Chapter 20 The Use of Xenopus Egg Extracts to Study Mitotic Spindle Assembly and Function in Vitro

Methods in Cell Biology

Volumn 61, Issue C, 1998, Pages 385-412

  Desai, Arshad ^a   Murray, Andrew ^a   Mitchison, Timothy J ^a   Walczak, Claire E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL EXTRACT; ONCOPROTEIN;

ANAPHASE; ANIMAL; MITOSIS; MITOSIS SPINDLE; OOCYTE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; XENOPUS;

ANAPHASE; ANIMALS; CELL EXTRACTS; MITOSIS; MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS; OVUM; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MOS; XENOPUS;

EID: 0032608492     PISSN: 0091679X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0091-679X(08)61991-3     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Belmont, L.D., Hyman, A.A., Sawin, K.E., Mitchison, T.J., Real-time visualization of cell cycle dependent changes in microtubule dynamics in cytoplasmic extracts. Cell 62 (1990), 579-589.
2. Blangy, A., Lane, H.A., d'Hérin, P., Harper, M., Kress, M., Nigg, E.A., Phosphorylation by p34cdc2 regulates spindle association of human Eg5, a kinesin-related motor essential for bipolar spindle formation in vivo. Cell 83 (1995), 1159-1169.
3. Blow, J.J., Laskey, R.A., Initiation of DNA replication in nuclei and purified DNA by a cell-free extract of Xenopus eggs. Cell 47 (1986), 577-587.
4. Boleti, H., Karsenti, E., Vernos, I., Xklp2, a novel Xenopus centrosomal kinesin-like protein required for centrosome separation during mitosis. Cell 84 (1996), 49-59.
5. Desai, A., Deacon, H.W., Walczak, C.E., Mitchison, T.J., A method that allows the assembly of kinetochore components onto chromosomes condensed in clarified Xenopus egg extracts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997), 12378-12383.
6. Desai, A., Maddox, P., Mitchison, T.J., Salmon, E.D., Anaphase A chromosome movement and poleward microtubule flux occur at similar rates in Xenopus extract spindles. J. Cell Biol 141 (1998), 703-713.
7. Enos, A.P., Morris, N.R., Mutation of a gene that encodes a kinesin-like protein blocks nuclear division in A. nidulans. Cell 60 (1990), 1019-1027.
8. Evans, L., Mitchison, T.J., Kirschner, M.W., Influence of the centrosome on the structure of nucleated microtubules. J. Cell Biol 100 (1985), 1185-1191.
9. Flemming, W., Contributions to the knowledge of the cell and its vital processes. Part II. J. Cell Biol 25 (1965), 3-69.
10. Gaglio, T., Saredi, A., Compton, D.A., NuMA is required for the organization of microtubules into aster-like mitotic arrays. J. Cell Biol 131 (1995), 693-708.
11. Gaglio, T., Saredi, A., Bingham, J., Hasbani, J., Gill, S.R., Schroer, T.A., Compton, D.A., Opposing motor activities are required for the organization of the mammalian mitotic spindle pole. J. Cell Biol 135 (1996), 399-414.
12. Gaglio, T., Dionne, M.A., Compton, D.A., Mitotic spindle poles are organized by structural and motor proteins in addition to centrosomes. J. Cell Biol 138 (1997), 1055-1066.
13. Hagan, I., Yanagida, M., Novel potential mitotic motor protein encoded by the fission yeast cut7 + gene. Nature 347 (1990), 563-566.
14. Heald, R., Tournebize, R., Blank, T., Sandaltzopoulos, R., Becker, P., Hyman, A., Karsenti, W.W., Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts. Nature 382 (1996), 420-425.
15. Heald, R., Tournebize, R., Habermann, A., Karsenti, E., Hyman, A., Spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts: Respective roles of centrosomes and microtubule self-organization. J. Cell Biol 138 (1997), 615-628.
16. Heald, R., Tournebize, R., Vernos, I., Murray, A., Hyman, A., Karsenti, E., In vitro assays for mitotic spindle assembly and function. Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook. Celis J, 1998.
17. Hirano, T., Mitchison, T.J., Cell cycle control of higher-order chromatin assembly around naked DNA in vitro. J. Cell Biol 115 (1991), 1479-1489.
18. Holloway, S.L., Glotzer, M., King, R.W., Murray, A.W., Anaphase is initiated by proteolysis rather than by the inactivation of MPF. Cell 73 (1993), 1393-1402.
19. Hoyt, M.A., He, L., Loo, K.K., Saunders, W.S., Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related gene products required for mitotic spindle assembly. J. Cell Biol 118 (1992), 109-120.
20. Hutchison, C.J., Cox, R., Ford, C.C., Periodic DNA synthesis in cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs. EMBO J 6 (1988), 2003-2010.
21. Hyman, A., Drechsel, D., Kellogg, D., Salser, S., Sawin, K., Steffen, P., Wordeman, L., Mitchison, T., Preparation of modified tubulins. Methods Enzymol 196 (1991), 478-485.
22. Lohka, M.J., Maller, J.L., Induction of nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, and spindle formation in cell-free extracts. J. Cell Biol 101 (1985), 518-523.
23. Lohka, M.J., Masui, Y., Formation in vitro of sperm pronuclei and mitotic chromosomes induced by amphibian ooplasmic components. Science 220 (1983), 719-721.
24. Merdes, A., Ramyar, K., Vechio, J.D., Cleveland, D.W., A complex of NuMA and cytoplasmic dynein is essential for mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 87 (1996), 447-458.
25. Murray, A.W., Cell cycle extracts. Methods Cell Biol 36 (1991), 581-605.
26. Murray, A.W., Kirschner, M.W., Cyclin synthesis drives the early embryonic cell cycle. Nature 339 (1989), 275-280.
27. Murray, A.W., Desai, A.B., Salmon, E.D., Real time observation of anaphase in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996), 12327-12332.
28. Murray, A.W., Solomon, M., Kirschner, M.W., The role of cyclin synthesis in the control of maturation promoting factor activity. Nature (London) 339 (1989), 280-286.
29. Roof, D.M., Meluh, P.B., Rose, M.D., Kinesin-related proteins required for assembly of the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol 118 (1992), 95-108.
30. Sagata, N., Watanabe, N., Vande Woude, G.F., Ikawa, Y., The c-mos protooncogene is a cytostatic factor responsible for meiotic arrest in vertebrate eggs. Nature 342 (1989), 512-518.
31. Salmon, E.D., Inoue, T., Desai, A., Murray, A.W., High resolution multimode digital imaging system for mitosis studies in vivo and in vitro. Biol. Bull 187 (1994), 231-232.
32. Sawin, K.E., Mitchison, T.J., Mitotic spindle assembly by two different pathways in vitro. J. Cell Biol 112 (1991), 925-940.
33. Sawin, K.E., Le Guellec, K., Philippe, M., Mitchison, T.J., Mitotic spindle organization by a plus-end directed microtubule motor. Nature 359 (1992), 540-543.
34. Shamu, C.E., Murray, A.W., Sister chromatid separation in frog egg extracts requires DNA topoisomerase II activity during anaphase. J. Cell Biol 117 (1992), 921-934.
35. Verde, F., Labbe, J.-C., Doree, M., Karsenti, E., Regulation of microtubule dynamics by cdc2 protein kinase in cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs. Nature 343 (1990), 233-238.
36. Vernos, I., Raats, J., Hirano, T., Heasman, J., Karsenti, E., Wylie, C., Xklp1, a chromosomal Xenopus kinesin-like protein essential for spindle organization and chromosome positioning. Cell 81 (1995), 117-127.
37. Walczak, C.E., Mitchison, T.J., Desai, A., XKCM1: A Xenopus kinesin-related protein that regulates microtubule dynamics during mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 84 (1996), 37-47.
38. Walczak, C.E., Verma, S., Mitchinson, T.J., XCTK2: A kinesin-related protein that promotes mitotic spindle assembly in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. J. Cell Biol 136 (1997), 859-870.