State responses to Islamic resurgence in Malaysia: Accommodation, co-option, and confrontation

Asian Survey

Volumn 36, Issue 9, 1996, Pages 852-868

  Camroux, David ^a  

^a Fr Natl Polit Science Foundation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0011127482     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645535     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Affairs, 27:3 (Summer 1993). I have added to the burgeoning critique of Huntington in my article, "Huntington. Scenarios controverses pour le futur," Etudes, no. 3846 (June 1996).
2. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Affairs, 27:3 (Summer 1993). I have added to the burgeoning critique of Huntington in my article, "Huntington. Scenarios controverses pour le futur," Etudes, no. 3846 (June 1996).
3. These figures are taken from Harold Crouch, "Malaysia: Neither Authoritarian nor Democratic," in Keven Hewison, Richard Robison and Carry Rodan, eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993), pp. 133-57. Crouch's article provides a useful overview of developments in Malaysia over the last 10 years.
4. K. S. Jomo, A Question of Class: Capital, the State and Uneven Development in Malaysia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986), and Jomo, Growth and Structural Change in the Malaysian Economy (London: Macmillan, 1990). Johan Saravanamuttu, Industrialization and the Institutionalization of Authoritarian Regimes: The Consequences of NIC-dom in Malaysia and Singapore (Yokohama: International Peace Research Institute Meigaku [PRIME], Occasional Papers no. 8, 1991).
5. K. S. Jomo, A Question of Class: Capital, the State and Uneven Development in Malaysia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986), and Jomo, Growth and Structural Change in the Malaysian Economy (London: Macmillan, 1990). Johan Saravanamuttu, Industrialization and the Institutionalization of Authoritarian Regimes: The Consequences of NIC-dom in Malaysia and Singapore (Yokohama: International Peace Research Institute Meigaku [PRIME], Occasional Papers no. 8, 1991).
6. K. S. Jomo, A Question of Class: Capital, the State and Uneven Development in Malaysia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986), and Jomo, Growth and Structural Change in the Malaysian Economy (London: Macmillan, 1990). Johan Saravanamuttu, Industrialization and the Institutionalization of Authoritarian Regimes: The Consequences of NIC-dom in Malaysia and Singapore (Yokohama: International Peace Research Institute Meigaku [PRIME], Occasional Papers no. 8, 1991).
7. Statement at the Plenary of the 48th Session, UNGA, New York, 1 October 1993, mimeo, p. 2.
8. This notion of invention of the Malaysian nation is taken from Benedict Anderson's important study of nations as "imagined communities" (Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Refections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, 2nd ed. (New York: Verso, 1991, p. 6).
9. As reported in the Seventh Malaysian Plan, tabled in Parliament by Prime Minister Mahathir on 7 May 1996. See Asia Times (Bangkok), 7 May 1996.
10. As reported in the Seventh Malaysian Plan, tabled in Parliament by Prime Minister Mahathir on 7 May 1996. See Asia Times (Bangkok), 7 May 1996.
11. Gordon Means, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991).
12. Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), 10 December 1991.
13. These developments also correspond to the development of a distinctly Malaysian sense of identity. See, for example, Rehman Rashid, A Malaysian Journey (Petaling Jaya: Rehman Rashid, 1993).
14. Jomo Kwame Sundaram and Ahmed Shabery Cheek, "The Politics of Malaysia's Islamic Resurgence," Third World Quarterly, 10:2 (April 1988), p. 843.
15. Chandra Muzaffar, Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia (Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Eajar Bakti, 1987).
16. A. B. Shamsul, "Religion and Ethnic Politics in Malaysia," in Charles F. Keyes, Laurel Kendall, and Helen Hardcores, eds., Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994), pp. 99-116.
17. Raymond Lee, "The State, Religious Nationalism, and Ethnic Rationalization in Malaysia," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 13:4 (October 1990), pp. 482-502; and Lee, "Modernity, Anti-Modernity, and Post-Modernity in Malaysia, International Sociology, 7:2, pp. 153-71.
18. Raymond Lee, "The State, Religious Nationalism, and Ethnic Rationalization in Malaysia," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 13:4 (October 1990), pp. 482-502; and Lee, "Modernity, Anti-Modernity, and Post-Modernity in Malaysia, International Sociology, 7:2, pp. 153-71.
19. Aihwa Ong, "State Versus Islam: Malay Families, Women's Bodies, and the Body Politic in Malaysia," in Aihwa Ong and Michael Peletz, eds., Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 159-94.
20. This is not to suggest that the Mahathir government's actions in favor of Islam were not motivated by profound religious beliefs, it is simply to underline the political consequences of these initiatives.
21. Chandra Muzaffar, "Malayism, Bumiputraism, and Islam," in Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique and Yasmin Hussain, eds., Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 356-61.
22. Hussin Mutalib, "Islamic Revivalism in ASEAN States: Political Implications," Asian Survey, September 1990, p. 885.
23. Musa Hitam, "Malaysia's Strategic Vision: Into the 21st Century," in Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia: Past, Present, and Future (Kuala Lumpur: ISIS, 1987), p. 6.
24. Khoo Boo Tiek, Paradoxes of Mahathirism: An Intellectual Biography of Mahathir Mohamad (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 329, also 181.
25. Lee "The State, Religious Nationalism," p. 496.
26. An overview of Malaysia's Islamic banking system is in The Edge (Kuala Lumpur), 15 April 1996, pp. 14-19.
27. Mahathir Mohamad, "No Place for Religious Fanatics," speech to the UMNO General Assembly, Kuala Lumpur (trans.), New Straits Times, 7 November 1992, and Mahathir, "Be Grateful for the Benefits of the NEP," speech to the UMNO General Assembly, Kuala Lumpur (trans.) New Straits Times, 5 November 1993.
28. Mahathir Mohamad, "No Place for Religious Fanatics," speech to the UMNO General Assembly, Kuala Lumpur (trans.), New Straits Times, 7 November 1992, and Mahathir, "Be Grateful for the Benefits of the NEP," speech to the UMNO General Assembly, Kuala Lumpur (trans.) New Straits Times, 5 November 1993.
29. See, for example, two collections of conference papers: Aidit bin Haji Ghazali, ed., Industrialisation from an Islamic Perspective (Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Islamic Understanding [IKIM], 1993), and Syed Othman Alhabashi and Aidit Haji Ghazali, eds., Islamic Values and Management (IKIM, 1994).
30. See, for example, two collections of conference papers: Aidit bin Haji Ghazali, ed., Industrialisation from an Islamic Perspective (Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Islamic Understanding [IKIM], 1993), and Syed Othman Alhabashi and Aidit Haji Ghazali, eds., Islamic Values and Management (IKIM, 1994).
31. Institut Kajian Dasar, Activity Report 1991/92 (Kuala Lumpur: IKD, 1992).
32. See Norani Othman, ed., Shari'a Law and the Modern Nation State: A Malaysian Symposium (Kuala Lumpur: Sisters in Islam Forum, 1994).
33. International Herald Tribune, 6 May 1991.
34. Anwar Ibrahim, "Wanted: Muslim Revival in a Pluralistic World," International Herald Tribune, 2 February 1993; and "Asians Suddenly in the Spotlight Will Have to Do Better," ibid., 31 January 1994. A fuller version of these views is published as "Keynote Address at the Opening of the Conference in Asia in the 21st Century," Viewpoints (IKD), no. 19, February 1994, pp. 99-103.
35. Anwar Ibrahim, "Wanted: Muslim Revival in a Pluralistic World," International Herald Tribune, 2 February 1993; and "Asians Suddenly in the Spotlight Will Have to Do Better," ibid., 31 January 1994. A fuller version of these views is published as "Keynote Address at the Opening of the Conference in Asia in the 21st Century," Viewpoints (IKD), no. 19, February 1994, pp. 99-103.
36. Anwar Ibrahim, "Wanted: Muslim Revival in a Pluralistic World," International Herald Tribune, 2 February 1993; and "Asians Suddenly in the Spotlight Will Have to Do Better," ibid., 31 January 1994. A fuller version of these views is published as "Keynote Address at the Opening of the Conference in Asia in the 21st Century," Viewpoints (IKD), no. 19, February 1994, pp. 99-103.
37. There was, however, a precedent. In November 1985 an attempt to arrest a local religious teacher and PAS member, Ibrahim Mahmud (Ibrahim "Libya") turned into a violent confrontation in which he and 13 of his followers died.
38. International Herald Tribune, 27 July 1994.
39. Ashaari's deputy, Halim Abbas, escaped detention and was said to be in hiding in Indonesia.
40. Michael Vatikiotis, "Radical Chic: Islamic Fringe Groups Gain Influence among the Elite," FEER, 26 May 1994.
41. Abas bin Salleh in the International Herald Tribune, 21 October 1994.
42. FEER, 18 May 1995; S. Jayasankaran, "About Face," ibid., 6 July 1995.
43. FEER, 18 May 1995; S. Jayasankaran, "About Face," ibid., 6 July 1995.
44. Interviews with DAP Secretary-General Lim Kit Siang and International Secretary Gooi Hock Seng, 7 August 1993.
45. Quoted in International Herald Tribune, 24 March 1994.
46. Mahathir Mohamad, "Distorted Face of the New World Order," excerpts of a statement to the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Jakarta, New Straits Times, 2 September 1992, and his "Statement," plenary of the 48th session, UNGA Assembly, New York, 1 October 1993.
47. Mahathir Mohamad, "Distorted Face of the New World Order," excerpts of a statement to the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Jakarta, New Straits Times, 2 September 1992, and his "Statement," plenary of the 48th session, UNGA Assembly, New York, 1 October 1993.
48. Harold Crouch, Government and Society in Malaysia (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996), esp. chapter 13.
49. The leader of Semangat '46, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, initially rejoined UMNO with the absorption of the party's 400,000 members to follow (T. N. Harper, "Return of the Prince," ISEAS Trends, Business Times, 25-26 May 1996).