Conditioning, awareness, and the hippocampus

Hippocampus

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 620-626

  LaBar, Kevin S ^a   Disterhoft, John F ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Declarative; Discrimination; Eyeblink; Fear; Learning

Indexed keywords

AGING; AWARENESS; BRAIN INJURY; CONDITIONED REFLEX; CONDITIONING; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; EYELID REFLEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; LEARNING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NEUROSCIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0032405687     PISSN: 10509631     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:6<620::AID-HIPO4>3.0.CO;2-6     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Baer PE, Fuhrer MJ. Cognitive processes during differential trace and delayed conditioning of the GSR. J Exp Psychol 1968;78:81-88.
2. Baer PE, Fuhrer MJ. Cognitive processes in differential GSR conditioning: Effects of a masking task. Am J Psychol 1969;82:168-180.
3. Baer PE, Fuhrer MJ. Cognitive processes in the differential trace conditioning of electrodermal and vasomotor activity. J Exp Psychol 1970;84:176-178.
4. Baer PE, Fuhrer MJ. Cognitive factors in the concurrent differential conditioning of eyelid and skin conductance responses. Mem Cogn 1982;10:135-140.
5. Baeyens F, Eelen P, Van den Bergh O. Contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning: A case for unaware affective-evaluative learning. Cogn Emot 1990;4:3-18.
6. Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H, Adolphs R, Rockland C, Damasio AR. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 1995;269:1115-1118.
7. Berger TW, Orr WB. Hippocampectomy selectively disrupts discrimination reversal conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Behav Br Res 1983;8:49-68.
8. Berger TW, Weikart CL, Bassett JL, Orr WB. Lesions of the retrosplenial cortex produce deficits in reversal learning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response Implications for potential interactions between hippocampal and cerebellar brain systems. Behav Neurosci 1986;100: 802-809.
9. Bifemo MA, Dawson ME. The onset of contingency awareness and electrodermal classical conditioning: An analysis of temporal relationships during acquisition and extinction. Psychophysiol 1977;14:164-171.
10. Blaxton TA, Zeffiro TA, Gabrieli JDE, Bookheimer SY, Carrillo MC, Theodore WH, Disterhoft JF. Functional mapping of human learning: A positron emission tomography activation study of eyeblink conditioning. J Neurosci 1996;16:4032-4040.
11. Büchel C, Morris J, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ. Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron 1998;20: 947-957.
12. Buhusi CV, Schmajuk NA. Attention, configuration, and hippocampal function. Hippocampus 1996;6:621-642.
13. Buhusi CV, Gray JA, Schmajuk NA. Perplexing effects of hippocampal lesions on latent inhibition: A neural network solution. Behav Neurosci 1998;112:316-351.
14. Carrillo MC, Gabrieli JDE, Disterhoft JF. Distraction disrupts discrimination and reversal of eyeblink conditioning in humans. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996;22:1866.
15. Christiansen BA, Schmajuk NA. Hippocampectomy disrupts the topography of the rat eyeblink response during acquisition and extinction of classical conditioning. Br Res 1992;595:206-214.
16. Claparède E. Recognition et moité. Archives de Psychologie 1911;11: 79-90.
17. Clark RE, Squire LR. Classical conditioning and brain systems: The role of awareness. Science 1998;280:77-81.
18. Corteen RJ, Wood B. Automatic responses to shock-associated words in an unattended channel. J Exp Psychol 1972;94:308-313.
19. Daum I, Ackermann H. Dissociation of declarative and nondeclarative memory after bilateral thalamic lesions: A case report. Internatl J Neurosci 1994;75:153-165.
20. Daum I, Schugens MM. Classical conditioning after brain lesions in humans: The contribution to neuropsychology. J Psychophysiol 1995;9:109-118.
21. Daum I, Channon S, Canavan A. Classical conditioning in patients with severe memory problems. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52: 47-51.
22. Daum I, Channon S, Polkey CE, Gray JA. Classical conditioning after temporal lobe lesions in man: Impairment in conditional discrimination. Behav Neurosci 1991;95:396-408.
23. Daum I, Channon S, Gray JA. Classical conditioning after temporal lobe lesions in man: Sparing of simple discrimination and extinction. Behav Br Res 1992;52:159-165.
24. Daum I, Schugens MM, Ackermann H, Lutzenberger W, Dichgans J, Birbaumer N. Classical conditioning after cerebellar lesions in humans. Behav Neurosci 1993;107:748-756.
25. Dawson ME, Biferno MA. Concurrent measurement of awareness and electrodermal classical conditioning. J Exp Psychol 1973;101:82-86.
26. Dawson ME, Schell AM. Electrodermal responses to attended and nonattended significant stimuli during dichotic listening. J Exp Psychol [Human Percept Perform] 1982;8:315-324.
27. Eichenbaum H, Otto T, Cohen NJ. The hippocampus - What does it do? Behav Neural Biol 1992;57:2-36.
28. Frcka G, Beyts J, Levey AB, Martin I. The role of awareness in human conditioning. Pav J Biol Sci 1983;18:69-76.
29. Fredrikson M, Wik G, Fischer H, Andersson J. Affective and attentive neural networks in humans: A PET study of Pavlovian conditioning. Neuroreport 1995;7:97-101.
30. Furedy JJ, Schiffman K. Concurrent measurement of autonomic and cognitive processes in a test of the traditional discriminative control procedure for Pavlovian electrodermal conditioning. J Exp Psychol 1973;100:210-217.
31. Furedy JJ, Arabian JM, Thiels E, George L. Direct and continuous measurement of relational learning in human Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlov J Biol Sci 1982;17:69-79.
32. Gallistel CR. The Organization of Learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.
33. Gibbon J, Balsam P. Spreading association in time. In: Locurto CM, Terrace HS, Gibbons J, eds. Autoshaping and conditioning theory. New York: Academic Press, 1981:219-253.
34. Gluck MA, Myers CE. Hippocampal mediation of stimulus representation: A computational theory. Hippocampus 1993;3:491-516.
35. Grant DA. Cognitive factors in eyelid conditioning. Psychophysiol 1973;10:75-81.
36. Hugdahl K, Berardi A, Thompson WL, Kosslyn SM, Macy R, Baker DP, Alpert NM, LeDoux JE. Brain mechanisms in human classical conditioning: A PET blood flow study. Neuroreport 1995;6:1723-1728.
37. LaBar KS. The neural substrate of conditioned fear: Extension of an emotional memory network to the human brain. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1996.
38. LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Spencer DD, Phelps EA. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J Neurosci 1995;15:6846-6855.
39. LaBar KS, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA. Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron 1998;20:937-945.
40. Lammers WJ. EEG antecedents of conditioning awareness. J Psychophysiol 1995;9:119-126.
41. Logan CG, Grafton ST. Functional anatomy of human eyeblink conditioning determined with regional cerebral glucose metabolism and positron-emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92: 7500-7504.
42. Mackintosh NJ. A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychol Rev 1975;82:276-298.
43. Maltzman I. A neo-Pavlovian interpretation of the OR and classical conditioning in humans: With comments on alcoholism and the poverty of cognitive psychology. In Davey G, ed. Cognitive processes and Pavlovian conditioning in humans. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987:211-249.
44. Martin I, Levey AB. The Genesis of the Classical Conditioned Response. Oxford: Pergamon, 1969.
45. McGlinchey-Berroth R, Carrillo MC, Gabrieli JDE, Brawn CM, Disterhoft JF. Impaired trace eyeblink conditioning in bilateral, medial-temporal lobe amnesia. Behav Neurosci 1997;111:873-882.
46. Molchan SE, Sunderland T, McIntosh AR, Herscovitch P, Schreurs BG. A functional anatomical study of associative learning in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:8122-8126.
47. Morris JS, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Neural responses to salient visual stimuli. Proc R Acad Lond B Biol Sci 1997;264:769-775.
48. Morris JS, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Experience-dependent modulation of tonotopic neural responses in human auditory cortex. Proc R Soc Lond B 1998a;265:649-657.
49. Morris JS, Öhman A, Dolan RJ. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 1998b;393:467-470.
50. Moyer JR, Deyo RA, Disterhoft JF. Hippocampectomy disrupts trace eye-blink conditioning in rabbits. Behav Neurosci 1990;104:243-252.
51. Öhman A, Ellstrom PE, Björkstrand P-Å. Electrodermal responses and subjective estimates of UCS probability in a long interstimulus interval conditioning paradigm. Psychophysiol 1976;13:121-127.
52. Öhman A, Esteves F, Soares JJF. Preparedness and preattentive associative learning. Electrodermal conditioning to masked stimuli. J Psychophysiol 1995;9:99-108.
53. Orr WB, Berger TW. Hippocampectomy disrupts the topography of conditioned nictitating membrane responses during reversal learning. Behav Neurosci 1985;99:35-45.
54. Papka M, Ivry RB, Woodruff-Pak DS. Eleblink classical conditioning and awareness revisited. Psychol Sci 1997;8:404-408.
55. Pearce JM, Hall G. A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not unconditioned stimuli. Psychol Rev 1980;87:532-552.
56. Phelps EA, LaBar KS, Anderson AK, O'Connor KJ, Fulbright RK, Spencer DD. Specifying the contribution of the human amygdala to emotional memory: A case study. Neurocase 1998;4: (in press).
57. Phillips RG, LeDoux JE. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 1992;106:274-285.
58. Port RL, Mikhail AA, Patterson MM. Differential effects of hippocampectomy on classically conditioned rabbit nictitating membrane response related to interstimulus interval. Behav Neurosci 1985;99:200-208.
59. Port RL, Romano AG, Steinmetz JE, Mikhail AA, Patterson MM. Retention and acquisition of classical trace conditioned responses by hippocampal lesioned rabbits. Behav Neurosci 1986;100:745-752.
60. Ross LE, Nelson MN. The role of awareness in differential conditioning. Psychophysiol 1973;10:91-94.
61. Ross RT, Orr WB, Holland PC, Berger TW. Hippocampectomy disrupts acquisition and retention of learned conditioned responding. Behav Neurosci 1984;98:211-225.
62. Schiffman K, Furedy JJ. The effect of CS-US contingency variation on GSR and on subjective CS-US relational awareness. Mem Cogn 1977;5:273-277.
63. Sears LL, Steinmetz JE. Acquisition of classically conditioned-related activity in the hippocampus is affected by lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus. Behav Neurosci 1990;104:681-692.
64. Solomon PR, Groccia-Ellison ME. Classic conditioning in aged rabbits: Delay trace, and long-delay conditioning. Behav Neurosci 1996;110: 427-435.
65. Solomon PR, Van der Schaaf ER, Thompson RF, Weisz DJ. Hippocampus and trace conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Behav Neurosci 1986;100:729-744.
66. Solomon PR, Pomerleau D, Bennett L, James J, Morse DL. Acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response in humans over the lifespan. Psychol Aging 1989;4:34-41.
67. Squire, LR, Zola SM. Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93: 13515-13522.
68. Thompson LT, Moyer JR, Disterhoft JF. Trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbits demonstrates heterogeneity of learning ability both between and within age groups. Neurobiol Aging 1996;17:619-629.
69. Timmann D, Kolb FP, Baier C, Rijntjes M, Müller SP, Diener HC, Weiller C. Cerebellar activation during classical conditioning of the human flexion reflex: A PET study. Neuroreport 1996;7:2056-2060.
70. Wallenstein GV, Eichenbaum H, Hasselmo ME. The hippocampus as an associator of discontiguous events. Trends Neurosci 1998;21:317-323.
71. Weiskrantz L, Warrington EK. Conditioning in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 1979;17:184-194.
72. Weiss C, Disterhoft JF. Eyeblink conditioning, motor control, and the analysis of limbic-cerebellar interactions. Controversies in neuroscience IV: Motor learning and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum. Behav Br Sci 1996;19:479-481.
73. Wik G, Elbert T, Fredrikson M, Hoke M, Ross M. Magnetic imaging in human classical conditioning. Neuroreport 1996;7:737-740.
74. Woodruff-Pak DS. Eyeblink classical conditioning in H.M.: Delay and trace paradigms. Behav Neurosci 1993;107:911-925.
75. Woodruff-Pak DS, Thompson RF. Classical conditioning of the eyeblink response in the delay paradigm in adults aged 18-83 years. Psychol Aging 1988;3:219-229.