et al. Myonecrosis after revascularization procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998:31:241-51.
36. Carlino M, De Gregorio J, Di Mario C. et al. Prevention of distal embolization during saphenous vein graft lesion angioplasty. Experience with a new temporary occlusion and aspiration system. Circulation 1999;99:3221-3.
37. Cheirif JB, Narkiewicz-Jodko JB, Hawkins HK, et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography: relation of collateral perfusion to extent of injury and severity of contractile dysfunction in a canine model of coronary thrombosis and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:537-46.
38. Colombo A, Goldberg SL, Almagor Y, et al. A novel strategy for stent deployment in the treatment of acute or threatened closure complicating balloon coronary angioplasty. Use of short or standard (or both) single or multiple Palmaz-Schatz stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1887-91.
39. Colombo A, Hall P, Nakamura S, et al. Intracoronary stenting without anticoagulation accomplished with intravascular ultrasound guidance. Circulation 1995;91:1676-88.
40. Colt HG, Begg RJ, Saporito JJ, et al. Cholesterol emboli after cardiac catheterization. Eight cases and a review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988;67:389-400.
41. Davies MJ, Bland MJ, Hangartner WR, et al. Factors influencing the presence or absence of acute coronary thrombi in sudden ischemic death. Eur Heart J 1989;10:203-8.
42. Davies MJ, Thomas A. Thrombosis and acute coronary artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischaemic death. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1137-40.
43. Davies MJ, Thomas AC, Knapman PA, et al. Intramyocardial platelet aggregation in patients with unstable angina suffering sudden ischaemic cardiac death. Circulation 1986;73:418-27.
44. Davies MJ, Thomas AC. Plaque fissuring - the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischemic death, and crescendo angina. Br Heart J 1985;53:363-73.
45. De Feyter P, Serruys P, van den Brand M, et al. Percutaneous trnasluminal angioplasty of a totally occluded bypass graft: a challenge that should be resisted. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:88-90.
46. Den Heijer P, Foley DP, Escaned J, et al. Angioscopic versus angiographic detection of intimal dissection and intracoronary thrombus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:649-54.
47. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1980;303:897-902.
48. Di Carli M, Czernin J, Hoh CK, et al. Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1995;91:1944-51.
49. Dietz U, Erbel R, Rupprecht H, et al. High frequency rotational ablation: an alternative in treating coronary artery stenoses and occlusions. Br Heart J 1993;70:327-36.
50. Dissmann R, Linderer T, Goerke M, et al. Sudden increase of the ST segment elevation at time of reperfusion predicts extensive infarcts in patients with intravenous thrombolysis. Am Heart J 1993;126:832-9.
51. Diver DJ, Bier JD, Ferreira PE, et al. Clinical and arteriographic characterization of patients with unstable angina without critical coronary arterial narrowing (from the TIMI-IIIa Trial). Am J Cardiol 1994;74:531-7.
52. Dooris M, Hoffmann M, Glazier S, et al. Comparative results of transluminal extraction coronary atherectomy in saphenous vein graft lesions with and without thrombus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1700-5.
53. Dörge H, Behrends M, Neumann T, et al. Perfusion-contraction mismatch with coronary microvascular obstruction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999;31:A58.
54. Düber C, Jungbluth A, Rumpelt HJ, et al. Morphology of the coronary arteries after combined thrombolysis and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:698-703.
55. El Tamimi H, Davies GJ, Hackett D, et al. Abnormal vasomotor changes early after coronary angioplasty: a quantitative arteriographic study of their time course. Circulation 1991;84:1198-202.
56. El Thamimi H, Hackett D. Holter monitoring after PTCA. Eur Heart J 1989;10:33-35.
57. Ellis SG, Popma JJ, Buchbinder M, et al. Relation of clinical presentation, stenosis morphology, and operator technique to the procedural results of rotational atherectomy and rotational atherectomy-facilitated angioplasty. Circulation 1994;89:882-92.
58. EPILOG Investigators. Effect of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor abciximab with lower heparin dosages on ischemic complications of percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689-96.
59. Erbel R, Ge J, Görge G, et al. Neue Aspekte zur Pathogenese der koronaren Hererkrankung auf dem Boden intravaskulärer Ultra-schalluntersuchungen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1995;120:847-54.
60. Erbel R, Haude M, Höpp HW, et al. For the Restenosis Stent Study Group. Coronary-artery stenting compared with balloon angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1672-8.
61. Erbel R, O'Neil W, Auth D, et al. Hochfrequenz-Rotationsathe-rektomie bei koronarer Herzkrankheit. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1989;114:487-95.
62. Erbel R, Pop T, Henrichs KJ, et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty after thrombolytic therapy: a prospective controlled randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:485-95.
63. Falk E. Plaque rupture with severe pre-existing stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis. Characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques underlying fatal occlusive thrombi. Br Heart J 1983;50:127-34.
64. Falk E. Unstable angina with fatal outcome: dynamic coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden death. Circulation 1985;71:699-708.
65. Faxon DP, Detre KM, McGabe CH, et al. Role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the treatment of unstable angina: report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty and Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registries. Am J Cardiol 1983;53:131C-5C.
66. Fernandez-Ortiz A, Badimon JJ, Falk E, et al. Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: implications for consequences of plaque rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1562-9.
67. Fioretti PM, Pozzoli MMA, Ilmer B, et al. Exercise echocardiography versus thallium-201 SPECT for assessing patients before and after PTCA. Eur Heart J 1992;13:213-19.
68. Fischell TA, Derby G, Tse TM, et al. Coronary artery vasoconstriction routinely occurs after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a quantitative arteriographic analysis. Circulation 1988;78:1323-34.
69. Fishman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS. For the stent restenosis study investigators. N Engl J Med 1994;331:496-501.
70. Folts JD, Gallagher K, Rowe GG. Blood flow reductions in stenosed canine coronary arteries: vasospasm of platelet aggregation? Circulation 1982;65:248.
71. Franzen D, Sechtem U, Höpp HW. Comparison of angioscopic, intravascular ultrasonic, and angiographic detection of thrombus in coronary stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:1273-5.
72. Friedman HZ, Elliott MA, Gottlieb GJ, et al. Rotational coronary atherectomy: The effects of micro-particle embolization on myocardial blood flow. J Intervent Cardiol 1989;2:77-83.
73. Frink RJ, Rooney PA, Trowbridge JO, et al. Coronary thrombus and platelet/fibrin microembli in death associated with acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1988;59:196-200.
74. Fukuzawa S, Inagaki M, Morooka S, et al. An effective tool to detect lesions causing unstable angina with multivessel disease: Iodine-123-betamethyl-p-iodopheyl-pentadeanoic acid single photon emission computed tomography. J Cardiol 1996;28:191-8.
75. Fuster V, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH, et al. Plaque rupture, thrombosis, and therapeutic implications. Haemostasis 1996;4:269-84.
76. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, et al. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (part I). N Engl J Med 1992;326:242-50.
77. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, et al. The pathogenesis of coroanry artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (part II). N Engl J Med 1992;326:310-8.
78. Gallagher KP, Matsuzaki M, Osakada G, et al. Effect of exercise on the relationship between myocardial blood flow and systolic wall thickening in dogs with acute coronary stenosis Circ Res 1983;52:716-29.
79. Garratt KN, Edwards WD, Kaufmann UP, et al. Differential histopathology of primary atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions in coronary arteries and saphenous vein bypass grafts: analysis of tissue obtained from 73 patients by directional atherectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:442-8.
80. Ge J, Chirillo F, Schwedtmann J, et al. Screening of ruptured plaques in patients with coronary artery disease by intravascular ultrasound. Br Heart J 1999;81:621-7.
81. Ge J, Erbel R, Zamorano J, et al. Coronary artery remodeling in atherosclerotic disease: An intravascular ultrasonic study in vivo. Coron Art Dis 1993;4:981-6.
82. Ge J, Erbel R, Zamorano J, et al. Improvement of coronary morphology and blood flow after stenting: assessment by intravascular ultrasound and intracoronary Doppler. Int J Card Imag 1995;11:81-7.
83. Ge J, Haude M, Görge G, et al. Silent healing of spontaneous plaque disruption demonstrated by intracoronary ultrasound. Eur Heart J 1995;16:1149-51.
84. Ge J, Liu F, Kearney P, et al. Intravascular ultrasound approach to the diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysms. Am Heart J 1995;130:765-71.
85. Georgoulias P, Demakopoulos N, Kontos A, et al. Tc-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging before and six months after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Clin Nucl Med 1998;23:678-82.
86. Gerber TC, Erbel R, Görge G, et al. Classification of morphologic effects of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty assessed by intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1546-54.
87. Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Reeder GS, et al. Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction: the Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups. N Engl J Med 1993;328:685-91.
88. Golino P, Buja LM, Sheng-Kun Y, et al. Failure of nitroglycerin and diltiazem to reduce platelet-mediated vasoconstriction in dogs with coronary artery stenosis and endothelial injury: Further evidence for thromboxane A-2 and serotonin as mediators of coronary artery vasoconstriction in vivo. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:718-26.
89. Görge G, Haude M, Ge J, et al. Intravascular ultrasound after low and high inflation pressure coronary artery stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:725-30.
90. Gorlin R, Fuster V, Ambrose JA. Anatomic-physiologic links between acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1986;74:6-9.
91. Gregoire J, Theroux P. Detection and assessment of unstable angina using myocardial perfusion imaging: Comparison between technetium-99m sestabmibi SPECT and 12-lead electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:42E-6E.
92. Gregorini L, Fajadet J, Robert G, et al. Coronary vasoconstriction after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is attenuated by antiadrenergic agents. Circulation 1994;90:895-907.
93. Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, et al. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;328:673-9.
94. Grüntzig AR, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE. Nonoperative dilatation of coronary-artery stenosis: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1979;301:61-7.
95. Gruppo Italiano per Io Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI): Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986;1:397-401.
96. Guethlin M, Kasel AM, Coppenrath K, et al. Delayed response of myocardial flow reserve to lipid-lowering therapy with fluvastatin. Circulation 1999;99:475-81.
97. Gussenhoven EJ, The SHK, Gerritsen P, et al. Real-time intra-vascular ultrasonic imaging before and after balloon angioplasty. J Clin Ultrasound 1991;19:294-7.
98. Hamm CW, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W, et al. The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1992;327:146-50.
99. Harrington RA, Lincoff AM, Califf RM, et al. Characteristics and consequences of myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT). J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1693-9.
100. Hartmann JR, McKeaver LS, O'Neill W, et al. Recanalization of chronically occluded aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts with long-term, low dose direct infusion of urokinase (ROBUST): a serial trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:60-6.
101. Hartmann JR, McKeaver LS, Stamato NJ, et al. Recanalization of chronically occluded aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts by extended infusion of urokinase: initial results and short-term clinical follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1517-23.
102. Haude M, Caspari G, Baumgart D, et al. Additional improvement of stenosis dimensions and coronary flow after intracoronary implantation of Palmaz-Schatz stents. Circulation 1996;94:286-97.
103. Haude M, Erbel R, Straub U, et al. Results on intracoronary stents for management of coronary dissection after balloon angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:691-6.
104. Herrmann J, Sack S, von Birgelen C, et al. Peri-interventionelle Myokardnekrotisierungen - Abhängigkeit von der Interventionstechnik. Z Kardiol 1999;88:Suppl I:188.
105. Herrmann J, von Birgelen C, Sack S, et al. Klinische Marker myokardialer Mikroinfarkte nach koronaren Interventionen. Z Kardiol 1998;87:Suppl 5:59.
106. Heusch G, Baumgart D, Camici P, et al. a-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction and myocardial ischemia in man. Circulation (in press).
107. Heusch G. Hibernating myocardium. Physiol Rev 1998;78:1055-85.
108. Hodgson JM, Riley RS, Most AS, et al. Assessment of coronary flow reserve using digital angiography before and after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:61-5.
109. Hoffmann JIE. Maximal coronary flow and the concept of coronary vascular reserve. Circulation 1984;70:153-9.
110. Höfling B, Pölnitz A, Backa D, et al. Percutaneous removal of atheromatous plaques in peripheral arteries. Lancet 1988;1:384-6.
111. Holmes DR, Berger PB. Percutaneous revascularization of occluded vein grafts is it still a temptation to be resisted? Circulation 1999;99:8-11.
112. Holmes DR, Topol EJ, Califf RM, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of coronary angioplasty versus directional atherectomy for patients with saphenous vein bypass graft lesions. Circulation 1995;91:1966-74.
113. Honour AJ, Ross RW. Experimental platelet embolism. Br J Exp Pathol 1962;43:350-62,
114. Honye J, Mahon DJ, Jain A, et al. Morphological effects of coronary balloon angioplasty in vivo assessed by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1992;85:1012-25.
115. Hori M, Gotoh K, Kitakaze M, et al. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in myocardial edema and ischemia in coronary microvascular embolization Circulation 1991;84:828-40.
116. Hori M, Inoue M, Kitakaze M, et al. Role of adenosine in hyperemic response of coronary blood flow in microcirculation Am J Physiol 1986;250:H509-18.
117. Iliceto S, Galiuto L, Marchese A, et al. Analysis of microvascular integrity, contractile reserve and myocardial viability after acute myocardial infarction by dobutamine echocardiography an myocardial contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:441-5.
118. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17, 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988;2:349-60.
119. Isner JM, Rosenfield K, Losordo DW, et al. Combination balloon-ultrasound imaging catheter for percutaneous transluminal angioplaty: validation of imaging, analysis of recoil, and identification of plaque fracture. Circulation 1991;84:739-54.
120. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, et al. Clinical implications of the 'no reflow' phenomenon: a predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996;93:223-8.
121. Ito H, Tomooka T, Sakai N, et al. Lack of myocardial perfusion immediately after successful thrombolysis: a predictor of poor recovery of left ventricular function in anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992;85:1699-705.
122. Jeremias A, Ge J, Erbel R. New insight into plaque healing after plaque rupture with subsequent thrombus formation detected by intravascular ultrasound. Heart 1997;3:293.
123. Jeremias A, Kutscher S, Haude M, et al. Nonischemic chest pain induced by coronary interventions. A prospective study comparing coronary angioplasty and stent implantation. Circulation 1998;98:2656-8.
124. Jorgensen L, Rowsell HC, Hovig T, et al. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and myocardial infarction in swine. Lab Invest 1967;17:616-44.
125. Jorgensen L. Experimental platelet and coagulation thrombi. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1964;62:189-223.
126. Kahn KJ, Rutherford BD, McConahay DR, et al. Initial and long-term outcome of 83 patients after balloon angioplasty of totally occluded bypass grafts. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1038-42.
127. Karlsson JE, Bjorkholm A, Nylander E, et al. Additional value of thallium-201 SPECT to a conventional exercise test for the identification of severe coronary lesions after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease. Int J Card Imag 1995;11:127-37.
128. Katus HA, Remppis A, Neumann FJ, et al. Diagnostic efficiency of troponin T measurements in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1991;83:902-12.
129. Kearney P, Erbel R, Rupprecht HJ, et al. Difference in the morphology of unstable and stable coronary lesions and their impact on the mechanisms of angioplasty. An in vivo study with intra-vascular ultrasound. Eur Heart J 1996;17:721-30.
130. Kern MJ, Dupouy P, Drury JH, et al. Role of coronary artery lumen enlargement in improving coronary blood flow after balloon angioplasty and stenting: A combined intravascular ultrasound doppler flow and imaging study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1520-7.
131. Kern MJ, Puri S, Craig WR, et al. Hemodynamic rounds series II: Coronary hemodynamics for angioplasty and stenting after myocardial infarction: Use of absolute, relative coronary velocity and fractional flow reserve. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;45:174-82.
132. Kern MJ. Appreciating a-adrenergic receptors and their role in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999;99:468-71.
133. Kirigaya H, Aizawa T, Ogasawara K, et al. Evidence of acetylcholine induced vasospasm at sites of coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1990;82:III-616.
134. Klocke FJ. Measurements of coronary flow reserve: defining pathophysiology versus making decisions about patients care. Circulation 1987;76:1183-9.
135. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. The "no-reflow"-phenomenon after temporary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest 1974;54:1496-508.
136. Koller PT, Freed M, Grines CL, et al. Success, complications, and restenosis following rotational and transluminal extraction atherectomy of ostial stenoses. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 1994;31:255-60.
137. Kondo M, Tamura K, Tanio H, et al. Is ST segment re-elevation associated with reperfusion an indicator of marked myocardial damage after thrombolysis? J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:62-7.
138. Kong TQ, Davidson CJ, Meyers SN, et al. Prognostic implication of creatine kinase elevation following elective coronary artery interventions. JAMA 1997;277:461-6.
139. Kwon K, Freedman B, Wilcox I, et al. The unstable ST segment early after thrombolysis for acute infarction and its usefulness as a marker of recurrent coronary occlusion. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:109-15.
140. Laarman GG, Serruys PW, Suryapranata H, et al. Inability of coronary blood flow reserve measurements to assess the efficacy of coronary angioplasty in the first 24 hours in unselected patients. Am Heart J 1991;122:631-9.
141. Lambertz, H, Tries HP, Stein T, et al. Noninvasive assessment of coronary flow reserve with transthoracic signal-enhanced Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:186-95.
142. Lanzarini L, Fetiveau R, Previtali M, et al. II test echo-dobutamina nella valutazione a breve termine die risultati dell'angioplastica coronarica. G Ital Cardiol 1994;24:107-14.
143. Leach H, Blundell JW, Rowley JM, Turner DR. Acute ischaemic lesions in death due to ischaemic heart disease. An autopsy study of 333 cases of out-of-hospital death. Eur Heart J 1995;16:1181-5.
144. Lee RT, Libby P. The unstable atheroma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:1859-67.
145. Levine DC, Fallon JT. Significance of the angiographie morphology of localized coronary stenosis: Histopathologic correlations. Circulation 1982;66:316-20.
146. Lincoff AM, Topol EJ. Illusion of reperfusion. Does anyone achieve optimal reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction? Circulation 1993;88:1361-74.
147. Little WC, Constantinescu M, Applegate RJ, et al. Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease. Circulation 1988;78:1157-66.
148. Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, et al. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1994;331:417-24.
149. Lüscher TF, Tanner FC, Bühler FR. Serotonin und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 192;117:710-9.
150. Mak KH, Challapalli R, Eisenberg MJ, et al. Effect of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition on distal embolization during percutaneous revascularization of aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:985-8.
151. Mallat Z, Hugel B, Ohan J, et al. Shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in human atherosclerotic plaques. A role apoptosis in plaque thrombogenicity. Circulation 1999;99:348-53.
152. Marcu L, Maarek JM, Fishbein M, et al. Atherosclerotic lesions classification by time-resolved laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy: clinical identification of lipid-rich lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:66A.
153. Maseri A, Rebuzzi AG, Cianflone D. Need for a composite risk stratification of patients with unstable coronary syndromes tailored to clinical practice. Circulation 1997;96:4141-2.
154. Matsuzaki M, Gallagher KP, Kemper WS, et al. Sustained regional dysfunction produced by prolonged coronary stenosis: gradual recovery after reperfusion Circulation 1983;68:170-82.
155. Meisel SR, Shapiro H, Radnay J, et al. Increased expression of neutrophile and monocyte adhesion molecules LFA1 and MAC-1 and their ligand ICAM-1, VLA-4 throughout the acute phase of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:120-5.
156. Meyer J, Schmitz H, Erbel R, et al. Treatment of unstable angina pectoris wwith percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 1981;7:361.
157. Mintz GS, Pichard AD, Kovach JA, et al. Impact of preintervention intravcascular ultrasound imaging on transcatheter treatment strategies in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:423-30.
158. Misra VK, Agirbasli M, Fischell TA. Coronary artery vasomotion after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Clin Cardiol 1997;20:915-22.
159. Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al. C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: A TIMI 11A Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1460-5.
160. Mudra H, Klauss V, Blasini R, et al. Ultrasound guidance of Palmaz-Schatz intracoronary stenting with a combined intravascular ultrasound balloon catheter. Circulation 1994;90:1252-61.
161. Mueller HW, Haught CA, McNatt JM, et al. Measurement of platelet-activating factor in a canine model of coronary thrombosis and in endarterectomy samples from patients with advanced coronary artery disease. Circ Res 1995;77:54-63.
162. Mügge A, Heistad DD, Padgett RC, et al. Mechanism of contraction induced by human leukocytes in normal and atherosclerotic arteries. Circ Res 1991;69:871-80.
163. Nagai T, Luo H, Atar S, et al. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:135-6.
164. Nesto RW, Waxman S, Mittleman MA, et al. Angioscopy of culprit coronary lesions in unstable angina pectoris and correlation of clinical presentation with plaque morphology. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:225-8.
165. Neuhaus KL, Feuerer W, Jeep-Tebbe S, et al. Improved thrombolysis with a modified dose regimen of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:1566-9.
166. Neumann FJ, Blasini R, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade on recovery of coronary flow and left ventricular function after the placement of coronary artery stents in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;98:2695-701.
167. Neumann FJ, Kosa J, Dickenfeld T, et al. Recovery of myocardial perfusion in acute myocardial infarction after successful balloon angioplasty and stent placement in the infarct-related coronary artery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1270-6.
168. Nissen SE, Gurley JC, Grines CL, et al. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of lumen size and wall morphology in normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1991;84:1087-99.
169. Nixdorff U, Erbel R, Meyer J. Reinfarction related to PTCA-induced coronary embolism after successful thrombolytic therapy. J Intervent Cardiol 1989;2:97-101.
170. Nobuyoshi M, Tanaka M, Nosaka H, et al. Progression of coronary atherosclerosis: Is coronary spasm related to prognosis? J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:904-10.
171. Noll G, Lüscher TF. The endothelium in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 1998;19:Suppl C:C30-8.
172. O'Keefe HK, Rutherford BD, McConahay DR, et al. Early and late results of coronary angioplasty without antecedent throm-bolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1221-30.
173. Ochiai M, Isshiki T, Hirose Y, et al. Myocardial damage after successful thrombolysis is associated with the duration of ST re-elevation at reperfusion. Clin Cardiol 1995;18:324-8.
174. Oesterle SN, Hayase M, Baim DS, et al. An embolization containment device. Cardiovasc Intervent 1999;47:243-50.
175. Olatidoye AG, Wu AHB, Feng YJ, et al. Prognostic role of troponin T versus troponin I in unstable angina pectoris for cardiac events with meta-analysis comparing published studies. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1405-10.
176. Oliveruous RA, Falsetti HL, Carroll RJ, et al. Atherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysm. Arch Intern Med 1974;134:1072-6.
177. Overlie PA. Stents in acute myocardial infarction. Curr Opin Cardiol 1998;13:280-8.
178. Palmer FJ, Warren BA. Multiple cholesterol emboli syndrome complicating angiographic techniques. Clin Radiol 1988;39:519-22.
179. Piana RN, Moscucci M, Cohen DJ, et al. Palmaz-Schatz stenting for treatment of focal vein graft stenosis: immediate results and long-term outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1296-304.
180. Pijls NHJ, Aengevaeren WRM, Uijen GJH, et al. Concept of maximal flow ratio for immediate evaluation of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty result by videodensitometry. Circulation 1991;83:854-65.
181. Popma JJ, Dehmer GJ, Eichhorn EJ. Variability of coronary flow reserve obtained immediately after coronary angioplasty. Int J Card Imag 1990;6:31-8.
182. Ravkilde J, Nissen H, Horder M, et al. Independent prognostic value of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB mass, cardiac troponin T and myosin light chain levels in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of 28 months of follow-up in 196 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:574-81.
183. Reifart N, Vandormael M, Krajcar M, et al. Randomized comparison of angioplasty of complex coronary lesions at a single center: Excimer laser, rotational atherectomy, and balloon angioptasty comparison (ERBAC) study. Circulation 1997;96:91-8.
184. Reisman M, Harms V, Whitlow P, et al. Comparison of early and recent results with rotational atherectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:353-7.
185. Richardson PD, Davies MJ, Born GVR. Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet 1989;2:941-4.
186. Ritchie ME. Nuclear factor-KB is selectively and markedly activated in humans with unstable angina pectoris. Circulation 1998;98:1707-13.
187. Roberts R, From RE. Management of acute coronary syndromes based on risk stratification by biochemical markers. Circulation 1998;98:1831-3.
188. Rose J, Leischik R, Skyschally A, et al. Regional myocardial blood flow and function after coronary microembolisation. FASEB J 1997;11:A432.
189. Rosenschein U, Ellis SG, Yakubov SJ, et al. Histopathologic correlates of coronary lesion angiographie morphology: Lessons from a directional atherectomy experience. Coron Art Dis 1992;3:953-61.
190. Rosenschein U, Gaul G, Erbel R, et al. Percutaneous transluminal therapy of occluded saphenous vein grafts: can the challenge be met with ultrasound thrombolysis? Circulation 1999;99:26-9.
191. Ross J Jr. Myocardial perfusion-contraction matching. Implications for coronary heart disease and hibernation Circulation 1991;83:1076-83.
192. Rupprecht HJ, Brennecke R, Kottmeyer M, et al. Short- and long-term outcome after PTCA in patients with stable and unstable angina. Eur Heart J 1990;11:964-73.
193. Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1328-428.
194. Saber RS, Edwards WD, Bailey KR, et al. Coronary embolization after balloon angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy: an autopsy study of 32 cases. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1283-8.
195. Saber RS, Edwards WD, Holmes DR Jr, et al. Balloon angioplasty of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts: a histopathologic study of six grafts from five patients, with emphasis on restenosis and embolic complications. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:1501-9.
196. Safian RD, Gelbfish JS, Raymond EE, et al. Coronary atherectomy: clinical, angiographic, and histological findings and observations regarding potential mechanisms. Circulation 1990;82:69-79.
197. Safian RD, Niazi KA, Strzelecki M, et al. Detailed angiographic analysis of high-speed mechanical rotational atherectomy in human coronary arteries. Circulation 1993;88:961-8.
198. Saitoh M, Hasegawa K, Hasegawa K, et al. Detection of coronary artery disease using 12-lead electrocardiogram and simultaneous dual myocardial imaging with iodine-123- beta-methyl iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) and thallium-201 in patients with unstable angina. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:143-8.
199. Santoro GM, Valenti R, Buonamici P, et al. Relation between ST-segment changes and myocardial perfusion evaluated by myocardial contrast echocardiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:932-7.
200. Savage MP, Douglas SS, Fischman DL, et al. Stent placement compared with balloon angioplasty for obstructed coronary bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 1997;337:740-7.
201. Schatz RA, Baim DS, Leon M, et al. Clinical experience with the Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent. Initial results of a multicenter study. Circulation 1991;83:148-61.
202. Schwartz RS, Murphy JG, Edwards WD, et al. Restenosis after balloon angioplasty. A practical proliferative model in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 1990;82:2190-220.
203. Serruys PW, di Mario C, Pick J, et al. Prognostic value of intra-coronary flow velocity and diameter stenosis in assessing the short- and long-term outcomes of coronary balloon angioplasty. The DEBATE Study (Doppler Endpoints Balloon Angioplasty Trial Europe). Circulation 1997;96:3369-77.
204. Serruys PW, van den Brand M, Meij S, et al. Left ventricular performance, regional blood flow, wall motion, and lactate metabolism during transluminal angioplasty. Circulation 1984;70:25-36.
205. Shoukfeh MM, Goldstein JA. Multiple unstable coronary plaques in patients with acute MI. Circulation 1995;92:I-342
206. Siegel RJ, Chae JS, Forrester S, et al. Angiography, angioscopy, and ultrasound imaging before and after percutaneous balloon angioplasty. Am Heart J 1990;120:1068-90.
207. Sigwart U, Puel J, Mirkovitch V, et al. Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1987;316:701-6.
208. Simoons ML, Betriu A, Col J, et al. Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: no additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Lancet 1988;1:197-202.
209. Simpson JB, Selmon MR, Robertson GC, et al. Transluminal atherectomy for occlusive peripheral vascular disease. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:96G-101G.
210. Sinapius D. Beziehungen zwischen Koronarthrombosen und Myokardinfarkten. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1972;97:443-8.
211. Stähr P, Erbel R, Zotz R, et al. Ultraschallkontrast bei der Hochfrequenzrotationsangioplastie. Ultraschall Klin Prax 1994;9:116-21.
212. Stary HC, Bleakley Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1995;92:1355-74.
213. Sunamura M, Di Mario C, Piek JJ, et al. Cyclic flow variations after angioplasty: A rare phenomenon predictive of immediate complications. Am Heart J 1996;131:843-8.
214. Takeuchi M, Himeno E. Does coronary stenting following balloon angioplasty improve myocardial fractional flow reserve? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1998;21:459-63.
215. Tardiff BE, Califf RM, Tcheng JE, et al. Clinical outcomes after detection of elevated cardiac enzymes in patients under-going percutaneous intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:88-96.
216. Teiger E, Garot J, Aptecar E, et al. Coronary blood flow reserve and wall motion recovery in patients undergoing angioplasty for myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1999;20:285-92.
217. Teirstein PS, Schatz RA, DeNardo SJ, et al. Angioscopic versus angiographic detection of thrombus during coronary interventional procedures. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:1083-7.
218. The CAPTURE Investigators. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE study. Lancet 1997;349:429-35.
219. The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956-61.
220. The EPISTENT Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. Lancet 1998;352:87-92.
221. The GUSTO Investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;329:673-82.
222. The PRISM-PLUS Study Investigators. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1488-97.
223. The RESTORE Investigators. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1997;96:1445-53.
224. The TIMI Study Group. Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phase II trial. N Engl J Med 1989;320:618-27.
225. Theroux P, Franklin D, Ross J Jr, et al. Regional myocardial function during acute coronary artery occlusion and its modification by pharmacological agents in the dog. Circ Res 1974;35:896-908.
226. Tillmanns H, Neumann FJ, Tiefenbacher C, et al. Activation of neutrophils in the microvasculature of the ischaemic and reperfused myocardium. Eur Heart J 1993;14:Suppl I:82-6.
227. Tobis JM, Mallery JA, Gessert J, et al. Intravascular ultrasound cross-sectional arterial imaging before and after balloon angioplasty in vitro. Circulation 1989;80:873-82.
228. Topol EJ, Leya F, Pinkerton CA, et al. A comparison of directional atherectomy with coronary angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1993;329:221-7.
229. Toschi V, Vallo G, Lettino M, et al. Tissue factor modulates thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1997;95:594-9.
230. Toss H, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, et al., for the FRISC Study Group. Prognostic influence of increased fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation 1997;96:4204-10.
231. Tsunoda T, Nakamura M, Wakatsuki T, et al. The pattern of alteration in flow velocity in the recanalized artery is related to left ventricular recovery in patients with acute infarction and successful direct balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:338-44.
232. Ueda Y, Asakura M, Hirayama A, et al. Intracoronary morphology of culprit lesions after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: serial angioscopic observations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:606-10.
233. Unger P, Preumont N, Vachiery JL, et al. Assessment of coronary flow reserve by transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac transplant recipients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998;11:612-9.
234. Uren NG, Gamici P, Melin JA, et al. Effect of aging on myocardial perfusion reserve. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2032-6.
235. Van Belle E, Lablanche JM, Baulers C, et al. Coronary angioscopic findings in the infarct-related vessel within 1 month of acute myocardial infarction: natural history and the effect of thrombolysis. Circulation 1998;97:26-33.
236. Van Domburg RT, van Miltenburg A, van Zijl AJ, et al. Unstable angina: good long-term outcome after a complicated early course. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1534-9.
237. Van Liebergen RAM, Piek JJ, Koch KT, et al. Immediate and long-term effect of balloon angioplasty or stent implantation on the absolute and relative coronary blood flow velocity reserve. Circulation 1998;98:2133-40.
238. Verstraete M, Bory M, Collen D, et al. Randomized trial of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator versus intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1985;I:842-7.
239. Villanueva FS, Glasheen WP, Sklenar J, et al. Assessment of risk area during coronary occlusion and infarct size after reperfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography using left and right atrial injections of contrast. Circulation 1993;88:596-604.
240. Vogt A, von Essen R, Tebbe U, et al. Impact of early perfusion status of the infarct-related artery on short-term mortality after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: retrospective analysis of four German multicenter studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1391-5.
241. Waksman R, Scott NA, Douglas JS, et al. Distal embolization is common after directional atherectomy in coronary arteries and vein grafts. Circulation 1993;88:I-299.
242. Waller BF, Gorfinkel HJ, Rogers FJ, et al. Early and late morphologic changes in major epicardial coronary arteries after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1984;53:42C-7C.
243. Walter H, Neumann FJ, Hadamitzky M, et al. Coronary artery stent placement with postprocedural antiplatelet therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Coron Art Dis 1998;9:577-82.
244. Webster MWI, Chesebro JH, Smith HC, et al. Myocardial infarction and coronary artery occlusion: A prospective 5-year angiographie study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;115:218A.
245. Weissman NJ. Intracoronary ultrasound. Coronary Art Dis 1998;9:435-41.
246. Weissmann NJ, Weyman AE. Images in clinical medicine: directional atherectomy. N Engl J Med 1994;330:539.
247. Werner GS, Sold G, Buchwald A, et al. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of human coronary arteries after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: morphologic and quantitative assessment. Am Heart J 1990;122:212-20.
248. White CJ, Ramee SR, Collins TJ, et al. Coronary thrombi increase PTCA risk. Angioscopy as a clinical tool. Circulation 1996;93:253-8.
249. Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Schwarzt SM, et al. Localization of tissue factor in normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:2839-43.
250. Williams MS, Coller BS, Vaananen HJ, et al. Activation of plate-lets in platelet-rich plasma by rotablation is speed-dependent and can be inhibited by abciximab (c7E3 Fab;ReoPro). Circulation 1998;98:742-8.
251. Wilson RF, Johnson MR, Marcus ML, et al. The effect of coronary angioplasty on coronary flow reserve. Circulation 1988;77:873-85.
252. Wilson RF, Lesser JR, Laxson DD, et al. Intense microvascular constriction after angioplasty of actue thrombotic coronary arterial lesions. Lancet 1989;1:807-11.
253. Wong SC, Baim DS, Schatz RA, et al. Immediate results and late outcomes after stent implantation in saphenous vein graft lesions: the multicenter US Palmaz-Schatz stent experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:704-12.
254. Yock PG, Fitzgerald PJ. Intravascular ultrasound: state of the art and future directions. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:27E-32E.
255. Yokoyama I, Momomura SI, Ohtake T, et al. Reduced myocardial flow reserve in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1472-7.
256. Zamorano J, Erbel R, Ge J, et al. Spontaneous plaque rupture visualized by intravascular ultrasound. Eur Heart J 1994;15:131-3.
257. Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Saurbier B, et al. Endothelium-mediated coronary blood flow modulation in humans. Effects of age, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. J Clin Invest 1993;92:652-62.
258. Zijlstra F, Jan de Boer M, Hoorntje JCA, et al. A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;328:680-4.
259. Zotz RJ, Erbel R, Philipp A, et al. High-speed rotational angioplasty-induced echo contrast in vivo and in vitro optical analysis. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 1992;26:98-109.