Targeting and assembly of periplasmic and outer-membrane proteins in Escherichia coli

Annual Review of Genetics

Volumn 32, Issue , 1998, Pages 59-94

  Danese, Paul N ^a   Silhavy, Thomas J ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cpx; Protein translocation; SecY; Sigma E; Stress response

Indexed keywords

OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN;

BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE; CYTOPLASM; ESCHERICHIA COLI; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ASSEMBLY; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW;

BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE; CELL MEMBRANE; CYTOPLASM; ESCHERICHIA COLI; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PROTEIN FOLDING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; POSIBACTERIA;

EID: 0032432109     PISSN: 00664197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.59     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Bankaitis VA, Bassford PJ Jr. 1985. Proper interaction between at least two components is required for efficient export of proteins to the Escherichia coli cell envelope. J. Bacteriol. 161:169-78
2. Bayer ME. 1979. The fusion sites between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria: their role in membrane assembly and virus infection. In Bacterial Outer Membranes, Biosynthesis, Assembly, and Function, ed. M Inouye, pp. 167-202. New York: Wiley
3. Bayer ME. 1991. Zones of membrane adhesion in the cryofixed envelope of Escherichia coli. J. Struct. Biol. 107:268-80
4. Bayer ME. 1994. Periplasm. In Bacterial Cell Wall, ed. J-M Ghuysen, R Hakenbeck, pp. 447-64. Amsterdam: Elsevier
5. Benson SA, Bremer E, Silhavy TJ. 1984. Intragenic regions required for LamB export. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3830-34
6. Bieker-Brady K, Silhavy TJ. 1992. Suppressor analysis suggests a multistep, cyclic mechanism for protein secretion in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 11:3165-74
7. Bolla JM, Lazdunski C, Pagès JM. 1988. The assembly of the major outer membrane protein OmpF of Escherichia coli depends on lipid synthesis. EMBO J. 7:3595-99
8. Bosch D, Leunissen J, Verbakel J, de Jong M, van Erp H, Tommassen J. 1986. Periplasmic accumulation of truncated forms of outer membrane protein PhoE of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Mol. Biol. 198:449-55
9. Bosch D, Scholten M, Verhagen C, Tommassen J. 1989. The role of the carboxy-terminal membrane-spanning fragment in the biogenesis of Escherichia coli K12 outer membrane protein PhoE. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216:144-48
10. Bost S, Belin D. 1997. prl mutations in the Escherichia coli secG gene. J. Biol. Chem. 272:4087-93
11. Brass JM, Higgins CF, Foley M, Rugman PA, Birmingham J, Garland PB. 1986. Lateral diffusion of proteins in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 165:787-94
12. Brown S, Fournier MJ. 1984. The 4.5S RNA gene of Escherichia coli is essential for cell growth. J. Mol. Biol. 178:533-50
13. Brundage L, Hendrick JP, Schiebel E, Driessen AJ, Wickner W. 1990. The purified E. coli integral membrane protein SecY/E is sufficient for reconstitution of SecA-dependent precursor protein translocation. Cell 62:649-57
14. Bukau B, Horwich AL. 1998. The Hsp70 and Hsp60 chaperone machines. Cell 92:351-66
15. Buttner MJ, Smith AM, Bibb MJ. 1988. At least three different RNA polymerase holoenzymes direct transcription of the agarose gene (dagA) of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Cell 52:599-607
16. Carlson JH, Silhavy TJ. 1993. Signal sequence processing is required for the assembly of LamB trimers in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175:3327-34
17. Catron KM, Schnaitman CA. 1987. Export of protein in Escherichia coli: a novel mutation in ompC affects expression of other major outer membrane proteins. J. Bacteriol. 169:4327-34
18. Chen R, Henning U. 1996. A periplasmic protein (Skp) of Escherichia coli selectively binds a class of outer membrane proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 19: 1287-94
19. Click EM, McDonald GA, Schnaitman CA. 1988. Translational control of exported proteins that result from OmpC porin overexpression. J. Bacteriol. 170:2005-11
20. Click EM, Schnaitmann CA. 1989. Export-defective LamB protein is a target for translational control caused by OmpC porin overexpression. J. Bacteriol. 171:616-19
21. Collier DN, Strobel SM, Bassford PJ Jr. 1990. SecB-independent export of Escherichia coli ribose-binding protein (RBP): some comparisons with export of maltose-binding protein (MBP) and studies with RBP-MBP hybrid proteins. J. Bacteriol. 172:6875-84
22. Connolly L, de las Peñas A, Alba BM, Gross CA. 1997. The response to extracytoplasmic stress in Escherichia coli is controlled by partially overlapping pathways. Genes Dev. 11:2012-21
23. Cosma CL, Danese PN, Carlson JH, Silhavy TJ, Snyder WB. 1995. Activation of the Cpx two-component signal transduction pathway in Escherichia coli suppresses envelope associated stresses. Mol. Microbiol. 18:491-505
24. Coulton JW, Reid GK, Campana A. 1988. Export of hybrid proteins FhuA '-' LacZ and FhuA '-' PhoA to the cell envelope of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 170:2267-75
25. E and the Cpx signal transduction systems control the synthesis of periplasmic protein-folding enzymes in Escherichia coli. Genes Dev. 11:1183-93
26. Danese PN, Silhavy TJ. 1998. CpxP, a stress-combative member of the Cpx regulon. J. Bacteriol. 180:831-39
27. Danese PN, Snyder WB, Cosma CL, Davis LJB, Silhavy TJ. 1995. The Cpx two-component signal transduction pathway of Escherichia coli regulates transcription of the gene specifying the stress-inducible periplasmic protease, DegP. Genes Dev. 9:387-98
28. de Cock H, Tommassen J. 1996. Lipopolysaccharides and divalent cations are involved in the formation of an assembly-competent intermediate of outer-membrane protein PhoE of E. coli. EMBO J. 15:5567-73
29. de Cock H, van Blokland S, Tommassen J. 1996. In vitro insertion and assembly of outer membrane protein PhoE of Escherichia coli K-12 into the outer membrane: role of Triton X-100. J. Biol. Chem. 271:12885-90
30. E is an essential sigma factor in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 179: 6862-64
31. E. Mol. Microbiol. 24:373-85
32. Derman AI, Puziss JW, Bassford PJ Jr, Beckwith J. 1993. A signal sequence is not required for protein export in prlA mutants of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 12:879-88
33. Dong JS, Iuchi S, Kwan HS, Lu Z, Lin ECC. 1993. The deduced amino-acid sequence of the cloned cpxR gene suggests the protein is the cognate regulator for the membrane sensor, CpxA, in a two-component signal transduction system of Escherichia coli. Gene 136:227-30
34. Driessen AJ. 1992 Precursor protein translocation by the Escherichia coli translocase is directed by the protonmotive force. EMBO J. 11:847-53
35. Duong F, Eichler J, Price A, Leonard MR, Wickner W. 1997. Biogenesis of the gram-negative bacterial envelope. Cell 91:567-73
36. Duong F, Wickner W. 1997. The SecDFyajC domain of preprotein translocase controls preprotein movement by regulating SecA membrane cycling. EMBO J. 16:4871-79
37. Economou A, Pogliano JA, Beckwith J, Oliver DB, Wickner W. 1995. SecA membrane cycling at SecYEG is driven by distinct ATP binding and hydrolysis events and is regulated by SecD and SecF. Cell 83:1171-81
38. Economou A, Wickner W. 1994. SecA promotes preprotein translocation by undergoing ATP-driven cycles of membrane insertion and deinsertion. Cell 78:835-43
39. Eichler J, Brunner J, Wickner W. 1997. The protease-protected 30 kDa domain of SecA is largely inaccessible to the membrane lipid phase. EMBO J. 16:2188-96
40. Eichler J, Wickner W. 1997. Both an N-terminal 65-kDa domain and a C-terminal 30-kDa domain of SecA cycle into the membrane at SecYEG during translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:5574-81
41. Emr SD, Hanley-Way S, Silhavy TJ. 1981. Suppressor mutations that restore export of a protein with a defective signal sequence. Cell 23:79-88
42. Eppens EF, Nouwen N, Tommassen J. 1997. Folding of a bacterial outer membrane protein during passage through the periplasm. EMBO J. 16:4295-301
43. E subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: a second alternate σ factor involved in high-temperature gene expression. Genes Der. 3: 1462-71
44. Erickson JW, Vaughn V, Walter WA, Neidhardt FC, Gross CA. 1987. Regulation of the promoters and transcripts of rpoH, the Escherichia coli heat shock regulatory gene. Genes Dev. 1:419-32
45. Fekkes P, van der Does C, Driessen AJ. 1997. The molecular chaperone SecB is released from the carboxy-terminus of SecA during initiation of precursor protein translocation. EMBO J. 16:6105-13
46. Fersht A. 1985. Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. New York: Freeman. 2nd ed.
47. Fischer G, Bang H, Berger E, Schellenberger E. 1984. Conformational specificity of chymotrypsin toward proline-containing substrates. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 791:87-97
48. Flower AM, Doebele RC, Silhavy TJ. 1994. PrlA and PrlG suppressors reduce the requirement for signal sequence recognition. J. Bacteriol. 176: 5607-14
49. Flower AM, Osborne RS, Silhavy TJ. 1995. The allele-specific synthetic lethality of prlA-prlG double mutants predicts interactive domains of SecY and SecE. EMBO J. 14:884-93
50. Fourel D, Mizushima S, Pagès JM. 1992. Dynamics of the exposure of epitopes on OmpF, an outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 206:109-14
51. Freudl R, Schwarz H, Klose M, Movva NR, Henning U. 1985. The nature of information, required for export and sorting, present within the outer membrane protein OmpA of Escherichia coli K-12. EMBO J. 4:3593-98
52. Freudl R, Schwarz H, Stierhof YD, Gamon K, Hindennach I, Henning U. 1986. An outer membrane protein (OmpA) of Escherichia coli K-12 undergoes a conformational change during export. J. Biol. Chem. 261:11355-61
53. Cannon PM, Li P, Kumamoto CA. 1989. The mature portion of Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) determines the dependence of MBP on SecB for export. J. Bacteriol. 171:813-18
54. Gardel C, Benson S, Hunt J, Michaelis S, Beckwith J. 1987. secD, a new gene involved in protein export in E. coli. J. Bacteriol. 169:1286-90
55. Gardel C, Johnson K, Jacq A, Beckwith J. 1990. The secD locus of E. coli codes for two membrane proteins required for protein export. EMBO J. 9:3209-16
56. Gill DR, Salmond GP. 1990. The identification of the Escherichia coli ftsY gene product: an unusual protein. Mol. Microbiol. 4:575-83
57. Givskov M, Olsen L, Molin S. 1988. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for extracellular Phospholipase A1 from Serratia liquefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 170:5855-62
58. Gross CA. 1996. Function and regulation of the heat shock proteins. See Ref. 111a, pp. 1382-99
59. Halegoua S, Inouye M. 1979. Translocation and assembly of outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. Selective accumulation of precursors and novel assembly intermediates caused by phenethyl alcohol. J. Mol. Biol. 130:39-61
60. Hanada M, Nishiyama KI, Mizushima S, Tokuda H. 1994. Reconstitution of an efficient protein translocation machinery comprising SecA and the three membrane proteins, SecY, SecE, and SecG (p12). J. Biol. Chem. 269:23625-31
61. Hanein D, Matlack KE, Jungnickel B, Plath K, Kalies KU, et al. 1996. Oligomeric rings of the Sec61p complex induced by ligands required for portein translocation. Cell 87:721-32
62. Hengge R, Boos W. 1985. Defective secretion of maltose-and ribose-binding proteins caused by a truncated periplasmic protein in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 162:972-78
63. Hengge-Aronis R, Boos W. 1986. Translational control of exported proteins in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 167:462-66
64. Home SM, Young KD. 1995. Escherichia coli and other species of the Enterobacteriaceae encode a protein similar to the family of Mip-like FK506-binding proteins. Arch. Microbiol. 163:357-65
65. Huie JL, Silhavy TJ. 1995. Suppression of signal sequence defects and azide resistance in Escherichia coli commonly result from the same mutations in secA. J. Bacteriol. 177:3518-26
66. Ito K, Wittekind M, Nomura M, Shiba K, Yura T, Miura A, Nashimoto H. 1983. A temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli exhibiting slow processing of exported proteins. Cell 32:789-97
67. Jackson ME, Pratt JM, Holland IB. 1986. Intermediates in the assembly of the TonA polypeptide into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12. J. Mol. Biol. 189:477-86
68. Jensen CG, Pedersen S. 1994. Concentrations of 4.5S RNA and Ffh protein in Escherichia coli: the stability of Ffh protein is dependent on the concentration of 4.5S RNA. J. Bacteriol. 176:7148-54
69. Joly JC, Wickner W. 1993. The SecA and SecY subunits of translocase are the nearest neighbors of a translocating preprotein, shielding it from phospholipids. EMBO J. 12:255-63
70. Jones CH, Danese PN, Pinkner JS, Silhavy TJ, Hultgren SJ. 1997. The chaperone-assisted membrane release and folding pathway is sensed by two signal transduction systems. EMBO J. 16:6394-406
71. Jullien M, Baldwin RL. 1981. The role of proline residues in the folding kinetics of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor derivative RCAM(14-38). J. Mol. Biol. 145:265-80
72. Karim A, Kaderbhai N, Evans A, Harding V, Kaderbhai MA. 1993. Efficient bacterial export of a eukaryotic cytoplasmic cytochrome. BioTechnology 11:612-18
73. Kellenberger E. 1990. The 'Bayer bridges' confronted with results from improved electron microscopy methods. Mol. Microbiol. 4:697-705
74. Kim YJ, Rajapandi T, Oliver DB. 1994. SecA protein is exposed to the periplasmic surface of the E. coli inner membrane in its active state. Cell 78:845-53
75. Kleerebezem M, Crielaard W, Tommassen J. 1996. Involvement of stress protein PspA (phage shock protein A) of Escherichia coli in maintenance of the protonmotive force under stress conditions. EMBO J. 15:162-71
76. Kleerebezem M, Heutink M, Tommassen J. 1995. Characterization of an Escherichia coli rotA mutant, affected in periplasmic peptidyl-prolyl cis/ trans isomerase. Mol. Microbiol. 18: 313-20
77. Klose M, MacIntyre S, Schwarz H, Henning U. 1988. The influence of amino substitutions within the mature part of an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein (OmpA) on assembly of the polypeptide into its membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 263:13297-302
78. Klose M, Schwarz H, MacIntyre S, Freudl R, Eschbach M-L, Henning U. 1988. Internal deletions in the gene for an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein define an area possibly important for recognition of the outer membrane by this polypeptide. J. Biol. Chem. 263:13291-96
79. Kloser A, Laird M, Deng M, Misra R. 1998. Modulations in lipid A and phospholipid biosynthesis pathways influence outer membrane protein assembly in Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Microbiol. 27:1003-8
80. Kloser AW, Laird MW, Misra R. 1996. asmB, a suppressor locus for assembly-defective OmpF mutants of Escherichia coli, is allelic to envA (lpxC). J. Bacteriol. 178:5138-43
81. Kroncke KD, Golecki JR, Jann K. 1990. Further electron microscopic studies on the expression of Escherichia coli group II capsules. J. Bacteriol. 172: 3469-72
82. Kumamoto CA, Beckwith J. 1983. Mutations in a new gene, secB, cause defective protein localization in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 154:253-60
83. Kumamoto CA, Francetic O. 1993. Highly selective binding of nascent polypeptides by an Escherichia coli chaperone protein in vivo. J. Bacteriol. 175:2184-88
84. Laird MW, Kloser AW, Misra R. 1994. Assembly of LamB and OmpF in deep rough lipopolysaccharide mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 176: 2259-64
85. Lazar SW, Kolter R. 1996. SurA assists the folding of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins. J. Bacteriol. 178:1770-73
86. Levitt M. 1981. Effect of proline residues on protein folding. J. Mol. Biol. 145:251-63
87. Lipinska B, Fayet O, Baird L, Georgopoulos C. 1989. Identification, characterization, and mapping of the Escherichia coli htrA gene, whose product is essential for bacterial growth only at elevated temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 171: 1574-84
88. 32-independent mechanism of heat-inducible transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10053-67
89. Lipinska B, Zylicz M, Georgopoulos C. 1990. The HtrA (DegP) protein, essential for Escherichia coli survival at high temperatures, is an endopeptidase. J. Bacteriol. 172:1791-97
90. Liu J, Walsh CT. 1990. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase from Escherichia coli: a periplasmic homolog of cyclophilin that is not inhibited by cyclosporin A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4028-32
91. Lonetto M, Brown KL, Rudd KE, Buttner JJ. 1994. Analysis of the Streptomyces coelicolor sigmaE gene reveals the existence of a subfamily of eubacterial RNA polymerase sigma factors involved in the regulation of extracytoplasmic functions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91:7573-77
92. Luirink J, High S, Wood H, Giner A, Tollervey D, Dobberstein B. 1992. Signal-sequence recognition by an Escherichia coli ribonucleoprotein complex. Nature 359:741-43
93. Luirink J, ten Hagen-Jongman CM, van der Weijden CC, Oudega B, High S, et al. 1994. An alternative protein targeting pathway in Escherichia coli: studies on the role of FtsY. EMBO J. 13:2289-96
94. MacIntyre S, Freudl R, Eschbach ML, Henning U. 1988. An artificial hydrophobic sequence functions as either an anchor or a signal sequence at only one of two positions within the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein OmpA. J. Biol. Chem. 263:19053-59
95. Matsuyama S, Tajima T, Tokuda H. 1995. A novel periplasmic carrier protein involved in the sorting and transport of Escherichia coli lipoproteins destined for the outer membrane. EMBO J. 14:3365-72
96. Matsuyama S, Yokota N, Tokuda H. 1997. A novel outer membrane lipoprotein. LolB (HemM), involved in the LolA (p20)-dependent localization of lipoproteins to the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 16:6947-55
97. McFarland L, Francetic O, Kumamoto CA. 1993. A mutation of Escherichia coli SecA protein that partially compensates for the absence of SecB. J. Bacteriol. 175:2255-62
98. E, an Escherichia coli heat-inducible σ-factor, is modulated by expression of outer membrane proteins. Genes Dev. 7:2618-28
99. Mileykovskaya E, Dowhan W. 1997. The Cpx two-component signal transduction pathway is activated in Escherichia coli mutant strains lacking phosphatidylethanolamine. J. Bacteriol. 179:1029-34
100. Misra R. 1993. OmpF assembly mutants of Escherichia coli K-12: isolation, characterization, and suppressor analysis. J. Bacteriol. 175:5049-56
101. Misra R, Miao Y. 1995. Molecular analysis of asmA, a locus identified as the suppressor of OmpF assembly mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol Microbiol. 16:779-88
102. Misra R, Peterson A, Ferenci T, Silhavy TJ. 1991. A genetic approach for analyzing the pathway of LamB assembly into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 266:13592-97
103. Missiakas D, Betton J-M, Raina S. 1996. New components of protein folding in extracytoplasmic compartments of Escherichia coli SurA, FkpA and Skp/OmpH. Mol. Microbiol. 21:871-84
104. E (RpoE) heat-shock transcription-factor activity by the RseA, RseB and RseC proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 24:355-71
105. Missiakas D, Raina S. 1997. Protein folding in the bacterial periplasm. J. Bacteriol. 179:2465-71
106. Missiakas D, Raina S. 1997. Signal transduction pathways in response to protein misfolding in the extracytoplasmic compartments of E. coli: role of two new phosphoprotein phosphatases PrpA and PrpB. EMBO J. 16:1670-85
107. Mitchell C, Oliver DB. 1993. Two distinct ATP-binding domains are needed to promote protein export by Escherichia coli SecA ATPase. Mol. Microbiol. 10: 483-97
108. Model P, Jovanovic G, Dworkin J. 1997. The Escherichia coli phage-shock-protein (psp) operon. Mol. Microbiol. 24:255-61
109. Murphy CK, Beckwith J. 1994. Residues essential for the function of SecE, a membrane component of the Escherichia coli secretion apparatus, are located in a conserved cytoplasmic region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 2557-61
110. Murphy CK, Beckwith J. 1996. Export of proteins to the cell envelope. See Ref. 111a, pp. 967-78
111. Nakayama S-I, Watanabe H. 1995. Involvement of cpxA, a sensor of a two-component regulatory system, in the pH-dependent regulation of expression of Shigella sonnei virF gene. J. Bacteriol. 177:-5062-69
112. Neidhardt FC, ed. 1996. Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Cellular and Molecular Biology. Washington, DC: ASM Press. 2nd ed.
113. Nikaido H. 1996. Outer membrane. See Ref. 111a, pp. 29-47
114. Nilsson B, Anderson S. 1991. Proper and improper folding of proteins in the cellular environment. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 45:607-35
115. Nishiyama K, Hanada M, Tokuda H. 1994. Disruption of the gene encoding p12 (SecG) reveals the direct involvement and important function of SecG in the protein translocation of Escherichia coli at low temperature. EMBO J. 13:3272-77
116. Nishiyama K, Suzuki T, Tokuda H. 1996. Inversion of the membrane topology of SecG coupled with SecA-dependent preprotein translocation. Cell 85:71-81
117. Oliver DB. 1996. Periplasm. See Ref. 111a, pp. 88-103
118. Oliver DB, Beckwith J. 1981. E. coli mutants pleiotropically defective in the export of secreted proteins. Cell 25:765-72
119. Osborne RS, Silhavy TJ. 1993. PrlA suppressor mutations cluster in regions corresponding to three distinct topological domains. EMBO J. 12:3391-98
120. Pagès JM, Bolla JM. 1988. Assembly of the OmpF porin of Escherichia coli B. Immunological and kinetic studies of the integration pathway. Eur. J. Biochem. 176:655-60
121. Phillips GJ, Silhavy TJ. 1992. The E. coli ffh gene is necessary for viability and efficient protein export. Nature 359:744-46
122. Pogliano J, Beckwith J. 1994. SecD and SecF facilitate protein export in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 13:54-61
123. Pogliano J, Lynch AS, Belin D, Lin EC, Beckwith J. 1997. Regulation of Escherichia coli cell envelope proteins involved in protein folding and degradation by the Cpx two-component system. Genes Dev. 11:1169-82
124. Pogliano KJ, Beckwith J. 1994. Genetic and molecular characterization of the Escherichia coli secD operon and its products. J. Bacteriol. 176:804-14
125. Pohlschröder M, Murphy C, Beckwith J. 1996. In vivo analyses of interactions between SecE and SecY, core components of the Escherichia coli protein translocation machinery. J. Biol. Chem. 271:19908-14
126. Poritz MA, Bernstein HD, Strub K, Zopf D, Wilhelm H, Walter P. 1990. An E. coli ribonucleoprotein containing 4.5S RNA resembles mammalian signal recognition particle. Science 250:1111-17
127. Powers T, Walter P. 1997. Co-translational protein targeting catalyzed by the Escherichia coli signal recognition particle and its receptor. EMBO J. 16:4880-86
128. Pugsley AP. 1993. The complete general secretory pathway in gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 57:50-108
129. Rahfeld JU, Rucknagel KP, Stoller G, Horne SM, Schierhorn A, et al. 1996. Isolation and amino acid sequence of a new 22-kDa FKBP-like peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans-isomerase of Escherichia coli. Similarity to Mip-like proteins of pathogenic bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 271:22130-38
130. Raina S, Missiakas D, Georgopoulos C. 1995. The rpoE gene encoding the sigma E (sigma 24) heat shock sigma factor of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 14:1043-55
131. Raivio TL, Silhavy TJ. 1997. Transduction of envelope stress in Escherichia coli by the Cpx two-component system. J. Bacteriol. 179:7724-33
132. Ramamurthy V, Oliver D. 1997. Topology of the integral membrane form of Escherichia coli SecA protein reveals multiple periplasmically exposed regions and modulation by ATP binding. J. Biol. Chem. 272:23239-46
133. Randall LL, Topping TB, Hardy SJ, Pavlov MY, Freistroffer DV, Ehrenberg M. 1997. Binding of SecB to ribosome-bound polypeptides has the same characteristics as binding to full-length denatured proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:802-7
134. Rasmussen BA, Silhavy TJ. 1987. The first 28 amino acids of mature LamB are required for rapid and efficient export from the cytoplasm. Genes Dev. 1:185-96
135. Reid J, Fung H, Gehring K, Klebba PE, Nikaido H. 1988. Targeting of porin to the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Rate of trimer assembly and identification of a dimer intermediate. J. Biol. Chem. 263:7753-59
136. Ribes V, Römisch K, Giner A, Dobberstein B, Tollervey D. 1990. E. coli 4.5S RNA is part of a ribonucleoprotein particle that has properties related to signal recognition particle. Cell 63:591-600
137. Ried G, Hindennach I, Henning U. 1990. Role of lipopolysaccharide in assembly of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins OmpA, OmpC, and OmpF. J. Bacteriol. 172:6048-53
138. Rietsch A, Beckwith J. 1999. The genetics of disulfide bond metabolism. Annu. Rev. Genet. 32:163-84
139. Riggs PD, Derman AI, Beckwith J. 1988. A mutation affecting the regulation of a secA-lacZ fusion defines a new sec gene. Genetics 118:571-79
140. Rocque WJ, McGroarty EJ. 1989. Isolation and preliminary characterization of wild-type OmpC porin dimers from Escherichia coli K-12. Biochemistry 28: 3738-43
141. E, in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 14:1032-42
142. Rouvière PE, Gross CA. 1996. SurA, a periplasmic protein with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, participates in the assembly of outer membrane porins. Genes Dev. 10:3170-82
143. Rudd KE, Sofia HJ, Koonin EV, Plunkett G III, Lazar S, Rouvière PE. 1995. A new family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. Trends Biol. Sci. 20:12-14
144. Schatz PJ, Bicker KL, Ottemann KM, Silhavy TJ, Beckwith J. 1991. One of three transmembrane stretches is sufficient for the functioning of the SecE protein, a membrane component of the E. coli secretion machinery. EMBO J. 10:1749-57
145. Schmidt MG, Oliver DB. 1989. SecA protein autogenously represses its own translation during normal protein secretion in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:643-49
146. Sen K, Nikaido H. 1990. In vitro trimerization of OmpF porin secreted by spheroplasts of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:743-47
147. Sen K, Nikaido H. 1991. Lipopolysaccharide structure required for in vitro trimerization of Escherichia coli OmpF porin. J. Bacteriol 173:926-28
148. Sen K, Nikaido H. 1991. Trimerization of an in vitro synthesized OmpF porin of Escherichia coli outer membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 266:11295-300
149. Shinkai A, Yamada H, Mizuno T, Mizushima S. 1989. Insertion of a signal peptide-derived hydrophobic segment into the mature domain of OmpC, an outer membrane protein, does not interfere with the export of the following polypeptide chain across the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 106:323-30
150. Snyder WB, Davis LJB, Danese PN, Cosma CL, Silhavy TJ. 1995. Overproduction of NlpE, a new outer-membrane lipoprotein, suppresses the toxicity of periplasmic LacZ by activation of the Cpx signal transduction pathway. J. Bacteriol. 177:4216-23
151. Snyder WB, Silhavy TJ. 1995. β-galactosidase is inactivated by intermolecular disulfide bonds and is toxic when secreted to the periplasm of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177:953-63
152. Stader J, Gansheroff LJ, Silhavy TJ. 1989. New suppressors of signal-sequence mutations, prlG, are linked tightly to the secE gene of Escherichia coli. Cenes Dev. 3:1045-52
153. Stader J, Justice S. 1994. Export and trimerization pathways of maltoporin overlap in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 238:555-62
154. Stock JB, Stock AM, Mottonen JM. 1990. Signal transduction in bacteria. Nature 344:395-400
155. Strauch KL, Johnson K, Beckwith J. 1989. Characterization of degP, a gene required for proteolysis in the cell envelope and essential for growth of Escherichia coli at high temperature. J. Bacteriol. 171:2689-96
156. Summers RG, Knowles JR. 1989. Illicit secretion of a cytoplasmic protein into the periplasm of Escherichia coli requires a signal peptide plus a portion of the cognate secreted protein. Demarcation of the critical region of the mature protein. J. Biol. Chem. 264:20074-81
157. Tommassen J, de Kroon T. 1987. Subcellular localization of a PhoE-LacZ fusion protein in E. coli by protease accessibility experiments reveals an inner-membrane-spanning form of the protein. FEBS Lett. 221:226-30
158. Topping TB, Randall LL. 1994. Determination of the binding frame within a physiological ligand for the chaperone SecB. Protein Sci. 3:730-36
159. Ulbrandt ND, Newitt JA, Bernstein HD. 1997. The E. coli signal recognition particle is required for the insertion of a subset of inner membrane proteins. Cell 88:187-96
160. van der Wolk JPW, Fekkes P, Boorsma A, Huie JL, Silhavy TJ, Driessen AJM. 1998. PrlA prevents the rejection of signal sequence defective preproteins by stabilizing the SecA-SecY interaction during the initiation of translocation. EMBO J. In press
161. van Gelder P, Tommassen J. 1996. Demonstration of a folded monomeric form of porin PhoE of Escherichia coli in vivo. J. Bacteriol. 178:5320-22
162. Veeraragnavan S, Nall BT. 1994. Characterization of folding intermediates using prolyl isomerase. Biochemistry 33:687-92
163. von Heijne G. 1990. The signal peptide. J. Membr. Biol. 115:195-201
164. Voorhout W, De Kroon T, Leunissen-Bijvelt J, Verkleij A, Tommassen J. 1988. Accumulation of LamB-LacZ hybrid proteins in intracytoplasmic membrane-like structures in Escherichia coli K12. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134:599-604
165. Walter P. 1995. Signal sequence recognition and protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Harvey Lect. 91:115-31
166. Watanabe M, Blobel G. 1989. solic factor purified from Escherichia coli is necessary and sufficient for the export of a preprotein and is a homotetramer of SecB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2728-32
167. Watanabe M, Nicchitta CV, Blobel G. 1990. Reconstitution of protein translocation from detergent-solubilized Escherichia coli inverted vesicles: PrlA protein-deficient vesicles efficiently translocate precursor proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1960-64
168. Weber RF, Silverman PM. 1988. The Cpx proteins of Escherichia coli K12. Structure of the Cpxa polypeptide as an inner membrane component. J. Mol. Biol. 203:467-78
169. Weiner L, Brissette JL, Model P. 1991. Stress-induced expression of the Escherichia coli phage shock protein operon is dependent on sigma 54 and modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Genes Dev. 5:1912-23
170. Weiner L, Model P. 1994. Role of an Escherichia coli stress-response operon in stationary-phase survival. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2191-95
171. Wild J, Rossmeissl P, Walter WA, Gross CA. 1996. Involvement of the DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE chaperone team in protein secretion in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178:3608-13
172. Xiong X, Deeter JN, Misra R. 1996. Assembly-defective OmpC mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 178:1213-15
173. Yang YB, Lian J, Tai PC. 1997. Differential translocation of protein precursors across SecY-deficient membranes of Escherichia coli. SecY is not obligatorily required for translocation of certain secretory proteins in vitro. J. Bacteriol. 179:7386-93