The current status of primary hepatocyte culture

International Journal of Experimental Pathology

Volumn 79, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 393-409

  Mitaka, Toshihiro ^a  

^a SAPPORO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Maturation; Nicotinamide; Nonparenchymal cells; Progenitor cells; Proliferation; Small hepatocytes

Indexed keywords

NICOTINAMIDE;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL LOSS; CELL MATURATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL REGENERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; COLONY FORMATION; GAP JUNCTION; LIVER CELL CULTURE; LIVER INJURY; LIVER PARENCHYMA; MONONUCLEAR CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; STEM CELL;

ANIMALS; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CULTURE MEDIA; LIVER; RATS;

EID: 0032423141     PISSN: 09599673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.1998.00083.x     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. ALTHAUS F.R., LAWRENCE S.D., SATTLER G.L. & PITOT H.C. (1980) The effect of nicotinamide on unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95, 1063-1070.
2. ALTHAUS F.R., LAWRENCE S.D., SATTLER G.L & PITOT H.C. (1982) ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in cultured hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 5528-5535.
3. ARBER N., ZAJICEK G. & ARIEL I. (1988) The streaming liver II. Hepatocyte life history. Liver 8, 80-87.
4. BARIBAULT H. & MARCEAU N. (1986) Dexamethasone and dimethylsulfoxide as distinct regulators of growth and differentiation of cultured suckling rat hepatocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 129, 77-84.
5. BEN-ZE'EV A., ROBINSON G.S., BUCHER N.L.R. & FARMER S.R. (1988) Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions differentially regulate the expression of hepatic and cytoskeletal genes in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 2161-2165.
6. BERG J.M. (1990) Zinc finger domains-hypotheses and current knowledge. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 19, 405-421.
7. BETTO H., KANEDA K., YAMAMOTO T., KOJIMA A. & SAKURAI M. (1996) Development of intralobular bile ductules after spontaneous hepatitis in Long-Evans mutant rats. Lab. Invest. 75, 43-53.
8. BISSELL D.M., ARENSON D.M., MAHER J.J. & ROLL F.J. (1987) Support of cultured hepatocytes by a laminin-rich gel. J. Clin. Invest. 79, 801-812.
9. BLOCK G.D., LOCKER J., BOWEN W.C. ET AL. (1996) Population expansion, clonal growth, and specific differentiation patterns in primary cultures of hepatocytes induced by HGF/SF, EGF, and TGFα in a chemically defined (HGM) medium. J. Cell Biol. 132, 1133-1149.
10. BRALET M.-P., BRANCHEREAU S., BRECHOT C. & FERRY N. (1994) Cell lineage study in the liver using retroviral mediated gene transfer: Evidence against the streaming of hepatocytes in normal liver. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 896-905.
11. BRENNER D.A., KOCH K.S. & LEFFERT H.L. (1989) Transforming growth factor-alpha stimulates proto-oncogene c-jun expression and a mitogenic program in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. DNA 8, 279-285.
12. BRITMAN T.R., SELONICK S.E. & COLLINS S.J. (1980) Induction of differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) by retinoic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 2936-2940.
13. BUCHER N.L.R. MCGOWAN J.A. & PATEL U. (1978) Hormonal regulation of liver growth, ICN-UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell Biol. 12, 661-670.
14. CABLE E.E. & ISOM H.C. (1997) Exposure of primary rat hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture to selected transition metals induces hepatocyte proliferation and formation of duct-like structures. Hepatology 26, 1444-1457.
15. CEREGHINI S. (1996) Liver-enriched transcription factors and hepatocyte differentiation. FASEB J. 10, 267-282.
16. CHOJKIER M. (1995) Regulation of liver-specific gene expression. In. Progress in Liver Disease, Vol. XIII. Eds. J.L. Boyer & R, K. Ockner, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, pp. 37-61.
17. CLAYTON D.F. & DARNELL J.E. JR (1983) Changes in liver-specific compared to common gene transcription during primary culture of mouse hepatocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 1552-1561.
18. COLEMAN W.B., WENNERBERG A.E., SIMITH G.J. & GRISHAM J.W. (1993) Regulation of diploid and some aneuploid rat liver epithelial (stem-like) cells by the hepatic microenvironment. Am. J. Pathol. 142, 1373-1382.
19. 1 adrenoreceptor by norepinephrine. Science 227, 749-751.
20. DE VOICE R. & DESMET V. (1992) Ultrastructural characteristics of novel epithelial cell types identified in human pathologic liver specimens with chronic ductular reaction. Am. J. Pathol. 140, 1441-1450.
21. DIPERSIO C.M., JACKSON D.A. & ZARET K.S. (1991) The extracellular matrix coordinately modulates liver transcription factors and hepatocyte morphology. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 4405-4414.
22. DU BOIS A.M. (1963) The embryonic liver. In The Liver, Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology. Ed. C. Rouiller. New York: New York Academic Press, pp. 1-39.
23. DUNN J.C.Y., TOMPKINS R.G. & YARMUSH M.L. (1992) Hepatocytes in collagen sandwich: evidence for transcriptional and translational regulation. J. Cell Biol. 116, 1043-1053.
24. 2/bicarbonate stimulates growth independently of pH in mouse mammary epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 19, 767-774.
25. ELMORE L.W. & SIRICA A.E. (1993) 'Intestinal-type' of adenocarcinoma preferentially induced in right/caudate liver lobes of rats treated with furan. Cancer Res. 53, 254-259.
26. FABRIKANT J.I. (1969) Studies on cell population kinetics in the regenerating liver. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 30, 169-183.
27. FARBER E. (1984) Cellular biochemistry of the stepwise development of cancer with chemicals. Cancer Res. 44, 5463-5474.
28. FAUSTO N. (1990) Hepatocyte differentiation and liver progenitor cells. Curr. Opinion Cell Biol. 2, 1036-1042.
29. FAUSTO N., LAIRD A.D. & WEBBER E.M. (1995) Role of growth factors and cytokines in hepatic regeneration. FASEB J. 9, 1527-1536.
30. FAWCETT D.W. (1994) The liver and gallbladder. In Bloom and Fawcett. A Textbook of Histology, 12th edn. Ed D.W. Fawcett. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 652-668.
31. FLEIG W.E. & HOSS G. (1989) Partial purification of rat hepatic stimulator substance and characterization of its action on hepatoma cells and normal hepatocytes. Hepatology 9, 240-248.
32. FRANCAVILLA A., OVE P., POLIMENO L. ET AL. (1987) Extraction and partial purification of hepatic stimulatory substance in rats, mice, and dogs. Cancer Res. 47, 5600-5605.
33. FUKUDA-TAIRA S. (1981) Hepatic induction in the avian embryo: specificity of reactive endoderm and inductive mesoderm. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 63, 111-125.
34. FURUKAWA K., SHIMADA T., ENGLAND P., MOCHIZUKI Y. & WILLIAMS G.M. (1987) Enrichment and characterization of clonogenic epithelial cells from adult rat liver and initiation of epithelial cell strains. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 23, 339-348.
35. GERMAIN L., BLOUIN M.-J. & MARCEAU N. (1988) Biliary epithelial and hepatocytic cell lineage relationships in embryonic rat liver as determined by the differential expression of cytokeratins, α-fetoprotein, albumin, and cell surface-exposed components. Cancer Res. 48, 4909-4918.
36. GOHDA E., TSUBOUCHI H., NAKAYAMA H. ET AL. (1988) Purification and partial characterization of hepatocyte growth factor from plasma of a patient with hepatic failure. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 414-419.
37. GRISHAM J.W. & HARTROFT W.S. (1960) Morphologic identification by electron microscopy of 'oval' cells in experimental hepatic degeneration. Lab. Invest. 10, 317-332.
38. GRISHAM J.W. (1969) Cellular proliferation in the liver. Recent Results. Cancer Res. 17, 28-43.
39. GRISHAM J.W. (1980) Cell types in long-term propagable cultures of rat liver. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 349, 128-137.
40. GRISHAM J.W., COLEMAN W.B. & SMITH G.J. (1993) Isolation, culture, and transplantation of rat hepaocytic precursor (stem-like) cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 204, 270-279.
41. GRISHAM J.W. & THORGEIRSSON S.S. (1997) Liver stem cells. In Stem Cells. Ed C.S. Potten. San Diego: Academic Press Inc, pp. 233-282.
42. GUGUEN-GUILLOUZO C. (1986) Role of homotypic and heterotypic cell interactions in expression of specific functions by cultured hepatocytes. In Research in Isolated and Cultured Hepatocytes. Eds. A. Guillouzo & C. Guguen-Guillouzo. London: John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. pp. 259-284.
43. HAM R.G. & MCKEEHAN W.L. (1978) Development of improved media and culture conditions for clonal growth of normal diploid cells. In Vitro 14, 11-22.
44. HASEGAWA K. & KOGA M. (1981) A high concentration of pyruvate is essential for survival and DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult hepatocytes in a serum-free medium. Biomed. Res. 2, 217-221.
45. HASEGAWA K., WATANABE K. & KOGA M. (1982) Induction of mitosis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes under serum-free conditions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 104, 884-891.
46. HASEGAWA K., KAR S. & CARR B.I. (1994a) Stimulation of hepatocyte DNA synthesis by neurotensin. J. Cell. Physiol. 158, 215-222.
47. HASEGAWA K., MIYATA Y. & CARR B.I. (1994b) Glutamic acid potentiates hepatocyte response to mitogens in primary culture. J. Cell. Physiol. 158, 365-373.
48. HATA R., NINOMIYA Y., SANO J. ET AL. (1985) Activation of collagen synthesis in primary culture of rat liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) J. Cell. Physiol. 122, 333-342.
49. HATA R.-I. & SENOO H. (1989) L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate stimulates collagen accumulation, cell proliferation, and formation of a three-dimensional tissuelike substance by skin fibroblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 138, 8-16.
50. HIGGINS G.M. & ANDERSON R.M. (1931) Experimental pathology of the liver. I: Restoration of the liver of the white rat following partial surgical removal. Arch. Pathol. 12, 186-202.
51. HOUCK K.A. & MICHALOPOULOS G.K. (1985) Proline is required for the stimulation of DNA synthesis in hepatocyte cultures by EGF. In Vitro 21, 121-124.
52. HOUCK K.A. & MICHALOPOULOS G.K. (1989) Altered response of regenerating hepatocytes to norepinephrine and transforming growth factor type β. J. Cell. Physiol. 141, 503-509.
53. HOUCK K.A., ZARNEGAR R., MUGA S.J. & MICHALOPOULOS G.K. (1990) Acidic fibroblast growth factor (HBGF-1) stimulates DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. J. Cell. Physiol. 143, 129-132.
54. HOUSSAINT E. (1980) Differentiation of the mouse hepatic primordium. I. An analysis of tissue interactions in hepatocyte differentiation. Cell Differ. 9, 269-279.
55. IKEDA H. & FUJIWARA K. (1993) Retinoic acid inhibits DNA and albumin synthesis stimulated by growth factor in adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 191, 675-680.
56. INGBER D.E. (1994) Extracellular matrix and the development of tissue architecture: A mechanochemical perspective. In Extracellular Matrix: Chemistry, Biology, and Pathobiology with Emphasis on the Liver. Eds. M.A. Zern & L.M. Reid. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, pp. 403-428.
57. INOUE C., YAMAMOTO H., NAKAMURA T., ICHIHARA A. & OKAMOTO H. (1989) Nicotinamide prolongs survival of primary cultured hepatocytes without involving loss of hepatocyte-specific functions. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 4747-4750.
58. ISOM H.C., SCOTT T., GEORGOFF I., WOODWORTH C. & MUMMAW J. (1985) Maintenance of differentiated rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82, 3252-3256.
59. ITAGAKI A. & KIMURA G. (1974) TES and HEPES buffers in mammalian cell cultures and viral studies: problems of carbon dioxide requirement. Exp. Cell Res. 83, 351-361.
60. ITO N., KAWATA S., TAMURA S. ET AL. (1994) Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is a potent mitogen for rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198, 25-31.
61. KAN M., HUANG J., MANSSON P.-E., YASUMITSU H., CARR B.I. & MCKEEHAN W.L. (1989) Heparin-binding growth factor type 1 (acidic fibroblast growth factor): a potential biphasic autocrine and paracrine regulator of hepatocyte regeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7432-7436.
62. KANAI M., MIWA M., KONDO T., TANAKA Y., NAKAYASU M. & SUGIMURA T. (1982) Involvement of poly (ADP-ribose) metabolism in induction of differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105, 404-411.
63. KAR S., HASEGAWA K. & CARR B.I. (1996) Comitogenic effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on rat hepatocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 168, 141-146.
64. KAY M.A. & FAUSTO N. (1997) Liver regeneration: prospects for therapy based on new technologies. Mol. Med. Today 3, 108-115.
65. KENNEDY S., RETTINGER S., FLYE W. & PONDER K.P. (1995) Experiments in transgenic mice show that hepatocytes are the source for postnatal liver growth and do not stream. Hepatology 22, 160-158.
66. KHOKHA M.K., LANDINI G. & IANNACCONE P.M. (1994) Fractal geometry in rat chimeras demonstrates that a repetitive cell division program may generate liver parenchyma. Dev. Biol. 165, 545-555.
67. KIDWELL W.R., NOLAN N. & STONE P.R. (1982) Variations in poly (ADP-ribose) and poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase in synchronously dividing cells. In ADP-Ribosylation Reactions: Biology and Medicine. Eds. O. Hayaishi & K. Ueda. New York: Academic Press, pp. 477-520.
68. KOCH K.S. & LEFFERT H.L. (1974) Growth control of differentiated fetal rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. VI. Studies with conditioned medium and its functional interactions with serum factors. J. Cell Biol. 62, 780-791.
69. KOCH K.S. & LEFFERT H.L. (1980) Growth control of differentiated adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 349, 111-127.
70. KOCH K.S., SHAPIRO P., SKELLY H. & LEFFERT H.L. (1982) Rat hepatocyte proliferation is stimulated by insulin-like peptides in defined medium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 109, 1054-1060.
71. KOCH K.S., LU X.P., BRENNER D.A., FEY G.H., MARTINEZ-CONDE A. & LEFFERT H.L. (1990) Mitogens and hepatocyte growth control in vivo and in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 26, 1011-23.
72. KOIDE N., SHINJI T., TANABE T., ASANO K., KAWAGUCHI M., SAKAGUCHI K., KOIDE Y., MORI M. & TSUJI T. (1989) Continued high albumin production by multicellular spheroids of adult rat hepatocytes formed in the presence of liver-derived proteoglycans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161, 385-391.
73. KOJIMA T., MITAKA T., PAUL D.L., MORI M. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1995a) Reappearance and long-term maintenance of connexin32 in proliferated adult rat hepatocytes: use of serum-free L-15 medium supplemented with EGF and DMSO. J. Cell Sci. 108, 1347-1357.
74. KOJIMA T., MITAKA T., SHIBATA Y. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1995b) Induction and regulation of connexin26 by glucagon in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. J. Cell Sci. 108, 2771-2781.
75. KOJIMA T., MOCHIZUKI C., TOBIOKA H., SAITOH M., TAKAHASHI S., MITAKA T. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1997) Formation of actin filament networks in cultured rat hepatocytes treated with DMSO and glucagon. Cell Struct. Funct. 22, 269-278.
76. KOST D.P. & MICHALOPOULOS G.K. (1991) Effect of 2% dimethyl sulfoxide on the mitogenic properties of epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor in primary hepatocyte culture. J. Cell. Physiol. 147, 274-280.
77. LABRECQUE D.R., STEELE G., FOGERTY S., WILSON M. & BARTON J. (1987) Purification and physical-chemical characterization of hepatic stimulator substance. Hepatology 7, 100-106.
78. LE BOUARIN N.M. (1975) An experimental analysis of liver development. Med. Biol. 53, 427-455.
79. LEIBOVITZ A. (1963) The growth and maintenance of tissue-cell cultures in free gas exchange with the atmosphere. Am. J. Hyg. 78, 173-180.
80. LI Y., SATTLER G.L. & PITOT H.C. (1993) Oxaloacetate induces DNA synthesis and mitosis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes in the absence of EGF. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193, 1339-1346.
81. LOTAN R. & LOTAN D. (1981) Enhancement of melanotic expression in cultured mouse melanoma cells by retinoids. J. Cell. Physiol. 106, 179-189.
82. MACDONALD R. A. (1961) 'Lifespan' of liver cells. Autoradiographic study using tritiated thymidine in normal, cirrhotic, and partially hepatectomized rats. Arch. Intern. Med. 107, 335-343.
83. MAHER J.J. (1988) Primary hepatocyte culture: Is it home away from home? Hepatology 8, 1162-1166.
84. MCGOWAN J.A., RUSSELL W.E. & BUCHER N.L.R. (1981) DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in a defined medium: effects of epidermal growth factor, insulin, glucagon, and cyclic-AMP. J. Cell. Physiol. 108, 353-363.
85. MCGOWAN J.A. & BUCHER N.L.R. (1983) Pyruvate promotion of DNA synthesis in serum-free primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. In Vitro 19, 159-166.
86. MCGOWAN J.A. (1986) Hepatocyte proliferation in culture. In Research in Isolated and Cultured Hepatocytes. Eds. A. Guillouzo & C. Guguen-Guillouzo. London: John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. pp. 13-38.
87. MCGOWAN J.A. (1988) Reciprocal regulation of adult rat hepatocyte growth and functional activities in culture by dimethylsulfoxide. J. Cell. Physiol. 137, 497-504.
88. MEAD J.E. & FAUSTO N. (1989) Transforming growth factor α may be a physiological regulator of liver regeneration by means of an autocrine mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 1558-1562.
89. MEDINA D. & OBORN C.J. (1981) Differential effects of selenium on the growth of mouse mammary cells in vitro. Cancer Lett. 13, 333-344.
90. MICHALOPOULOS G.K., SATTLER G.L. & PITOT H.C. (1976) Maintenance of microsomal cytochromes D5 and, p-450 in primary cultures of parenchymal liver cells on collagen membranes. Life Sci. 18, 1139-1144.
91. MICHALOPOULOS G.K., HOUCK K., DOLAN M. & NOVICKI D.L. (1983) Control of proliferation of hepatocytes by two serum hepatopoietins. Fed. Proc. 42, 1023.
92. MICHALOPOULOS G.K. (1990) Liver regeneration: molecular mechanisms of growth control. FASEB J. 4, 176-187.
93. MICHALOPOULOS G.K. & DEFRANCES M.C. (1997) Liver regeneration. Science 276, 60-66.
94. MITAKA T., SATTLER C.A., SATTLER G.L., SARGENT L.M. & PITOT H.C. (1991a) Multiple cell cycles occur in rat hepatocytes cultured in the presence of nicotinamide and epidermal growth factor. Hepatology 13, 21-30.
95. MITAKA T., SATTLER G.L. & PITOT H.C. (1991b) Amino acid-rich medium (Leibovitz L-15) enhances and prolongs proliferation of primary cultured rat hepatocytes in the absence of serum. J. Cell. Physiol. 147, 495-504.
96. MITAKA T., SATTLER G.L. & PITOT H.C. (1991c) The bicarbonate ion is essential for efficient DNA synthesis by primary cultured rat hepatocytes. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 27A, 549-556.
97. MITAKA T., MIKAMI M., SATTLER G.L., PITOT H.C. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1992a) Small cell colonies appear in the primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes in the presence of nicotinamide and epidermal growth factor. Hepatology 16, 440-447.
98. MITAKA T., SATTLER G.L., PITOT H.C. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1992b) Characteristics of small cell colonies developing in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Virchows Archiv. B Cell Pathol. 62, 329-335.
99. MITAKA T., NORIOKA K., SATTLER G.L., PITOT H.C. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1993a) Effect of age on the formation of small-cell colonies in cultures of primary rat hepatocytes. Cancer Res. 53, 3145-3148.
100. MITAKA T., NORIOKA K., NAKAMURA T. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1993b) Effects of mitogens and co-mitogens on the formation of small-cell colonies in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 157, 461-468.
101. MITAKA T., NORIOKA K. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1993c) Redifferentiation of proliferated rat hepatocytes cultured in L-15 medium supplemented with EGF and DMSO. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 29A, 714-722.
102. MITAKA T., KOJIMA T., MIZUGUCHI T. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1995) Growth and maturation of small hepatocytes isolated from adult rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214, 310-317.
103. MIWA M., ODA K., SEGAWA K. ET AL. (1977) Cell density-dependent increase in chromatin-associated ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in simian virus 40-transformed cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 181, 313-321.
104. MIYAZAKI M., HANDA Y., ODA M., YABE T., MIYANO K. & SATO J. (1985) Long-term survival of functional hepatocytes from adult rats in the presence of phenobarbital in primary culture. Exp. Cell Res. 159, 176-190.
105. MIZUGUCHI T., MITAKA T., KOJIMA T., HIRATA K., NAKAMURA T. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1996) Recovery of mRNA expression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and serine dehydratase in long-term cultures of primary rat hepatocytes. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 120, 511-517.
106. MIZUGUCHI T., MITAKA T., HIRATA K., ODA H. & MOCHIZUKI Y. (1998) Alteration of expression of liver-enriched transcription factors in the transition between growth and differentiation of primary cultured rat hepatocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 174, 273-284.
107. MORIOKA K., TANAKA K., NOKUO T., ISHIZAWA M. & ONO T. (1979) Erythroid differentiation and poly (ADP-ribose) synthesis in Friend leukemia cells. Gann 70, 37-46.
108. MUSAT A.I., SATTLER C.A., SATTLER G.L. & PITOT H.C. (1993) Reestablishment of cell polarity of rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Hepatology 18, 198-205.
109. NAGOSHI S. & FUJIWARA K. (1994) Putrescine as a comitogen of epidermal growth factor in rat liver growth. Hepatology 20, 725-730.
110. NAKAMURA T., TERAMOTO H., TOMITA Y. & ICHIHARA A. (1984a) L-Proline is an essential amino acid for hepatocyte-growth in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122, 884-891.
111. NAKAMURA T., NAWA K. & ICHIHARA A. (1984b) Partial purification and characterization of hepatocyte growth factor from serum of hepatectomized rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122, 1450-1459.
112. NEWMAN S. & GUZELIAN P.S. (1982) Stimulation of de novo synthesis of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital in primary nonproliferating cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2922-2926.
113. NG Y.-K. & IANNACCONE P.M. (1992) Fractal geometry of mosaic pattern demonstrates liver regeneration is a self-similar process. Dev. Biol. 151, 419-430.
114. NISHIKAWA Y., TOKUYASU Y., KADOHAMA T., NISHIMORI H. & OGAWA K. (1996) Hepatocytic cells form bile duct-like structures within a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix. Exp. Cell Res. 223, 357-371.
115. OBLENDER M. & CARPENTIERI U. (1991a) Control of the growth of leukemic cells (L1219) through manipulation of trace metals. Anticancer Res. 11, 1561-1564.
116. OBLENDER M. & CARPENTIERI U. (1991b) Growth, ribonucleotide reductase and metals in murine leukemic lymphocytes. J. Cancer Res. Clin. One. 117, 444-448.
117. OHASHI Y., UEDA K., HAYAISHI O., IKAI K. & NIWA O. (1984) Induction of murine teratocarcinoma cell differentiation by suppression of poly (ADP-ribose) synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 7132-7136.
118. OHMURA T., COLUMBANO G.L., COLUMBANO A., KATYAL S.L., LOCKER J. & SHINOZUKA H. (1996) 9-Cis retinoic acid is a direct hepatocyte mitogen in rats. Life Sci. 58, 211-216.
119. OVERTURF K., AL-DHALIMY M., TANGUAY R., BRANDTLY M., OU C.N., FINEGOLD M. & GROMPE M. (1996) Hepatocytes corrected by gene therapy are selected in vivo in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I. Nat. Genet. 12, 266-273.
120. OVERTUHF K., AL-DHALIMY M., OU C.-N., FINEGOLD M. & GROMPE M. (1997) Serial transplantation reveals the stem-cell-like regenerative potential of adult mouse hepatocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 1273-1280.
121. PAINE A.J., HOCKIN L.J. & LEGG R.F. (1979) Relationship between the ability of nicotinamide to maintain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in rat liver cell culture and its effect on cytochrome P-450. Biochem. J. 184, 461-463.
122. PIELER T. & BELLEFROID E. (1994) Perspectives on zinc finger protein function and evolution-an update. Mol. Biol. Rep. 20, 1-8.
123. PIETRANGELO A. & SCHAFRITZ D.A. (1994) Gene expression during pathophysiologic states. In The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology. 3rd edn. Eds. I.M. Arias, N. Fausto, W.B. Jakoby & D.S. Schachter. New York: Raven Press Ltd, pp. 85-98.
124. POPPER H. (1990) The relation of mesenchymal cell products to hepatic epithelial systems. Prog. Liver Dis. 9, 27-38.
125. PORTEOUS J.W., FURNEAUX H.M., PEARSON C.K., LAKE C.M. & MORRISON A. (1979) Poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) synthetase activity in nuclei of dividing and of non-dividing but differentiating intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem. J. 180, 455-463.
126. RAIJMAN L. (1974) Citrulline synthesis in rat tissues and liver content of carbomoyl phosphate and ornithine. Biochem. J. 138, 225-232.
127. RAO M.S., SUBBARAO V. & REDDY J.K. (1986) Induction of hepatocytes in the pancreas of copper-depleted rats following copper repletion. Cell Differentiation 18, 109-117.
128. RAPPAPORT A.M. (1976) The microcirculatory acinar concept of normal and pathological hepatic structure. Beitr. Pathol. 157, 215-243.
129. RHIM J.A., SANDGREN E.P., DEGEN J.L., PALMITER R.D. & BRINSTER R.L. (1994) Replacement of diseased mouse liver by hepatic cell transplantation. Science 263, 1149-1152.
130. RICHMAN R.A., CLAUS T.H., PILKIS S.J. & FRIEDMAN D.L. (1976) Hormonal stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3589-3593.
131. ROJKIND M., GATMAINTAN Z., MACKENSEN S., GIAMBRONE M.A., PONCE P. & REID L.M. (1980) Connective tissue biomatrix: Its isolation and utilization for long-term cultures of normal rat hepatocytes. J. Cell Biol. 87, 255-263.
132. ROMASCHIN A.D., KIRSTEN E., JACKOWSKI G. & KUN E. (1981) Quantitative isolation of oligo-and polyadenosine-diphosphoribosylated proteins by affinity chromatography from livers of normal and dimethylnitrosamine-treated Syrian hamsters. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of the homopolymer. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 7800-7805.
133. RUOSLAHTI E. (1997) Stretching is good for a cell. Science 276, 1345-1346.
134. RUSSELL W.E. & BUCHER N.L.R. (1983) Vasopressin as a regulator of liver growth. In Isolation, Characterization, and Use of Hepatocytes. Eds. R.A. Harris & N.W. Cornell. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co, Inc. pp. 171-176.
135. SANDGREN E.P., PALMITER R.D., HECKEL J.L., DAUGHERTY C.C., BRINSTER R.L. & DEGEN J.L. (1991) Complete hepatic regeneration after somatic deletion of an albumin-plasminogen activator transgene. Cell 66, 245-256.
136. SASAKI H., KUME H., NEMOTO A., NARISAWA S. & TAKAHASHI N. (1997) Ethanolamine modulates the rate of rat hepatocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 7320-7325.
137. SATO G., ZAROFF L. & MILLS S.E. (1960) Tissue culture populations and their relation to the tissue of origin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 46, 963-972.
138. SATO M. & YAMAZAKI M. (1992) Tumor necrosis factor stimulates DNA synthesis of mouse hepatocytes in primary culture and is suppressed by transforming growth factor β and interleukin 6. J. Cell. Physiol. 150, 134-139.
139. SAWADA N., TOMOMURA A., SATTLER C.A., SATTLER G.L., KLEIMAN H.K. & PITOT H.C. (1987) Effects of extracellular matrix components on the growth and differentiation of cultured rat hepatocytes. In Vitro 23, 267-273.
140. SAWADA N. (1989) Hepatocytes from old rats retain responsiveness of c-myc expression to EGF in primary culture but do not enter S phase. Exp. Cell Res. 181, 584-588.
141. SCHUETZ E.G., DONNA L.I., OMIECINSKI C.J. ET AL. (1988) Regulation of gene expression in adult rat hepatocytes cultured on a basement membrane matrix. J. Cell. Physiol. 134, 309-323.
142. SCHWORER C.M. & MORTIMORE G.E. (1979) Glucagon-induced autophagy and proteolysis in rat liver: Mediation by selective deprivation of intracellular amino acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 3169-3173.
143. SEGLEN P.O. & SOLHEIM A.E. (1978) Effects of aminooxyacetate, alanine and other amino acids on protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 520, 630-641.
144. SEGLEN P.O., GORDON P.B. & SCHWARZE P.E. (1983) Autophagy and protein degradation in rat hepatocytes. In. Isolation, Characterization, and Use of Hepatocytes., eds. R.A. Harris and N.W. Cornell. New York: Elsevier, pp. 153-163.
145. SELL S. (1990) Is there a liver stem cell? Cancer Res. 50, 3811-3815.
146. SELL S. (1994) Liver stem cells. Mod. Pathol. 7, 105-112.
147. SENOO H., TSUKADA Y., SATO T. & HATA R. (1989) Co-culture of fibroblasts and hepatic parenchymal cells induces metabolic changes and formation of a three-dimensional structure. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 13, 197-206.
148. SHI Y.E. & YAGER J.D. (1989) Effects of the liver tumor promoter ethinyl estradiol on epidermal growth factor-induced DNA synthesis and epidermal growth factor receptor levels in cultured rat hepatocytes. Cancer Res. 49, 3574-3580.
149. SHIOJIRI N. (1984) The origin of intrahepatic bile duct cells in the mouse. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 79, 25-39.
150. SHIOJIRI N., LEMIRE J.M. & FAUSTO N. (1991) Cell lineages and oval cell progenitors in rat liver development. Cancer Res. 51, 2611-2620.
151. SHIOJIRI N. (1994) Transient expression of bile-duct-specific cytokeratin in fetal mouse hepatocytes. Cell Tissue Res. 278, 117-123.
152. ash mouse liver. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 413-421.
153. SHORT J., ARMSTRONG N.B., LOLITSKY M.A., MITCHELL R.A., ZEMEL R. & LIEBERMAN I. (1974) Amino acids and the control of nuclear DNA replication in liver. In Control of Proliferation in Animal Cells. Eds. B. Clarkson & R. Baserga. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp. 37-48.
154. SIGAL S.H., BRILL S., FIORINO A.S. & REID L.M. (1994) The liver as a stem cell and lineage system. In Extracellular Matrix: Chemistry, Biology, and Pathobiology with Emphasis on the Liver. Eds. M.A. Zern & L.M. Reid. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, pp. 507-538.
155. SINGHVI R., KUMAR A., LOPEZ G.P., STEPHANOPOULOS G.N., WANG D.I.C., WHITESIDES G.M. & INGBER D.E. (1994) Engineering cell shape and function. Science 264, 696-698.
156. SIRICA A.E., MATHIS G.A., SANO N. & ELMORE L. (1990) Isolation, culture, and transplantation of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells and oval cells. Pathobiol. 58, 44-64.
157. SIRICA A.E., COLE S.L. & WILLIAMS T. (1994) A unique rat model of bile ductular hyperplasia in which liver is almost totally replaced with well-differentiated bile ductules. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 1257-1268.
158. SKOUTERIS G.G., ORD M.G. & STOCKEN L.A. (1988) Regulation of the proliferation of primary rat hepatocytes by eicosanoids. J. Cell. Physiol. 135, 516-520.
159. SPRAY D.C., FUJITA M., SAEZ J.C. ET AL. (1987) Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans induce gap junction synthesis and function in primary liver cultures. J. Cell Biol. 105, 541-551.
160. STAECKER J.L., SATTLER C.A. & PITOT H.C. (1988) Sodium butyrate preserves aspects of the differentiated phenotype of normal rat hepatocytes in culture. J. Cell. Physiol. 135, 367-376.
161. STÖCKER E. & HEINE W.D. (1971) Regeneration of liver parenchyma under normal and pathological conditions. Beitr. Path. Bd. 144, 400-408.
162. STRAIN A.J. (1994) Isolated hepatocytes: use in experimental and clinical hepatology. Gut 35, 433-436.
163. TALBOT N.C., CAPERNA T.J., LEBOW L.T., MOSCIONI D., PURSEL V.G. & REXROAD C.E. (1996) Ultrastructure, enzymatic, and transport properties of the PICM-19 bipotent liver cell line. Exp. Cell Res. 225, 22-34.
164. TATENO C. & YOSHIZATO K. (1996a) Long-term cultivation of adult rat hepatocytes that undergo multiple cell divisions and express normal parenchymal phenotypes. Am. J. Pathol. 148, 383-392.
165. TATENO C. & YOSHIZATO K. (1996b) Growth and differentiation in culture of clonogenic hepatocytes that express both phenotypes of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 1593-1605.
166. TEE L.B.G., KIRILAK Y., HUANG W.H., SMITH P.G.J., MORGAN R.H. & YEOH G.C.T. (1996) Dual phenotypic expression of hepatocytes and bile ductular markers in developing and preneoplastic rat liver. Carcinogenesis 17, 251-259.
167. THORGEIRSSON S.S. & EVARTS R.P. (1992) Growth and differentiation of stem cells in adult rat liver. In The Role of Cell Types in Hepatocarcinogenesis. Ed A.E. Sirica. Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc, pp. 109-120.
168. UCHIGATA Y., YAMAMOTO H., KAWAMURA A. & OKAMOTO H. (1982) Protection by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitors against alloxan-and streptozotocin-induced islet DNA strand breaks and against the inhibition of proinsulin synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 6084-6088.
169. UEDA K. & HAYAISHI O. (1985) ADP-ribosylation. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 54, 73-100.
170. VAN EYKEN P., SCIOT R., VAN DAMME B., DE WOLF-PEETERS C. & DESMET V.J. (1987) Keratin immunohistochemistry in normal human liver. Virchows Arch. [A] 412, 63-72.
171. VAN EYKEN P., SCIOT R., CALLEA F., VAN DER STEEN K., MOERMAN P. & DESMET V. (1988a) The development of the intrahepatic bile ducts in man: a keratin-imunohistochemical study. Hepatology 8, 1586-1595.
172. VAN EYKEN P., SCIOT R. & DESMET V.J. (1988b) Intrahepatic bile duct development in the rat: a cytokeratin-immunohistochemical study. Lab. Invest. 59, 52-59.
173. WATT F.M. (1986) The extracellular matrix and cell shape. TIBS 11, 482-485.
174. WILLIAMS G.M. (1976) Primary and long term culture of adult rat liver epithelial cells. Methods Cell Biol. 14, 357-364.
175. WILLIAMS G.M., BERMUDEZ E. & SCARAMUZZINO D. (1977) Rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures III. Improved dissociation and attachment techniques and enhancement of survival by culture medium. In Vitro 13, 809-817.
176. WRIGHT N. & ALISON M. (1984) The liver. In The Biology of Epithelial Cell Populations, Vol. 2. Eds. N. Wright & M. Alison. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 890-908.
177. WU J.C., MERLINO G., CVEKLOVA K., MOSINGER B. JR & FAUSTO N. (1994) Autonomous growth in serum-free medium and production of hepatocellular carcinomas by differentiated hepatocyte lines that overexpress transforming growth factor α. Cancer Res. 54, 5964-5973.
178. YANG L., FARIS R.A. & HIXSON D.C. (1993) Phenotypic heterogeneity within clonogenic ductal cell populations isolated from normal adult rat liver. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 204, 280-288.
179. ZAJICEK G., OREN R. & WEINREB M. (1985) The streaming liver. Liver 5, 293-300.
180. ZARET K.S. (1994) Genetic control of hepatocyte differentiation. In The Liver Biology and Pathobiology. 3RD., Eds. I.M. Arias, N. Fausto, W.B. Jakoby & D.S. Schachter. New York: Raven Press Ltd. pp. 53-68.