Alkaliphiles: Some applications of their products for biotechnology

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 735-750

  Horikoshi, Koki ^a,b  

^a JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^b TOYO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CAROTENOID; CHOLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; SIDEROPHORE;

BACILLUS; BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHROMOSOME MAP; CYANOBACTERIUM; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; METHANOBACTERIUM; NONHUMAN; PH; REVIEW;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA; METHANOBACTERIUM; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0032712358     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.63.4.735-750.1999     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Abelyan, V. A., T. Yamamoto, and E. G. Afrikyan. 1994. Isolation and characterization of cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases using cyclodextrin polymers and their derivatives. Biochemistry (Engl. Transl. Biokhimiya) 59:573-579.
2. Abraham, T. E. 1995. Immobilized cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase for the continuous production of cyclodextrins. Biocatal. Biotransform. 12:137-146.
3. Aono, R., and K. Horikoshi. 1991. Carotenes produced by alkaliphilic yellow pigmented strains of Bacillus. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55:2643-2645.
4. Aono, R., and K. Horikoshi. 1983. Chemical composition of cell walls of alkalophilic strains of Bacillus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:1083-1087.
5. Aono, R., M. Ito, and K. Horikoshi. 1997. Measurement of cytoplasmic pH of the alkaliphile Bacillus lentus C-125 with a fluorescent pH probe. Microbiology 143:2531-2536.
6. Ara, K., K. Igarashi, H. Hagihara, K. Sawada, T. Kobayashi, and S. Ito. 1996. Separation of functional domains for the α-1,4 and α-1,6 hydrolytic activities of a Bacillus amylopullulanase by limited proteolysis with papain. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60:634-639.
7. Ara, K., K. Igarashi, K. Saeki, and S. Ito. 1995. An alkaline amylopullulanase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp KSM-1378: kinetic evidence for two independent active sites for the α-1,4 and α-1,6 hydrolytic reactions. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59:662-666.
8. Ara, K., K. Igarashi, K. Saeki, S. Kawai, and S. Ito. 1992. Purification and some properties of an alkaline pullulanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. KSM-1876. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:62-65.
9. Aunstrup, K., H. Ottrup, O. Andresen, and C. Dambmann. 1972. Proteases from alkalophilic Bacillus species, p. 299-305. In Proceedings of the 4th International Fermentation Symposium. Society of Fermentation Technology, Kyoto, Japan.
10. Bahn, Y. S., J. M. Park, D. H. Bai, S. Takase, and J. H. Yu. 1998. YUA001, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor isolated from alkalophilic Corynebacterium sp. YUA25. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization. J. Antibiot. 51:902-907.
11. +-ATP synthase and unusual thermodynamic properties in the alkalophilic Cyanobacterium Spirulina-Platensis. Eur. J. Biochem. 213:957-964.
12. Bhushan, B., N. S. Dosanjh, K. Kumar, and G. S. Hoondal. 1994. Lipase production from an alkalophilic yeast sp. by solid state fermentation. Biotechnol. Lett. 16:841-842.
13. Bhushan, B., and G. S. Hoondal. 1998. Isolation, purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11. Biotechnol. Lett. 20:157-159.
14. Blanco, A., T. Vidal, J. F. Colom, and F. I. J. Pastor. 1995. Purification and properties of xylanase A from alkali-tolerant Bacillus sp. strain BP-23. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4468-4470.
15. Bockle, B., B. Galunsky, and R. Muller. 1995. Characterization of a keratinolytic serine proteinase from Streptomyces pactum DSM 40530. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3705-3710.
16. Boone, D. R., I. M. Mathrani, Y. Liu, J. A. G. F. Menaia, R. A. Mah, and J. E. Boone. 1993. Isolation and Characterization of Methanohalophilus portucalensis sp. nov. and DNA reassociation study of the genus Methanohalophilus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43:430-437.
17. Boyer, E. W., and M. B. Ingle. 1972. Extracellular alkaline amylase from a Bacillus species. J. Bacteriol. 110:992-1000.
18. Boyer, E. W., M. B. Ingle, and G. D. Mercer. 1973. Bacillus alcalophilus subsp. halodurans subsp. nov.: an alkaline-amylase-producing alkalophilic organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23:238-242.
19. + electrogenic antiporter in an alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Synechocystis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 128:315-320.
20. Cao, J., L. Zheng, and S. Chen. 1992. Screening of pectinase producer from alkalophilic bacteria and study on its potential application in degumming of ramie. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14:1013-1016.
21. Cheng, S. W., H. M. Hu, S. W. Shen, H. Takagi, M. Asano, and Y. C. Tsai. 1995. Production and characterization of keratinase of a feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59:2239-2243.
22. Chung, H. J., S. H. Yoon, M. J. Lee, M. J. Kim, K. S. Kweon, I. W. Lee, J. W. Kim, B. H. Oh, H. S. Lee, V. A. Spiridonova, and K. H. Park. 1998. Characterization of a thermostable cyclodextrin glucanotransferase isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus ET1. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:952-959.
23. Cook, G. M., J. B. Russell, A. Reichert, and J. Wiegel. 1996. The intracellular pH of Clostridium paradoxum, an anaerobic, alkaliphilic, and thermophilic bacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:4576-4579.
24. Damude, H. G., N. R. Gilkes, D. G. Kilburn, R. C. Miller, R. Antony, and J. Warren. 1993. Endoglucanase CasA from alkalophilic Streptomyces strain KSM-9 is a typical member of family B of β-1,4-glucanases. Gene 123:105-107.
25. Dasilva, R., D. K. Yim, E. R. Asquieri, and Y. K. Park. 1993. Production of microbial alkaline cellulase and studies of their characteristics. Rev Microbiol. 24:269-274.
26. Desmarais, D., P. E. Jablonski, N. S. Fedarko, and M. F. Roberts. 1997. 2-Sulfotrehalose, a novel osmolyte in haloalkaliphilic archaca. J. Bacteriol. 179:3146-3153.
27. Dey, D., J. Hinge, A. Shendye, and M. Rao. 1992. Purification and properties of extracellular endoxylanases from alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus sp. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:436-442.
28. Dimitrov, P. L., M. S. Kambourova, R. D. Mandeva, and E. I. Emanuilova. 1997. Isolation and characterization of xylan-degrading alkali-tolerant thermophiles. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 157:27-30.
29. Dirmeier, R., M. Keller, D. Hafenbradl, F. J. Braun, R. Rachel, S. Burggraf, and K. O. Stetter. 1998. Thermococcus acidaminovorans sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic alkalophilic archaeon growing on amino acids. Extremophiles 2:109-114.
30. Duckworth, A. W., W. D. Grant, B. E. Jones, and R. Vansteenbergen. 1996. Phylogenetic diversity of soda lake alkaliphiles. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 19:181-191.
31. Dwivedi, A., U. K. Srinivas, H. N. Singh, and H. D. Kumar. 1994. Regulatory effect of external pH on the intracellular pH in alkalophilic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Hapalosiphon welwitschii. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. (Tokyo) 40:261-263.
32. Engle, M., Y. H. Li, C. Woese, and J. Wiegel. 1995. Isolation and characterization of a novel alkalitolerant thermophile, Anaerobranca horikoshii gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:454-461.
33. Fogarty, W. M., and P. O. Ward. 1977. Pectinases and pectic polysaccharides, vol. 13. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
34. Fujiwara, N., A. Masui, and T. Imanaka. 1993. Purification and properties of the highly thermostable alkaline protease from an alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. J. Biotechnol. 30:245-256.
35. Fujiwara, N., and K. Yamamoto. 1987. Decomposition of gelatin layers on X-ray film by the alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. B21. J. Ferment. Technol. 65:531-534.
36. Fujiwara, N., K. Yamamoto, and A. Masui. 1991. Utilization of thermostable alkaline protease from an alkalophilic thermophile for the recovery of silver from used X-ray film. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 72:306-308.
37. Fukumori, F., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1985. Purification and properties of a cellulase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. no. 1139. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:3339-3345.
38. Fukumori, F., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1987. Truncation analysis of an alkaline cellulase from an alkalophilic Bacillus species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 40:311-314.
39. Fukumori, F., T. Kudo, Y. Narahashi, and K. Horikoshi. 1986. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the alkaline cellulase gene from the alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 1139. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:2329-2335.
40. Fukumori, F., T. Kudo, N. Sashihara, Y. Nagata, K. Ito, and K. Horikoshi. 1989. The third cellulase of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4: evolutionary relationships within the cel gene family. Gene 76:289-298.
41. Fukumori, F., K. Ohishi, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1987. Tandem location of the cellulase genes on the chromosome of Bacillus sp. strain N-4. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 48:65-68.
42. Fukumori, F., N. Sashihara, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1986. Nucleotide sequences of two cellulase genes from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 and their strong homology. J. Bacteriol. 168:479-485.
43. Garg, A. P., A. J. McCarthy, and J. C. Roberts. 1996. Biobleaching effect of Streptomyces thermoviolaceus xylanase preparations on birchwood kraft pulp. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 18:261-267.
44. Garg, A. P., J. C. Roberts, and A. J. McCarthy. 1998. Bleach boosting effect of cellulase-free xylanase of Streptomyces thermoviolaceus and its comparison with two commercial enzyme preparations on birchwood kraft pulp. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 22:594-598.
45. Gascoyne, D. J., J. A. Connor, and A. T. Bull. 1991. Capacity of siderophore-producing alkalophilic bacteria to accumulate iron, gallium and aluminum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36:136-141.
46. Gascoyne, D. J., J. A. Connor, and A. T. Bull. 1991. Isolation of bacteria producing siderophores under alkaline conditions. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36:130-135.
47. Georganta, G., T. Kaneko, N. Nakamura, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1993. Isolation and partial properties of cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase-producing alkaliphilic Bacillus spp. from a deep-sea mud sample. Starch 45:95-99.
48. Gerasimenko, L. M., A. V. Dubinin, and G. A. Zavarzin. 1996. Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria from soda lakes of Tuva and their ecophysiology. Microbiology 65:736-740.
49. Grønstad, A., E. Jaroszewicz, M. Ito, M. G. Sturr, T. A. Krulwich, and A.-B. Kolstø. 1998. Physical map of alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4 and detection of a large endogenous plasmid. Extremophiles 2:447-453.
50. Groth, I., P. Schumann, F. A. Rainey, K. Martin, B. Schuetze, and K. Augsten. 1997. Bogoriella caseilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic actinomycete from a soda lake in Africa. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:788-794.
51. Guffanti, A. A., and D. B. Hicks. 1991. Molar growth yields and bioenergetic parameters of extremely alkaliphilic Bacillus species in batch cultures, and growth in a chemostat at pH 10.5. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:2375-2379.
52. Hakamada, Y., K. Koike, T. Yoshimatsu, H. Mori, T. Kobayashi, and S. Ito. 1997. Thermostable alkaline cellulase from an alkaliphilic isolate, Bacillus sp. KSM-S237. Extremophiles 1:151-156.
53. + antiporter system of alkalophilic Bacillus species strain C-125. Mol. Microbiol. 14:939-946.
54. Hamasaki, N., S. Shirai, M. Niitsu, K. Kakinuma, and T. Oshima. 1993. An alkalophilic Bacillus sp. produces 2-phenylethylamine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2720-2722.
55. Han, X. Q., and S. Damodaran. 1998. Purification and characterization of protease Q: A detergent- and urea-stable serine endopeptidase from Bacillus pumilus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:3596-3603.
56. Hashimoto, M., T. Hamamoto, M. Kitada, M. Hino, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1994. Characteristics of alkali-sensitive mutants of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125 that show cellular morphological abnormalities. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 58:2090-2092.
57. Hatada, Y., K. Igarashi, K. Ozaki, K. Ara, J. Hitomi, T. Kobayashi, S. Kawai, T. Watabe, and S. Ito. 1996. Amino acid sequence and molecular structure of an alkaline amylopullulanase from Bacillus that hydrolyzes α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages in polysaccharides at different active sites. J. Biol. Chem. 271:24075-24083.
58. Hayashi, K., Y. Nimura, N. Ohara, T. Uchimura, H. Suzuki, K. Komacata, and M. Kozaki. 1996. Low-temperature-active cellulase produced by Acremonium alcalophilum JCM 7366. Seibutsu-Kogaku Kaishi 74:A7-A10.
59. Honda, H., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1986. Extracellular production of alkaline xylanase of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. by Escherichia coli carrying pCX311. J. Ferment. Technol. 64:373-377.
60. Honda, H., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1985. Molecular cloning and expression of the xylanase gene of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125 in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 161:784-785.
61. Honda, H., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1986. Production of extracellular alkaline xylanase of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. C-125 by Escherichia coli carrying pCX311. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 8:152-157.
62. Honda, H., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1985. Purification and partial characterization of alkaline xylanase from Escherichia coli carrying pCX311. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49:3165-3169.
63. Honda, H., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1985. Selective excretion of alkaline xylanase by Escherichia coli carrying pCX311. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49:3011-3015.
64. Honda, H., T. Kudo, Y. Ikura, and K. Horikoshi. 1985 Two types of xylanases of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. no. C-125. Can. J. Microbiol. 31:538-542.
65. Horikoshi, K. 1991. Microorganisms in alkaline environments. Kodansha-VCH, Tokyo, Japan.
66. Horikoshi, K. 1971. Production of alkaline enzymes by alkalophilic microorganisms. I. Alkaline protease produced by Bacillus no. 221. Agric. Biol. Chem. 35:1407-1414.
67. Horikoshi, K. 1971. Production of alkaline enzymes by alkalophilic microorganisms. II. Alkaline amylase produced by Bacillus No. A-40-2. Agric. Biol. Chem. 35:1783-1791.
68. Horikoshi, K. 1972. Production of alkaline enzymes by alkalophilic microorganisms. III. Alkaline pectinase of Bacillus no. P-4-N. Agric. Biol. Chem. 36:285-293.
69. Horikoshi, K., and T. Akiba. 1982. Alkalophilic microorganisms: a new microbial world. Springer-Verlag KG, Heidelberg, Germany.
70. Horikoshi, K., and Y. Atsukawa. 1973. Xylanase produced by alkalophilic Bacillus no. C-59-2. Agric. Biol. Chem. 37:2097-2103.
71. Horikoshi, K., M. Nakao, Y. Kurono, and N. Sashihara. 1984. Cellulases of an alkalophilic Bacillus strain isolated from soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:774-779.
72. Igarashi, K., K. Ara, K. Saeki, K. Ozaki, S. Kawai, and S. Ito. 1992. Nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes an neopullulanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:514-516.
73. Igarashi, K., Y. Hatada, H. Hagihara, K. Saeki, M. Takaiwa, T. Uemura, K. Ara, K. Ozaki, S. Kawai, T. Kobayashi, and S. Ito. 1998. Enzymatic properties of a novel liquefying α-amylase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate and entire nuelcotide and amino acid sequences. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3282-3289.
74. Igarashi, K., Y. Hatada, K. Ikawa, H. Araki, T. Ozawa, T. Kobayashi, K. Ozaki, and S. Ito. 1998. Improved thermostability of a Bacillus α-amylase by deletion of an arginine-glycine residue is caused by enhanced calcium binding. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248:372-377.
75. Ishikawa, H., K. Ishimi, M. Sugiura, A. Sowa, and N. Fujiwara. 1993. Kinetics and mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin layers of X-ray film and release of silver particles. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 76:300-305.
76. + antiporter of alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4. J. Bacteriol. 179:3851-3857.
77. Ito, S. 1997. Alkaline cellulases from alkaliphilic Bacillus: enzymatic properties, genetics, and application to detergents. Extremophiles 1:61-66.
78. Ito, S., T. Kobayashi, K. Ara, K. Ozaki, S. Kawai, and Y. Hatada. 1998. Alkaline detergent enzymes from alkaliphiles: enzymatic properties, genetics, and structures. Extremophiles 2:185-190.
79. Ito, S., S. Shikata, K. Ozaki, S. Kawai, K. I. Okamoto, A. Takei, Y. Ohta, and T. Satoh. 1989. Alkaline cellulase for laundry detergents: production by Bacillus sp. KSM-635 and enzymatic properties. Agric. Biol. Chem. 53: 1275-1281.
80. Ito, S. Personal communication.
81. Jones, B. E., W. D. Grant, A. W. Duckworth, and G. G. Owenson. 1998. Microbial diversity of soda lakes. Extremophiles 2:191-200.
82. Kamekura, M., M. L. DyallSmith, V. Upasani, A. Ventosa, and M. Kates. 1997. Diversity of alkaliphilic halobacteria: proposals for transfer of Natronobacterium vacuolatum, Natronobacterium magadii, and Natronobacterium pharaonis to Halorubrum, Natrialba, and Natronomonas gen. nov., respectively, as Halorubrum vacuolatum comb. nov., Natrialba magadii comb. nov., and Natronomonas pharaonis comb. nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:853-857.
83. Kaneko, K., T. Kudo, G. Georganta, and K. Horikoshi. 1990. Construction of chimeric series of Bacillus cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase and analysis of the thermal stabilities and pH optima of the enzymes and yield of cyclodextrins, p. 19. In The Fifth International Symposium of Cyclodextrins.
84. Kaneko, T., K. B. Song, T. Hamamoto, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1989. Construction of a chimeric series of Bacillus cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases and analysis of the thermal stabilities and pH optima of the enzymes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:3447-3457.
85. Keller, M., F. J. Braun, R. Dirmeier, D. Hafenbradl, S. Burggraf, R. Rachel, and K. O. Stetter. 1995. Thermococcus alcaliphilus sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeum growing on polysulfide at alkaline pH. Arch. Microbiol. 164:390-395.
86. Kelly, C. T., and W. M. Fogarty, 1978. Production and properties of polygalacturonate lyase by an alkalophilic microorganisms, Bacillus sp. RK9. Can. J. Microbiol. 24:1164-1172.
87. Kelly, C. T., M. A. Mctigue, E. M. Doyle, and W. M. Fogarty. 1995. The raw starch-degrading alkaline amylase of Bacillus sp. IMD 370. J. Ind. Microbiol. 15:446-448.
88. Kelly, C. T., F. O'Reilly, and W. M. Fogarty. 1983. Extracellular α-glucosidase of an alkalophilic microorganism, Bacillus sp. ATCC 21591. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 20:55-59.
89. Kevbrin, V. V., A. M. Lysenko, and T. N. Zhilina. 1997. Physiology of the alkaliphilic methanogen Z-7936, a new strain of Methanosalsus zhilinaeae isolated from Lake Magadi. Microbiology 66:261-266.
90. Kevbrin, V. V., T. N. Zhilina, F. A. Rainey, and G. A. Zavarzin. 1998. Tindallia magadii gen. nov., sp. nov.: an alkaliphilic anaerobic ammonifier from soda lake deposits. Curr. Microbiol. 37:94-100.
91. Khasin, A., I. Alchanati, and Y. Shoham. 1993. Purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1725-1730.
92. Khmelenina, V. N., M. G. Kalyuzhnaya, N. G. Starostina, N. E. Suzina, and Y. A. Trotsenko. 1997. Isolation and characterization of halotolerant alkaliphilic methanotrophic bacteria from Tuva soda lakes. Curr. Microbiol. 35:257-261.
93. Khmelenina, V. N., M. G. Kalyuzhnaya, and Y. A. Trotsenko. 1997. Physiological and biochemical properties of a haloalkalitolerant methanotroph. Microbiology 66:365-370.
94. Khyamihorani, H. 1996. Partial purification and some properties of an alkaline cellulase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 12:525-529.
95. Kim, C. H., H. I. Choi, and D. S. Lee. 1993. Pullulanases of alkaline and broad pH range from a newly isolated alkalophilic Bacillus sp. S-1 and a Micrococcus sp. Y-1. J. Ind. Microbiol. 12:48-57.
96. Kim, C. H., H. I. Choi, and D. S. Lee. 1993. Purification and biochemical properties of an alkaline pullulanase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. S-1. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 57:1632-1637.
97. Kim, T. J., Y. D. Lee, and H. S. Kim. 1993. Enzymatic production of cyclodextrins from milled corn starch in an ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41:88-94.
98. Kim, T. U., B. G. Gu, J. Y. Jeong, S. M. Byun, and Y. C. Shin. 1995. Purification and characterization of a maltotetraose-forming alkaline α-amylase from an alkalophilic Bacillus strain, GM8901. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3105-3112.
99. Kimura, H., A. Okamura, and H. Kawaide. 1994. Oxidation of 3-, 7-, and 12-hydroxyl groups of cholic acid by an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 58:1002-1006.
100. Kimura, K., S. Kataoka, Y. Ishii, T. Takano, and K. Yamane. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of the β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase gene of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 1011 and similarity of its amino acid sequence to those of α-amylases. J. Bacteriol. 169:4399-4402.
101. Kimura, K., T. Takano, and K. Yamane. 1987. Molecular cloning of the α-cyclodextrin synthetase gene from an alkaliphilic Bacillus and its expression in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26:147-153.
102. Kimura, K., A. Tsukamoto, Y. Ishii, T. Takano, and K. Yamane. 1988. Cloning of a gene for maltohexaose producing amylase of an alkalophilic Bacillus and hyperproduction of the enzyme in Bacillus subtilis cells. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27:372-377.
103. Kimura, T., and K. Horikoshi. 1989. Carbohydrate use by alkalopsychrotrophic bacteria. Agric. Biol. Chem. 53:2019-2020.
104. Kimura, T., and K. Horikoshi. 1990. Characterization of pullulan-hydrolyzing enzyme from an alkalopsychrotrophic Micrococcus sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34:52-56.
105. Kimura, T., and K. Horikoshi. 1990. Effects of temperature and pH on the production of maltoteraose by α-amylases of an alkalopsychrotrophic Micrococcu. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 70:134-135.
106. Kimura, T., and K. Horikoshi. 1989. Production of amylase and pullulanase by an alkalopsychrotrophic Micrococcus sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 53:2963-2968.
107. Kimura, T., and K. Horikoshi. 1990. Purification and characterization of α-amylases of an alkalopsychrotrophic Micrococcus sp. Starch 42:403-407.
108. + antiport systems in alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125. J. Bacteriol. 176:6464-6469.
109. 14C]aminoisobutyric acid uptake in alkalophilic Bacillus species. J. Bacteriol. 131: 784-788.
110. + antiporter in alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. no. 66 (JCM 9763). Extremophiles 1:135-141.
111. Kobayashi, T., Y. Hakamada, S. Adachi, J. Hitomi, T. Yoshimatsu, K. Koike, S. Kawai, and S. Ito. 1995. Purification and properties of an alkaline protease from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-K16. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43:473-481.
112. Kobayashi, T., H. Kanai, R. Aono, K. Horikoshi, and T. Kudo. 1994. Cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of the α-amylase gene from the haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronococcus sp. strain Ah-36. J. Bacteriol. 176:5131-5134.
113. Kobayashi, T., H. Kanai, T. Hayashi, T. Akiba, R. Akaboshi, and K. Horikoshi. 1992. Haloalkaliphilic maltotriose-forming α-amylase from the archaebacterium Natronococcus sp. strain Ah-36. J. Bacteriol. 174:3439-3444.
114. Kodama, H., and N. Koyama. 1997. Unique characteristics of anaerobic alkalophiles belonging to Amphibacillus xylanus. Microbios 89:7-14.
115. Krulwich, T. A., M. Ito, D. B. Hicks, R. Gilmour, and A. A. Guffanti. 1998. pH Homeostasis and ATP synthesis: studies of two processes that necessitate inward proton translocation in extremely alkaliphilic Bacillus species. Extremophiles 2:217-222.
116. Kudo, T., M. Hino, M. Kitada, and K. Horikoshi. 1990. DNA sequences required for the alkalophily of Bacillus sp. strain C-125 are located close together on its chromosomal DNA. J. Bacteriol. 172:7282-7283.
117. Kurono, Y., and K. Horikoshi. 1973. Alkaline catalase produced by Bacillus no. Ku-1. Agric. Biol. Chem. 37:2565-2570.
118. Li, Y. H., M. Engle, N. Weiss, L. Mandelco, and J. Wiegel. 1994. Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum sp. nov., an anaerobic and thermotolerant facultative alkaliphile. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:111-118.
119. Lima, H. O. S., F. F. DeMoraes, and M. Zanin. 1998. β-Cyclodextrin production by simultaneous fermentation and cyclization. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70:789-804.
120. Lin, L. L., C. C. Chyau, and W. H. Hsu. 1998. Production and properties of a raw-starch-degrading amylase from the thermophilic and alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. TS-23. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 28:61-68.
121. Lin, L. L., M. R. Tsau, and W. S. Chu. 1996. Purification and properties of a 140-kDa amylopullulanase from thermophilic and alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain TS-23. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 24:101-107.
122. Lodwick, D., T. J. McGenity, and W. D. Grant. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronobacterium magadii, determined from its 23S ribosomal sequence. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 17:402-404.
123. Lopez, C., A. Blanco, and F. I. J. Pastor. 1998. Xylanase production by a new alkali-tolerant isolate of Bacillus. Biotechnol. Lett. 20:243-246.
124. Martin, J. R., F. A. A. Mulder, Y. Karimi Nejad, J. van der Zwan, M. Mariani, D. Schipper, and R. Boelens. 1997. The solution structure of serine protease PB92 from Bacillus alcalophilus presents a rigid fold with a flexible substrate-binding site. Structure 5:521-532.
125. Matsuzawa, M., M. Kawano, N. Nakamura, and K. Horikoshi. 1975. An improved method for the production of Schardinger β-dextrin on an industrial scale by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase of an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Starch 27:410-413.
126. McGenity, T. J., and W. D. Grant. 1993. The haloalkaliphilic archaeon (archaebacterium) Natronococcus occultus represents a distinct lineage within the Halobacteriales, most closely related to the other haloalkaliphilic lineage (Natronobacterium). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16:239-243.
127. McTigue, M. A., C. T. Kelly, E. M. Doyle, and W. M. Fogarty. 1995. The alkaline amylase of the alkalophilic Bacillus sp IMD 370. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 17:570-573.
128. McTigue, M. A., C. T. Kelly, W. M. Fogarty, and E. M. Doyle. 1994. Production studies on the alkaline amylases of three alkalophilic Bacillus spp. Biotechnol. Lett. 16:569-574.
129. + requirement for growth, photosynthesis, and pH regulation in the alkalotolerant cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis. J. Bacteriol. 159:100-106.
130. Miyatake, M., and K. Imada. 1997. A gene encoding endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Bacillus sp. 22-28. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61:362-364.
131. Morotomi, S., M. Kitada, R. Usami, K. Horikoshi, and T. Kudo. 1998. Physiological properties of a neutral-sensitive mutant derived from facultative alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62:788-791.
132. Na, H. K., E. S. Kim, H. B. Lee, O. J. Yoo, and D. Y. Jhon. 1996. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the α-amylase gene from alkalophilic Pseudomonas sp. KFCC 10818. Mol. Cells 6:203-208.
133. Nakamura, A., F. Fukumori, S. Horinouchi, H. Masaki, T. Kudo, T. Uozumi, K. Horikoshi, and T. Beppu. 1991. Construction and characterization of the chimeric enzymes between the Bacillus subtilis cellulase and an alkalophilic Bacillus cellulase. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1579-1583.
134. Nakamura, A., K. Haga, and K. Yamane. 1993. Three histidine residues in the active center of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. 1011: effects of the replacement on pH dependence and transition-state stabilization. Biochemistry 32:6624-6631.
135. Nakamura, A., K. Haga, and K. Yamane. 1994. Four aromatic residues in the active center of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. 1011: effects of replacements on substrate binding and cyclization characteristics. Biochemistry 33:9929-9936.
136. Nakamura, N., and K. Horikoshi. 1976. Characterization and some culture conditions of a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase-producing alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 40:753-757.
137. Nakamura, N., and K. Horikoshi. 1976. Characterization of acid-cyclodextrin glycosyl-transferase of an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 40:1647-1648.
138. Nakamura, N., and K. Horikoshi. 1976. Purification and properties of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase of an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 40:935-941.
139. Nakamura, N., and K. Horikoshi. 1976. Purification and properties of neutral-cyclodextrin glycosyl-transferase of an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 40:1785-1791.
140. Nakamura, N., K. Watanabe, and K. Horikoshi. 1975. Purification and some properties of alkaline pullulanase from a strain of Bacillus no. 202-1, an alkalophilic microorganism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 397:188-193.
141. Nakamura, S., R. Nakai, T. Kubo, K. Wakabayashi, R. Aono, and K. Horikoshi. 1995. Structure-function relationship of the xylanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 34:99-100.
142. Nakamura, S., R. Nakai, K. Wakabayashi, Y. Ishiguro, R. Aono, and K. Horikoshi. 1994. Thermophilic alkaline xylanase from newly isolated alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain TAR-1. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 58:78-81.
143. Nakamura, S., K. Wakabayashi, R. Nakai, R. Aono, and K. Horikoshi. 1993. Production of alkaline xylanase by a newly isolated alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9:221-224.
144. Nakamura, S., K. Wakabayashi, R. Nakai, R. Aono, and K. Horikoshi. 1993. Purification and some properties of an alkaline xylanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2311-2316.
145. Niimura, Y., F. Yanagida, T. Uchimura, N. Ohara, K. Suzuki, and M. Kozaki. 1987. A new facultative anaerobic xylan-using alkalophile lacking cytochrome, quinone and catalase. Agric. Biol. Chem. 51:2271-2275.
146. Nomoto, M., C.-C. Chen, and D.-C. Shen. 1986. Purification and characterization of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkalophilic bacterium of Taiwan. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50:2701-2707.
147. Nomoto, M., T.-C. Lee, C.-S. Su, C.-W. Liao, T.-M. Yen, and C.-P. Yang. 1984. Alkaline proteinases from alkalophilic bacteria of Taiwan. Agric. Biol. Chem. 48:1627-1628.
148. Nomoto, M., D.-C. Shew, S.-J. Chen, T.-M. Yen, C.-W. Liao, and C.-P. Yang. 1984. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from alkalophilic bacterium of Taiwan. Agric. Biol. Chem. 48:1337-1338.
149. Okada, T., M. Ito, and K. Hibino. 1994. Immobilization of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on capillary membrane. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 77:259-263.
150. Okazaki, W., T. Akiba, K. Horikoshi, and R. Akahoshi. 1984. Production and properties of two types of xylanases from alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19:335-340.
151. Okazaki, W., T. Akiba, K. Horikoshi, and R. Akahoshi. 1985. Purification and characterization of xylanases from alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus spp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49:2033-2039.
152. Paavilainen, S., P. Helisto, and T. Korpela. 1994. Conversion of carbohydrates to organic acids by alkaliphilic bacilli. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 78:217-222.
153. Park, J.-S., S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu. 1991. Characterization of leader peptide of an endo-type cellulase produced by an alkalophilic Streptomyces strain. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55:1745-1750.
154. Park, J. S., J. Hitomi, S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu. 1993. Identification of two amino acids contributing the high enzyme activity in the alkaline pH range of an alkaline endoglucanase from a Bacillus sp. Protein Eng. 6:921-926.
155. Parsiegla, G., A. K. Schmidt, and G. E. Schulz. 1998. Substrate binding to a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase and mutations increasing the γ-cyclodextrin production. Eur. J. Biochem. 255:710-717.
156. Podkovyrov, S. M., and J. G. Zeikus. 1992. Structure of the gene encoding cyclomaltodextrinase from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum-39E and characterization of the enzyme purified from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174:5400-5405.
157. Prasad, P., and A. K. Kashyap. 1991. Ammonium transport in the alkalophilic diazotropic cyanobacterium Nostoc calcicola - influence of phosphate limitation and metabolic inhibitors. J. Plant Physiol. 138:244-247.
158. Salva, T. D. G., V. B. deLima, and A. P. Pagan. 1997. Screening of alkalophilic bacteria for cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase production. Rev. Microbiol. 28:157-164.
159. Sancheztorres, J., P. Perez, and R. I. Santamaria. 1996. A cellulase gene from a new alkalophilic Bacillus sp. (strain N186-1). Its cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46:149-155.
160. Sashihara, N., T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1984. Molecular cloning and expression of cellulase genes of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 158:503-506.
161. Sato, M., T. Beppu, and K. Arima. 1980. Properties and structure of a novel peptide antibiotic no. 1970. Agric. Biol. Chem. 44:3037-3040.
162. Schmidt, B. F., L. Woodhouse, R. M. Adams, T. Ward, S. E. Mainzer, and P. J. Lad. 1995. Alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain LG12 has a series of serine protease genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4490-4493.
163. Seto, Y., M. Hashimoto, R. Usami, T. Hamamoto, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1995. Characterization of a mutation responsible for an alkali-sensitive mutant, 18224, of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59:1364-1366.
164. Shikata, S., K. Saeki, H. Okoshi, T. Yoshimatsu, K. Ozaki, S. Kawai, and S. Ito. 1990. Alkaline cellulase for laundry detergents: production by alkalophilic strains of Bacillus and some properties of the crude enzymes. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:91-96.
165. Shirai, T., A. Suzuki, T. Yamane, T. Ashida, T. Kobayashi, J. Hitomi, and S. Ito. 1997. High-resolution crystal structure of M-protease: phylogeny aided analysis of the high-alkaline adaptation mechanism. Protein Eng. 10:627-634.
166. Singh, S. 1995. Partial purification and some properties of urease from the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Nostoc calcicola. Folia Microbiol. Prague 40: 529-533.
167. Sorokin, D. Y., G. A. H. deJong, L. A. Robertson, and G. J. Kuenen. 1998. Purification and characterization of sulfide dehydrogenase from alkaliphilic chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. FEBS Lett. 427:11-14.
168. Sorokin, D. Y., A. M. Lysenko, and L. L. Mityushina. 1996. Isolation and characterization of alkaliphilic chemoorganoheterotrophic bacteria oxidizing reduced inorganic sulfur compounds to tetrathionate. Microbiology 65:326-338.
169. Sorokin, D. Y., and L. L. Mityushina. 1998. Ultrastructure of alkaliphilic heterotrophic bacteria oxidizing sulfur compounds to tetrathionate. Microbiology 67:78-85.
170. Sorokin, D. Y., G. Muyzer, T. Brinkhoff, J. G. Kuenen, and M. S. M. Jetten. 1998. Isolation and characterization of a novel facultatively alkaliphilic Nitrobacter species, N. alkalicus sp. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 170:345-352.
171. Studdert, C. A., R. E. DeCastro, K. H. Seitz, and J. J. Sanchez. 1997. Detection and preliminary characterization of extracellular proteolytic activities of the haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronococcus occultus. Arch. Microbiol. 168:532-535.
172. Sturr, M. G., A. A. Guffanti, and T. A. Krulwich. 1994. Growth and bioenergetics of alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4 in continuous culture at high pH. J. Bacteriol. 176:3111-3116.
173. Sturr, M. G., T. A. Krulwich, and A. B. Kolsto. 1998. Physical map of alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4 and detection of a large endogenous plasmid. Extremophiles 2:447-453.
174. Sumitomo, N., K. Ozaki, J. Hitomi, S. Kawaminami, T. Kobayashi, S. Kawai, and S. Ito. 1995. Application of the upstream region of a Bacillus endoglucanase gene to high-level expression of foreign genes in Bacillus subtilis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59:2172-2175.
175. Sumitomo, N., K. Ozaki, S. Kawai, and S. Ito. 1992. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for an alkaline endoglucanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus and its expression in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:872-877.
176. Sunna, A., S. G. Prowe, T. Stoffregen, and G. Antranikian. 1997. Characterization of the xylanases from the new isolated thermophilic xylan-degrading Bacillus thermoleovorans strain K-3d and Bacillus flavothermus strain LB3A. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 148:209-216.
177. Takagi, M., S. P. Lee, and T. Imanaka. 1996. Diversity in size and alkaliphily of thermostable α-amylase-pullulanases (AapT) produced by recombinant Escherichia colt, Bacillus subtilis and the wild-type Bacillus sp. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 81:557-559.
178. Takami, H., T. Akiba, and K. Horikoshi. 1992. Substrate specificity of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. no. AH-101. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:333-334.
179. Takami, H., T. Akiba, and K. Horikoshi. 1990. Characterization of an alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. no. AH-101. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33:519-523.
180. Takami, H., T. Akiba, and K. Horikoshi. 1989. Production of extremely thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. no. AH-101. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30:120-124.
181. Takami, H., A. Inoue, F. Fuji, and K. Horikoshi. 1997. Microbial flora in the deepest sea mud of the Mariana Trench. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 152:279-285.
182. Takami, H., K. Nakasone, C. Hirama, V. Takai, N. Masui, F. Fuji, Y. Nakamura, and A. Inoue. 1999. An improved physical and genetic map of the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125. Extremophiles 3:21-28.
183. Takami, H., Y. Takaki, K. Nakasone, C. Hirama, A. Inoue, and K. Horikoshi. 1999. Sequence analysis of a 32-kb region including the major ribosomal protein gene clusters froin alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 63:452-455.
184. +)-activated ATPase of an anaerobic alkaliphile. Amphibacillus xylanus. Microbios 90:201-208.
185. Tanabe, H., Y. Kobayashi, and I. Akamatsu. 1988. Pretreatment of pectic wastewater with pectate lyase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:1855-1856.
186. Tanabe, H., K. Yoshihara, K. Tamura, Y. Kobayashi, I. Akamatsu, N. Niyomwan, and P. Footrakul. 1987. Pretreatment of pectic wastewater from orange canning process by an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. J. Ferment. Technol. 65:243-246.
187. Terada, Y., M. Yanase, H. Takata, T. Takaha, and S. Okada. 1997. Cyclodextrins are not the major cyclic α-1,4-glucans produced by the initial action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on amylose. J. Biol. Chem. 272:15729-15733.
188. Tsai, Y., S. Lin, Y. Li, M. Yamasaki, and G. Tamura. 1986. Characterization of an alkaline elastase from alkalophilic Bacillus YA-B. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 883:439-447.
189. Tsai, Y., M. Yamasaki, and G. Tamura. 1984. Substrate specificity of a new alkaline elastase from an alkalophilic Bacillus. Biochem. Int. 8:283-288.
190. Tsai, Y., M. Yamasaki, Y. Yamamoto-Suzuki, and G. Tamura. 1983. A new alkaline elastase of an alkalophilic Bacillus. Biochem. Int. 7:577-583.
191. Tsuchida, O., Y. Yamagata, T. Ishizuka, T. Arai, J. Yamada, M. Takeuchi, and E. Ichishima. 1986. An alkaline proteinase of an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Curr. Microbiol. 14:7-12.
192. Tsuchiya, K., I. Ikeda, T. Tsuchiya, and T. Kimura. 1997. Cloning and expression of an intracellular alkaline protease gene from alkalophilic Thermoactinomyces sp. HS682. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61:298-303.
193. Tsuchiya, K., Y. Nakamura, H. Sakashita, and T. Kimura. 1992. Purification and characterization of a thermostable alkaline protease from alkalophilic Thermoactinomyces sp. HS682. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:246-250.
194. Tsuchiya, K., H. Sakashita, Y. Nakamura, and T. Kimura. 1991. Production of thermostable alkaline protease by alkalophilic Thermoactinomyces sp. HS682. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55:3125-3127.
195. Tsujibo, H., T. Sato, M. Inui, H. Yamamoto, and Y. Inamori. 1988. Intracellular accumulation of phenazine antibiotics production by an alkalophilic actinomycetc. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:301-306.
196. Tsujibo, H., Y. Yoshida, K. Miyamoto, T. Hasegawa, and Y. Inamori. 1992. Purification and properties of two types of chitinases produced by an alkalophilic actinomycete. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:1304-1305.
197. Wang, Y. X., K. C. Srivastava, G. J. Shen, and H. Y. Wang. 1995. Thermostable alkaline lipase from a newly isolated thermophilic Bacillus, strain A30-1 (ATCC 53841). J. Ferment. Bioeng. 79:433-438.
198. Watanabe, N., Y. Ota, Y. Minoda, and K. Yamada. 1977. Isolation and identification of alkaline lipase-producing microorganisms, culture conditions and some properties of crude enzymes. Agric. Biol. Chem. 41:1353-1358.
199. Wiegel, J. 1998. Anaerobic alkalithermophiles, a novel group of extremophiles. Extremophiles 2:257-267.
200. Xu, C. H., A. Nejidat, S. Belkin, and S. Boussiba. 1994. Isolation and characterization of the plasma membrane by two-phase partitioning from the alkalophilic cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Plant Cell Physiol. 35: 737-741.
201. Xu, Y., P. J. Zhou, and X. Y. Tian. 1999. Characterization of two novel haloalkaliphilic archaea Natronorubrum bangense gen. nov., sp. nov., and Natronorubrum tibetense gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:261-266.
202. Yeh, C. M., H. K. Chang, H. M. Hsieh, K. Yoda, M. Yamasaki, and Y. C. Tsai. 1997. Improved translational efficiency of subtilisin YaB gene with different initiation codons in Bacillus subtilis and alkalophilic Bacillus YaB. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83:758-763.
203. Yoshihara, K., and Y. Kobayashi. 1982. Retting of Mitsumata bast by alkalophilic Bacillus in paper making. Agric. Biol. Chem. 46:109-117.
204. Yoshimatsu, T., K. Ozaki, S. Shikata, Y. Ohta, K. Koike, S. Kawai, and S. Ito. 1990. Purification and characterization of alkaline endo-1,4-β-glucanases from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-635. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136: 1973-1979.
205. Yum, D. Y., H. C. Chung, D. H. Bai, D. H. Oh, and J. H. Yu. 1994. Purification and characterization of alkaline serine protease from an alkalophilic Streptomyces sp. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 58:470-474.
206. Zaghloul, T. I., M. AlBahra, and H. AlAzmeh. 1998. Isolation, identification, and keratinolytic activity of several leather-degrading bacterial isolates. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70:207-213.
207. Zhilina, T. N., and G. A. Zavarzin. 1994. Alkaliphilic anaerobic community at pH 10. Curr. Microbiol. 29:109-112.
208. Zhilina, T. N., G. A. Zavarzin, F. Rainey, V. V. Kevbrin, N. A. Kostrikina, and A. M. Lysenko. 1996. Spirochaeta alkalica sp. nov., Spirochaeta africana sp. nov., and Spirochaeta asiatica sp. nov., alkaliphilic anaerobes from the Continental soda lakes in Central Asia and the East African Rift. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:305-312.
209. Zhilina, T. N., G. A. Zavarzin, F. A. Rainey, E. N. Pikuta, G. A. Osipov, and N. A. Kostrikina. 1997. Desulfonatronovibrio hydyogenovorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphilic, sulfate-rcducing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 144-149.