Managing China's Hegemonic Ascension: Engagement from Southeast Asia

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 21-43

  Deng, Yong ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032388066     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402399808437706     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. For arguments along this line, see Michael Ng-Quinn, 'The Analytical Study of Chinese Foreign Policy,' International Studies Quarterly 27 (June 1983) pp.202-24; Michael Yahuda, Toward the End of Isolationism: China's Foreign Policy After Mao (NY: St Martin's Press 1983); Robert S. Ross, The Indochina Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979 (NY: Columbia UP 1988).
2. For arguments along this line, see Michael Ng-Quinn, 'The Analytical Study of Chinese Foreign Policy,' International Studies Quarterly 27 (June 1983) pp.202-24; Michael Yahuda, Toward the End of Isolationism: China's Foreign Policy After Mao (NY: St Martin's Press 1983); Robert S. Ross, The Indochina Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979 (NY: Columbia UP 1988).
3. For arguments along this line, see Michael Ng-Quinn, 'The Analytical Study of Chinese Foreign Policy,' International Studies Quarterly 27 (June 1983) pp.202-24; Michael Yahuda, Toward the End of Isolationism: China's Foreign Policy After Mao (NY: St Martin's Press 1983); Robert S. Ross, The Indochina Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979 (NY: Columbia UP 1988).
4. Formed in 1967, ASEAN currently consists of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei (joined in 1984) and Vietnam (joined in 1995).
5. For example, figures on China's 1994 national defense spending range from the low Chinese official number of $6.4 billion to the stunning high RAND corporation's report of $140 billion using the purchasing power parity measure. The exact total of Chinese military expenditure is hard, and perhaps impossible to ascertain. The factors contributing to the astounding discrepancies in calculating Chinese military expenditure are briefly explained by International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1995-1996 (London: OUP 1995) pp.270-5.
6. Hegemonic stability theory and power transition theory actually agree on the inherently dangerous implications of the rapidly growing power of emergent challengers. According to their view, under a disequilibrium of power caused by rapid change of power and status, the emergent power is prone to launching a war against the established power, while the latter is tempted to start a preemptive war against the challenger. Historically hegemonic war has been the only mechanism to select 'winners' and 'losers' in the international system See Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (NY: Cambridge UP 1981); Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500-2000 (NY: Random House 1987); A.F.K. Organski and Jacek Kugler, The War Ledger (U. of Chicago Press 1980).
7. Hegemonic stability theory and power transition theory actually agree on the inherently dangerous implications of the rapidly growing power of emergent challengers. According to their view, under a disequilibrium of power caused by rapid change of power and status, the emergent power is prone to launching a war against the established power, while the latter is tempted to start a preemptive war against the challenger. Historically hegemonic war has been the only mechanism to select 'winners' and 'losers' in the international system See Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (NY: Cambridge UP 1981); Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500-2000 (NY: Random House 1987); A.F.K. Organski and Jacek Kugler, The War Ledger (U. of Chicago Press 1980).
8. Hegemonic stability theory and power transition theory actually agree on the inherently dangerous implications of the rapidly growing power of emergent challengers. According to their view, under a disequilibrium of power caused by rapid change of power and status, the emergent power is prone to launching a war against the established power, while the latter is tempted to start a preemptive war against the challenger. Historically hegemonic war has been the only mechanism to select 'winners' and 'losers' in the international system See Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (NY: Cambridge UP 1981); Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500-2000 (NY: Random House 1987); A.F.K. Organski and Jacek Kugler, The War Ledger (U. of Chicago Press 1980).
9. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
10. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
11. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
12. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
13. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
14. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
15. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
16. See David Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong: China's Challenge to Asian Security,' Survival, 36/2 (Summer 1994) pp.43-59; Denny Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon: China's Threat to East Asian Security', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994) pp.149-68; Nicholas Kristof, 'The Rise of China', Foreign Affairs 72/5 (Nov./Dec. 1993) pp.59-74; Richard Betts, 'Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War', International Security 18/3 (Winter 1993/4) pp.34-77; Aaron Friedberg, 'Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multi-polar Asia, ibid, pp.5-33; Gerald Segal, 'The Coming Confrontation Between China and Japan', World Policy Journal 10/2 (Summer 1993); Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, 'Rethinking East Asian Security', Survival, supra; and Gerald Segal, 'East Asia and the 'Containment' of China', International Security 20/4 (Spring 1996) pp.107-35.
17. For summaries of the debate, see David Shambaugh, 'Containment or Engagement of China? Calculating Beijing's Responses,' International Security, 21/2 (Fall 1996) pp.181-8; Segal, (note 5); Denny Roy, 'The 'China Threat' Issue: Major Arguments', Asian Survey 36/8 (August 1996) pp.758-71.
18. For summaries of the debate, see David Shambaugh, 'Containment or Engagement of China? Calculating Beijing's Responses,' International Security, 21/2 (Fall 1996) pp.181-8; Segal, (note 5); Denny Roy, 'The 'China Threat' Issue: Major Arguments', Asian Survey 36/8 (August 1996) pp.758-71.
19. Zhu Zhengmin, 'Zhongguo yu dongnanya guanxi: huigu yu zhanwang' (Sino-Southeast Asia Relations: Retrospect and Prospect), Xiandai guoji guanxi (Journal of Contemporary International Relations) 1/1 (1994) pp.21-4.
20. '1993: zhongguo queli zai danjing shijie de youli weizhi' (1993: China Establishes Its Advantageous Position in the World), Liaowang (Outlook) 52 (1993) p.3.
21. Trade data collected from various issues of Remin ribao (People's Daily) (overseas edition, hereafter cited simply as Remin ribao).
22. Renmin ribao, 27 Feb. 1997, p.4, 28 Feb. 1997, p.4.
23. 'Dammed If You Don't,' The Economist, 18 Nov. 1995, pp.38-9.
24. Renmin ribao, 28 Aug. 1996, p.1.
25. 'Watching the Mekong Flow', The Economist, 1 Sept. 1996, pp.31-2
26. Yong Deng, Promoting Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: Perspectives from East Asia (London: Macmillan 1997). See also Yoichi Funabashi, Asian Pacific Fusion: Japan;s Role in APEC (Washington DC: Inst. for Int. Economics 1995).
27. Yong Deng, Promoting Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: Perspectives from East Asia (London: Macmillan 1997). See also Yoichi Funabashi, Asian Pacific Fusion: Japan;s Role in APEC (Washington DC: Inst. for Int. Economics 1995).
28. See Denny Roy,' 'Singapore, China, and the 'Soft Authoritarian Challenge', Asian Survey, 34 (March 1994) pp.231-42; Geoffrey Robinson, 'Human Rights in Southeast Asia: Rhetoric and Reality,' in David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (eds.) Southeast Asia in the New World Order The Political Economy of A Dynamic Region (NY: St Martin's Press 1996).
29. See Denny Roy,' 'Singapore, China, and the 'Soft Authoritarian Challenge', Asian Survey, 34 (March 1994) pp.231-42; Geoffrey Robinson, 'Human Rights in Southeast Asia: Rhetoric and Reality,' in David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (eds.) Southeast Asia in the New World Order The Political Economy of A Dynamic Region (NY: St Martin's Press 1996).
30. Beijing Xinhua in English, 25 Oct. 1989 in Foreign Broadcast Information Service-China, 26 Oct. 1989, p.8.
31. 'Standing Firm - Asia Sticks to Its View of Human Rights', Far East Economic Review, 15 April 1993, p.22.
32. David Arase, 'Japanese Policy Toward Democracy and Human Rights in Asia', Asian Survey 33/10 (1993) pp.935-52.
33. According to one account, the 5 per cent Chinese of the Indonesian total population controls 75 per cent of its overall wealth. See Roy, 'Hegemon on the Horizon' (note 5), p.154.
34. John Garver, Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China (Englewoods Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 1993) pp.220-1.
35. Jiang Xiyuan and Jiang Tao, 'Hou lenzhan shiqi zhongguo yu dongmeng guanxi de tedian, wenti yu qianjing' (The Characteristics, Problems and Prospects of China's Relations with ASEAN in the Post-Cold War Era), Shijie jingji yanjiu (World Economy) June 1994, pp.17-20.
36. Ibid.
37. See R. William Liddle, 'The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Expansion', Journal of Asian Studies 55/3 (Aug. 1996) pp.613-34.
38. David Camroux, 'State Responses to Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia', Asian Survey, 36/9 (Sept. 1996) pp.852-68.
39. 'A Question of Identity', Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 July 1994, pp.46-51.
40. 'Southeast Asia's Octopuses', The Economist, 17 July 1993, pp.61-2.
41. See Harry Harding, 'The Concept of 'Greater China': Themes, Variations, and Reservations', China Quarterly 136 (Dec. 1993) pp.660-86; David M. Lampton, 'The Emergence of "Greater China"', ibid, pp.653-9; Yoichi Funabashi, Michel Oksenberg, and Heinrich Weiss, An Emerging China in a World of Interdependence (NY, Paris, Tokyo: The Trilateral Commission May 1994) pp.21-31.
42. See Harry Harding, 'The Concept of 'Greater China': Themes, Variations, and Reservations', China Quarterly 136 (Dec. 1993) pp.660-86; David M. Lampton, 'The Emergence of "Greater China"', ibid, pp.653-9; Yoichi Funabashi, Michel Oksenberg, and Heinrich Weiss, An Emerging China in a World of Interdependence (NY, Paris, Tokyo: The Trilateral Commission May 1994) pp.21-31.
43. See Harry Harding, 'The Concept of 'Greater China': Themes, Variations, and Reservations', China Quarterly 136 (Dec. 1993) pp.660-86; David M. Lampton, 'The Emergence of "Greater China"', ibid, pp.653-9; Yoichi Funabashi, Michel Oksenberg, and Heinrich Weiss, An Emerging China in a World of Interdependence (NY, Paris, Tokyo: The Trilateral Commission May 1994) pp.21-31.
44. Robert S. Ross, 'China and Southeast Asia: The Challenge of Economic Competition', in Wurfel and Burton, Southeast Asia in the New World Order (note 14) pp.153-4.
45. On how the question of identity has arisen in the 1990s, see 'A Question of Identity', the Cover Story, Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 July 1994, pp.46-51. For general discussion of the issue, see Wang Gungwu, 'The Study of Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia', in Jennifer Cushman and Wang Gungwu (eds.) The Changing Identities of Chinese in Southeast Asia (Hong Kong UP 1988); Wang Gungwu, 'Among Non-Chinese,' Daedalus 120 (Spring 1991); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim (eds) China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1993).
46. On how the question of identity has arisen in the 1990s, see 'A Question of Identity', the Cover Story, Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 July 1994, pp.46-51. For general discussion of the issue, see Wang Gungwu, 'The Study of Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia', in Jennifer Cushman and Wang Gungwu (eds.) The Changing Identities of Chinese in Southeast Asia (Hong Kong UP 1988); Wang Gungwu, 'Among Non-Chinese,' Daedalus 120 (Spring 1991); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim (eds) China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1993).
47. On how the question of identity has arisen in the 1990s, see 'A Question of Identity', the Cover Story, Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 July 1994, pp.46-51. For general discussion of the issue, see Wang Gungwu, 'The Study of Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia', in Jennifer Cushman and Wang Gungwu (eds.) The Changing Identities of Chinese in Southeast Asia (Hong Kong UP 1988); Wang Gungwu, 'Among Non-Chinese,' Daedalus 120 (Spring 1991); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim (eds) China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1993).
48. On how the question of identity has arisen in the 1990s, see 'A Question of Identity', the Cover Story, Far Eastern Economic Review, 14 July 1994, pp.46-51. For general discussion of the issue, see Wang Gungwu, 'The Study of Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia', in Jennifer Cushman and Wang Gungwu (eds.) The Changing Identities of Chinese in Southeast Asia (Hong Kong UP 1988); Wang Gungwu, 'Among Non-Chinese,' Daedalus 120 (Spring 1991); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim (eds) China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1993).
49. Yu-shan Wu, 'Mainland China's Economic Policy toward Taiwan: Economic Needs or Unification Scheme?' Issues and Studies 30/9 (Sept. 1994) pp.29-49.
50. Estimates of the deposits range from 2 billion barrels to 15.6 billion barrels. A Chinese survey concluded in December 1989 that 'the seafloor contained 25 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 370,000 tons of phosphorous and 105 billion barrels of oil.' John Garver, 'China's Push Through the South China Sea', China Quarterly 132 (Dec. 1992) p.1015.
51. Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping wenxuan (The Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping), Vol. III (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe 1993) p.49.
52. Ibid, pp.87-8.
53. 'Reef Knots', Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 Aug. 1992, p.11.
54. Jusuf Wanandi, 'ASEAN's China Strategy: Towards Deeper Engagement', Survival, 38/3 (Autumn 1996) pp.123.
55. I thank Professor Allen Whiting for this datum.
56. 'Facing Up to Security', Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 Aug. 1992, pp.8-9; Mark Valencia, 'Spratly Solution Still at Sea', Pacific Review 6/2 (1993) p.156.
57. 'Facing Up to Security', Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 Aug. 1992, pp.8-9; Mark Valencia, 'Spratly Solution Still at Sea', Pacific Review 6/2 (1993) p.156.
58. 'China Ready to Take Part in Asian Security Dialogues', Beijing Review, 9-25 Aug. 1993 p.9.
59. 'ASEAN Preventive Measures', Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 Aug. 1994, pp.14-15; 'Treading Softly', ibid. 3 Aug., 1995,pp.16-20.
60. 'ASEAN Preventive Measures', Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 Aug. 1994, pp.14-15; 'Treading Softly', ibid. 3 Aug., 1995,pp.16-20.
61. Michael Antolik, 'The ASEAN Regional Forum: The Spirit of Constructive Engagement', Contemporary Southeast Asia 16/2 (Sept. 1994) pp.117-36.
62. Quoted in 'Treading Softly' (note 39) p.20.
63. Allen S. Whiting, 'East Asian Military Security Dynamics', Asia/Pacific Research Center, Stanford University, Feb. 1995.
64. Li Peng, 'Zhongguo de fazhan he yazhou de yueqi dui shijie weilai de yingxiang' (Impact on the Global Future of China's Development and the Rise of Asia), Renmin ribao, 5 Sept. 1996, p.4.
65. For a summary of Chinese views on the regional security mechanism, see Bonnie Glaser and Banning Barrett, Multilateral Security in the Asia-Pacific Region and Its Impact on China's Interests: Views from Beijing', Contemporary Southeast Asia 16/1 (June 1994) pp.14-34.
66. Chalmers Johnson, 'Containing China: US and Japan Drift Toward Disaster', Japan Quarterly 43/4 (Oct.-Dec 1996) p.15.
67. Craig A. Snyder, 'Building Multilateral Security Cooperation in the South China Sea', Paper presented at the International Studies Association annual conference, 16-20 April 1996, pp.16-17.
68. 'Zhongguo de junbei kongzhi yu chaijun' (China's Arms Control and Disarmament), Renmin ribao, 17 Nov. 1995, pp.2-3.
69. Wanandi, 'ASEAN's China Strategy (note 35) p.124.
70. Andrew Hurrell, 'Triggers, Nests and Path Dependence: Understanding the Links between Economic and Security Regionalism,' Paper presented at the International Studies Association annual meeting, 16-20 April 1996, pp.16-17.
71. Segal, 'East Asia and the "Constrainment" of China' (note 5).
72. Pauline Kerr, Andrew Mack and Paul Evans, 'The Evolving Security Discourse in the Asia-Pacific', in Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill (eds.), Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp.250-54.
73. According to Barry Buzan, 'The basic definition of a security complex is a set of states whose major security perceptions and concerns are so interlinked that their national security problems cannot reasonably be analyzed apart from one another. The formative dynamics and structure of a security complex are generated by the states within it: by their security perceptions of, and interactions with, each other.' Barry Buzan, 'The Post-Cold War Asia-Pacific Security Order: Conflict or Cooperation,' in Mack and Ravenhill, Pacific Cooperation (note 52) p.131. For an elaboration on this concept, see Barry Buzan, People, State and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1991).
74. According to Barry Buzan, 'The basic definition of a security complex is a set of states whose major security perceptions and concerns are so interlinked that their national security problems cannot reasonably be analyzed apart from one another. The formative dynamics and structure of a security complex are generated by the states within it: by their security perceptions of, and interactions with, each other.' Barry Buzan, 'The Post-Cold War Asia- Pacific Security Order: Conflict or Cooperation,' in Mack and Ravenhill, Pacific Cooperation (note 52) p.131. For an elaboration on this concept, see Barry Buzan, People, State and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1991).
75. Yu Bin, 'The China Syndrome: Rising Nationalism and Conflict with the West', The Asia-Pacific Issues Series, East-West Center, No.27 (May 1996); Jianwei Wang and Zhimin Lin, 'Chinese Perceptions in the Post-Cold War Era: Three Images of the United States', Asian Survey 32/10 (Oct. 1992), pp.902-17.
76. Yu Bin, 'The China Syndrome: Rising Nationalism and Conflict with the West', The Asia- Pacific Issues Series, East-West Center, No.27 (May 1996); Jianwei Wang and Zhimin Lin, 'Chinese Perceptions in the Post-Cold War Era: Three Images of the United States', Asian Survey 32/10 (Oct. 1992), pp.902-17.
77. For Chinese security perceptions in the post-Cold War world, see Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong' (note 5); Banning Barren and Bonnie Glaser, 'China's Security Perceptions: Interests and Ambitions', Asian Survey 33/3 (March 1993) pp.252-71; Suisheng Zhao, 'Beijing's Perception of the International System and Foreign Policy Adjustment in the Post-Cold War World', Journal of Northeast Asian Studies (Autumn 1992) pp.70-83.
78. For Chinese security perceptions in the post-Cold War world, see Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong' (note 5); Banning Barren and Bonnie Glaser, 'China's Security Perceptions: Interests and Ambitions', Asian Survey 33/3 (March 1993) pp.252-71; Suisheng Zhao, 'Beijing's Perception of the International System and Foreign Policy Adjustment in the Post-Cold War World', Journal of Northeast Asian Studies (Autumn 1992) pp.70-83.
79. For Chinese security perceptions in the post-Cold War world, see Shambaugh, 'Growing Strong' (note 5); Banning Barren and Bonnie Glaser, 'China's Security Perceptions: Interests and Ambitions', Asian Survey 33/3 (March 1993) pp.252-71; Suisheng Zhao, 'Beijing's Perception of the International System and Foreign Policy Adjustment in the Post-Cold War World', Journal of Northeast Asian Studies (Autumn 1992) pp.70-83.
80. Alastair Iain Johnston, 'Learning Versus Adaptation: Explaining Change in Chinese Arms Control Policy in the 1980s and 1990s', The China Journal, No.35 (Jan. 1996) p.31.
81. Samuel Kim's numerous works on Chinese foreign policy highlight China's hiper-realpolitik thinking, thereby confirming Johnston's thesis. See Kim's 'China In and Out of the Changing World Order', Occasional Paper No.21, World Order Studies Program, Princeton University Press (1991); 'China's International Organizational Behavior', in Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh (eds), Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (NY: OUP 1993). See also Thomas W. Robinson, 'Interdependence in China's Foreign Relations', in Samuel Kim (ed), China and the World: Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994); Thomas Christensen, 'Chinese Realpolitik', Foreign Affairs 75/5 (Sept./Oct. 1996) pp.37-52.
82. Samuel Kim's numerous works on Chinese foreign policy highlight China's hiper-realpolitik thinking, thereby confirming Johnston's thesis. See Kim's 'China In and Out of the Changing World Order', Occasional Paper No.21, World Order Studies Program, Princeton University Press (1991); 'China's International Organizational Behavior', in Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh (eds), Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (NY: OUP 1993). See also Thomas W. Robinson, 'Interdependence in China's Foreign Relations', in Samuel Kim (ed), China and the World: Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994); Thomas Christensen, 'Chinese Realpolitik', Foreign Affairs 75/5 (Sept./Oct. 1996) pp.37-52.
83. Samuel Kim's numerous works on Chinese foreign policy highlight China's hiper-realpolitik thinking, thereby confirming Johnston's thesis. See Kim's 'China In and Out of the Changing World Order', Occasional Paper No.21, World Order Studies Program, Princeton University Press (1991); 'China's International Organizational Behavior', in Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh (eds), Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (NY: OUP 1993). See also Thomas W. Robinson, 'Interdependence in China's Foreign Relations', in Samuel Kim (ed), China and the World: Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994); Thomas Christensen, 'Chinese Realpolitik', Foreign Affairs 75/5 (Sept./Oct. 1996) pp.37-52.
84. Samuel Kim's numerous works on Chinese foreign policy highlight China's hiper-realpolitik thinking, thereby confirming Johnston's thesis. See Kim's 'China In and Out of the Changing World Order', Occasional Paper No.21, World Order Studies Program, Princeton University Press (1991); 'China's International Organizational Behavior', in Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh (eds), Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (NY: OUP 1993). See also Thomas W. Robinson, 'Interdependence in China's Foreign Relations', in Samuel Kim (ed), China and the World: Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994); Thomas Christensen, 'Chinese Realpolitik', Foreign Affairs 75/5 (Sept./Oct. 1996) pp.37-52.
85. Renmin ribao, 23 July 1996, p.6. See also 'Dialogue Key to Peace, Prosperity', Beijing Review, 12-18 Aug. 1996, p.6.
86. Renmin ribao, 23 July 1996, p.6. See also 'Dialogue Key to Peace, Prosperity', Beijing Review, 12-18 Aug. 1996, p.6.
87. Garver, China's Push Through the South China Sea' (note 31) p.1016.
88. See Robert S. Ross, 'China and the Stability of East Asia', in idem, East Asia in Transition: Toward a New Regional Order (Armonk, NY: ME. Sharpe 1995).
89. Michael G. Gallagher, 'China's Illusionary Threat to the South China Sea', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994). See also Eric Hyer, 'The South China Sea Disputes: Implications for China's Earlier Territorial Settlements', Pacific Affairs 68/1 (Spring 1995), pp.34-54.
90. Michael G. Gallagher, 'China's Illusionary Threat to the South China Sea', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994). See also Eric Hyer, 'The South China Sea Disputes: Implications for China's Earlier Territorial Settlements', Pacific Affairs 68/1 (Spring 1995), pp.34-54.
91. For details, see Deng, Promoting Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (note 14) Ch.7.
92. For an excellent survey of ASEAN security perceptions of China from mid-1995 to mid-1996, see Allen S. Whiting, 'ASEAN Eyes China: The Security Dimension,' Paper presented at the US Army War College Seventh Annual Strategy Conference, Carlisle Barracks, 23-25 April 1996.
93. Renmin ribao, 26 July 1994, p.6.
94. For a cogent analysis of the domestic-foreign nexus, see Michael D. Swaine, China: Domestic Change and Foreign Policy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Defense Research Inst. 1995).
95. Wanandi, 'ASEAN's China Strategy' (note 35) p.123.
96. Whiting, 'East Asian Military Security Dynamics' (note 42) p.28.
97. Allen S. Whiting, 'Chinese Nationalism and Foreign Policy after Deng,' China Quarterly (June 1995) pp.295-316; Shambaugh, 'Containment or Engagement of China?' (note 6).
98. Allen S. Whiting, 'Chinese Nationalism and Foreign Policy after Deng,' China Quarterly (June 1995) pp.295-316; Shambaugh, 'Containment or Engagement of China?' (note 6).
99. Garrett and Glaser, 'Multilateral Security in the Asia-Pacific Region and Its Impact on Chinese Interests' (note 44).
100. Shambaugh, 'Containment or Engagement of China?' (note 6).