African perspectives on democracy and the dilemmas of postcolonial intellectuals

Africa Today

Volumn 45, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 281-306

  Eyoh, Dickson ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032257025     PISSN: 00019887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Bogumil Jewsiewicki, "African Historical Studies: Academic Knowledge as Usable Past and Radical Scholarship," African Studies Review 32, no. 3 (1989): 1-76; and for an introduction to these issues, which are taken up later, see Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," in V. Y. Mudimbe, ed., The Surreptitious Speech: Présence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 201-224.
2. Bogumil Jewsiewicki, "African Historical Studies: Academic Knowledge as Usable Past and Radical Scholarship," African Studies Review 32, no. 3 (1989): 1-76; and for an introduction to these issues, which are taken up later, see Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," in V. Y. Mudimbe, ed., The Surreptitious Speech: Présence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 201-224.
3. See Dickson Eyoh, "From Economic Crisis to Political Liberalization: Pitfalls of the New Political Sociology for Africa," African Studies Review 39, no. 3 (1996): 43-80, for a critical assessment of the literature on economic crisis and political liberalization.
4. Pearl T. Robinson, "The National Conference Phenomena in Francophone Africa," Comparative Studies in Society and History 36, no. 3 (1994): 257-310, and "Democratization: Understanding the Relationship Between Regime Change and the Culture of Politics," African Studies Review 37, no. 1 (1994): 39-67; John Saul, "'For Fear of Being Condemned as Old Fashioned': Liberal Democracy vs. Popular Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Gidane Mengisteab and Cyril Dadieh, eds., State Building and Democratization in Africa: Faith, Hopes and Realities (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999).
5. Pearl T. Robinson, "The National Conference Phenomena in Francophone Africa," Comparative Studies in Society and History 36, no. 3 (1994): 257-310, and "Democratization: Understanding the Relationship Between Regime Change and the Culture of Politics," African Studies Review 37, no. 1 (1994): 39-67; John Saul, "'For Fear of Being Condemned as Old Fashioned': Liberal Democracy vs. Popular Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Gidane Mengisteab and Cyril Dadieh, eds., State Building and Democratization in Africa: Faith, Hopes and Realities (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999).
6. Pearl T. Robinson, "The National Conference Phenomena in Francophone Africa," Comparative Studies in Society and History 36, no. 3 (1994): 257-310, and "Democratization: Understanding the Relationship Between Regime Change and the Culture of Politics," African Studies Review 37, no. 1 (1994): 39-67; John Saul, "'For Fear of Being Condemned as Old Fashioned': Liberal Democracy vs. Popular Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Gidane Mengisteab and Cyril Dadieh, eds., State Building and Democratization in Africa: Faith, Hopes and Realities (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999).
7. Thomas M. Callaghy, "Africa: Back to the Future?" Journal of Democracy 5, no. 4 (1994): 133-145, "Africa and the World Economy: Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place," in John Harbeson and Donald S. Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 36-68, "Political Passions and Economic Interests: Economic Reform and Political Structure in Africa," in Callaghy and John Ravenhill, eds., Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 463-519, and "The State and the Development of Capitalism in Africa: Theoretical, Historical and Comparative Reflections," in Donald S. Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, eds., The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 67-99.
8. Thomas M. Callaghy, "Africa: Back to the Future?" Journal of Democracy 5, no. 4 (1994): 133-145, "Africa and the World Economy: Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place," in John Harbeson and Donald S. Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 36-68, "Political Passions and Economic Interests: Economic Reform and Political Structure in Africa," in Callaghy and John Ravenhill, eds., Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 463-519, and "The State and the Development of Capitalism in Africa: Theoretical, Historical and Comparative Reflections," in Donald S. Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, eds., The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 67-99.
9. Thomas M. Callaghy, "Africa: Back to the Future?" Journal of Democracy 5, no. 4 (1994): 133-145, "Africa and the World Economy: Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place," in John Harbeson and Donald S. Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 36-68, "Political Passions and Economic Interests: Economic Reform and Political Structure in Africa," in Callaghy and John Ravenhill, eds., Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 463-519, and "The State and the Development of Capitalism in Africa: Theoretical, Historical and Comparative Reflections," in Donald S. Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, eds., The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 67-99.
10. Thomas M. Callaghy, "Africa: Back to the Future?" Journal of Democracy 5, no. 4 (1994): 133-145, "Africa and the World Economy: Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place," in John Harbeson and Donald S. Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 36-68, "Political Passions and Economic Interests: Economic Reform and Political Structure in Africa," in Callaghy and John Ravenhill, eds., Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 463-519, and "The State and the Development of Capitalism in Africa: Theoretical, Historical and Comparative Reflections," in Donald S. Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, eds., The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 67-99.
11. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
12. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
13. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
14. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
15. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
16. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
17. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
18. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
19. See Michael Bratton, "Civil Society and Political Transitions," in John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), pp. 51-82; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), and "Neo-Patrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa," World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489; Naomi Chazan, "Africa's Democratic Challenge," World Policy Journal 19, no. 2 (1992): 279-297, and "Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 255-289; Richard Sandbrook, "Democratization and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa," Journal of International Development 8, no. 1 (1996): 1-20; Sandbrook and Jay Oelbaum, "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization?: Reflections on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (1997): 603-646; Nicolas van de Walle, "Economic Reform and the Consolidation of Democracy in Africa," and Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives?" in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), pp. 15-41, 65-81.
20. A topic usually reserved for private conversation, this alienation is not without public expression: see Mahmood Mamdani, "A Glimpse at African Studies, Made in the USA," CODESRIA Bulletin (Dakar, Senegal), no. 2 (1990): 7-11, and "A Critique of the State-Society Paradigm in Africanist Studies," in Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995), pp. 602-615; and Thandika Mkandawire, "Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence," African Studies Review 40, no. 2 (1997): 15-36. For surveys of the history of Africanist scholarship that point to some of the forces behind this alienation, see Jane Guyer, African Studies in the United States: A Perspective (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1996); Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States," Africa Today 44, no. 2 (1997): 193-210; and Abdul Raufu Mustapha, "Society and the Social Sciences in Northern Nigeria, 1962-94: The Case of Ahmadu Bello University," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1995): 12-17.
21. A topic usually reserved for private conversation, this alienation is not without public expression: see Mahmood Mamdani, "A Glimpse at African Studies, Made in the USA," CODESRIA Bulletin (Dakar, Senegal), no. 2 (1990): 7-11, and "A Critique of the State-Society Paradigm in Africanist Studies," in Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995), pp. 602-615; and Thandika Mkandawire, "Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence," African Studies Review 40, no. 2 (1997): 15-36. For surveys of the history of Africanist scholarship that point to some of the forces behind this alienation, see Jane Guyer, African Studies in the United States: A Perspective (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1996); Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States," Africa Today 44, no. 2 (1997): 193-210; and Abdul Raufu Mustapha, "Society and the Social Sciences in Northern Nigeria, 1962-94: The Case of Ahmadu Bello University," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1995): 12-17.
22. A topic usually reserved for private conversation, this alienation is not without public expression: see Mahmood Mamdani, "A Glimpse at African Studies, Made in the USA," CODESRIA Bulletin (Dakar, Senegal), no. 2 (1990): 7-11, and "A Critique of the State-Society Paradigm in Africanist Studies," in Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995), pp. 602-615; and Thandika Mkandawire, "Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence," African Studies Review 40, no. 2 (1997): 15-36. For surveys of the history of Africanist scholarship that point to some of the forces behind this alienation, see Jane Guyer, African Studies in the United States: A Perspective (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1996); Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States," Africa Today 44, no. 2 (1997): 193-210; and Abdul Raufu Mustapha, "Society and the Social Sciences in Northern Nigeria, 1962-94: The Case of Ahmadu Bello University," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1995): 12-17.
23. A topic usually reserved for private conversation, this alienation is not without public expression: see Mahmood Mamdani, "A Glimpse at African Studies, Made in the USA," CODESRIA Bulletin (Dakar, Senegal), no. 2 (1990): 7-11, and "A Critique of the State-Society Paradigm in Africanist Studies," in Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995), pp. 602-615; and Thandika Mkandawire, "Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence," African Studies Review 40, no. 2 (1997): 15-36. For surveys of the history of Africanist scholarship that point to some of the forces behind this alienation, see Jane Guyer, African Studies in the United States: A Perspective (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1996); Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States," Africa Today 44, no. 2 (1997): 193-210; and Abdul Raufu Mustapha, "Society and the Social Sciences in Northern Nigeria, 1962-94: The Case of Ahmadu Bello University," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1995): 12-17.
24. A topic usually reserved for private conversation, this alienation is not without public expression: see Mahmood Mamdani, "A Glimpse at African Studies, Made in the USA," CODESRIA Bulletin (Dakar, Senegal), no. 2 (1990): 7-11, and "A Critique of the State-Society Paradigm in Africanist Studies," in Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995), pp. 602-615; and Thandika Mkandawire, "Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence," African Studies Review 40, no. 2 (1997): 15-36. For surveys of the history of Africanist scholarship that point to some of the forces behind this alienation, see Jane Guyer, African Studies in the United States: A Perspective (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1996); Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States," Africa Today 44, no. 2 (1997): 193-210; and Abdul Raufu Mustapha, "Society and the Social Sciences in Northern Nigeria, 1962-94: The Case of Ahmadu Bello University," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1995): 12-17.
25. A topic usually reserved for private conversation, this alienation is not without public expression: see Mahmood Mamdani, "A Glimpse at African Studies, Made in the USA," CODESRIA Bulletin (Dakar, Senegal), no. 2 (1990): 7-11, and "A Critique of the State-Society Paradigm in Africanist Studies," in Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995), pp. 602-615; and Thandika Mkandawire, "Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence," African Studies Review 40, no. 2 (1997): 15-36. For surveys of the history of Africanist scholarship that point to some of the forces behind this alienation, see Jane Guyer, African Studies in the United States: A Perspective (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1996); Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States," Africa Today 44, no. 2 (1997): 193-210; and Abdul Raufu Mustapha, "Society and the Social Sciences in Northern Nigeria, 1962-94: The Case of Ahmadu Bello University," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1995): 12-17.
26. See John Ravenhill, "Collective Self-Reliance or Collective Self-Delusion: Is the Lagos Plan a Viable Alternative?" in Ravenhill, ed., Africa in Economic Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 85-107. The Berg Report is shorthand for Accelerated Development for Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1981).
27. See John Ravenhill, "Collective Self-Reliance or Collective Self-Delusion: Is the Lagos Plan a Viable Alternative?" in Ravenhill, ed., Africa in Economic Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 85-107. The Berg Report is shorthand for Accelerated Development for Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1981).
28. See Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, ed., Popular Struggles for Democracy in Africa (London: Zed Press for United Nations University, 1987); Mahmood Mamdani, Thandika Mkandawire, and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, "Social Movements, Social Transformation and Struggle for Democracy in Africa," Economic and Political Weekly (New Delhi) 23, no. 19 (1988): 973-981; and Mamdani and Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies.
29. See Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, ed., Popular Struggles for Democracy in Africa (London: Zed Press for United Nations University, 1987); Mahmood Mamdani, Thandika Mkandawire, and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, "Social Movements, Social Transformation and Struggle for Democracy in Africa," Economic and Political Weekly (New Delhi) 23, no. 19 (1988): 973-981; and Mamdani and Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies.
30. See Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, ed., Popular Struggles for Democracy in Africa (London: Zed Press for United Nations University, 1987); Mahmood Mamdani, Thandika Mkandawire, and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, "Social Movements, Social Transformation and Struggle for Democracy in Africa," Economic and Political Weekly (New Delhi) 23, no. 19 (1988): 973-981; and Mamdani and Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Studies.
31. Richard L. Sklar, "Democracy in Africa," in Patrick Chabal, ed., Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 17-29, and "Developmental Democracy," Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, no. 4 (1990): 686-714.
32. Richard L. Sklar, "Democracy in Africa," in Patrick Chabal, ed., Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 17-29, and "Developmental Democracy," Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, no. 4 (1990): 686-714.
33. See Eyoh, "From Economic Crisis to Political Liberalization," pp. 49-50.
34. Jean-François Bayart, "Civil Society in Africa," in Chabal, Political Domination, pp. 84-107.
35. See Achille Mbembe and Janet Roitman, "Figures of the Subject in Times of Crisis," Public Culture 7, no. 2 (1995): 323-352, for a discussion, at once engaging and sobering, of the collective demoralization that sets in as people struggle to make sense of worlds suddenly turned upside down.
36. For a representative sample of writing on these issues, see Eboe Hutchful, "From 'Revolution' to 'Monetarism': The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Program in Ghana," in Bonnie K. Campbell and John Loxley, eds., Structural Adjustment in Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 92-131; Bade Onimode, ed., The IMF, the World Bank, and the African Debt (London: Zed Press, 1989); Bade Onimode, A Future for Africa: Beyond the Politics of Adjustment (London: Earthscan, 1992); Thandika Mkwandawire, "The Political Economy of Development with a Democratic Face," in Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rolph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkwandawire, eds., Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 116-134; Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Omotago Olaniyan, eds., The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (London: James Currey, 1993); and Thandika Mkandawire and Adebayo O. Olukoshi, eds., Between Liberalism and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995).
37. For a representative sample of writing on these issues, see Eboe Hutchful, "From 'Revolution' to 'Monetarism': The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Program in Ghana," in Bonnie K. Campbell and John Loxley, eds., Structural Adjustment in Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 92-131; Bade Onimode, ed., The IMF, the World Bank, and the African Debt (London: Zed Press, 1989); Bade Onimode, A Future for Africa: Beyond the Politics of Adjustment (London: Earthscan, 1992); Thandika Mkwandawire, "The Political Economy of Development with a Democratic Face," in Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rolph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkwandawire, eds., Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 116-134; Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Omotago Olaniyan, eds., The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (London: James Currey, 1993); and Thandika Mkandawire and Adebayo O. Olukoshi, eds., Between Liberalism and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995).
38. For a representative sample of writing on these issues, see Eboe Hutchful, "From 'Revolution' to 'Monetarism': The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Program in Ghana," in Bonnie K. Campbell and John Loxley, eds., Structural Adjustment in Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 92-131; Bade Onimode, ed., The IMF, the World Bank, and the African Debt (London: Zed Press, 1989); Bade Onimode, A Future for Africa: Beyond the Politics of Adjustment (London: Earthscan, 1992); Thandika Mkwandawire, "The Political Economy of Development with a Democratic Face," in Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rolph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkwandawire, eds., Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 116-134; Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Omotago Olaniyan, eds., The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (London: James Currey, 1993); and Thandika Mkandawire and Adebayo O. Olukoshi, eds., Between Liberalism and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995).
39. For a representative sample of writing on these issues, see Eboe Hutchful, "From 'Revolution' to 'Monetarism': The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Program in Ghana," in Bonnie K. Campbell and John Loxley, eds., Structural Adjustment in Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 92-131; Bade Onimode, ed., The IMF, the World Bank, and the African Debt (London: Zed Press, 1989); Bade Onimode, A Future for Africa: Beyond the Politics of Adjustment (London: Earthscan, 1992); Thandika Mkwandawire, "The Political Economy of Development with a Democratic Face," in Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rolph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkwandawire, eds., Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 116-134; Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Omotago Olaniyan, eds., The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (London: James Currey, 1993); and Thandika Mkandawire and Adebayo O. Olukoshi, eds., Between Liberalism and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995).
40. For a representative sample of writing on these issues, see Eboe Hutchful, "From 'Revolution' to 'Monetarism': The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Program in Ghana," in Bonnie K. Campbell and John Loxley, eds., Structural Adjustment in Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 92-131; Bade Onimode, ed., The IMF, the World Bank, and the African Debt (London: Zed Press, 1989); Bade Onimode, A Future for Africa: Beyond the Politics of Adjustment (London: Earthscan, 1992); Thandika Mkwandawire, "The Political Economy of Development with a Democratic Face," in Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rolph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkwandawire, eds., Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 116-134; Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Omotago Olaniyan, eds., The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (London: James Currey, 1993); and Thandika Mkandawire and Adebayo O. Olukoshi, eds., Between Liberalism and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995).
41. For a representative sample of writing on these issues, see Eboe Hutchful, "From 'Revolution' to 'Monetarism': The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Program in Ghana," in Bonnie K. Campbell and John Loxley, eds., Structural Adjustment in Africa (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 92-131; Bade Onimode, ed., The IMF, the World Bank, and the African Debt (London: Zed Press, 1989); Bade Onimode, A Future for Africa: Beyond the Politics of Adjustment (London: Earthscan, 1992); Thandika Mkwandawire, "The Political Economy of Development with a Democratic Face," in Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rolph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkwandawire, eds., Africa's Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 116-134; Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Omotago Olaniyan, eds., The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (London: James Currey, 1993); and Thandika Mkandawire and Adebayo O. Olukoshi, eds., Between Liberalism and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995).
42. See World Bank, Governance and Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992), and Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth: A Long-Term Perspective Study (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989).
43. See World Bank, Governance and Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992), and Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth: A Long-Term Perspective Study (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989).
44. See Björn Beckman, "The Liberation of Civil Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory," Review of African Political Economy 58 (November 1993): 20-33; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Civil Society Concept in African Studies," and David Williams and Tom Young, "Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory," Political Studies 42, no. 1 (1993): 84-100.
45. See Björn Beckman, "The Liberation of Civil Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory," Review of African Political Economy 58 (November 1993): 20-33; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Civil Society Concept in African Studies," and David Williams and Tom Young, "Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory," Political Studies 42, no. 1 (1993): 84-100.
46. See Björn Beckman, "The Liberation of Civil Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory," Review of African Political Economy 58 (November 1993): 20-33; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Civil Society Concept in African Studies," and David Williams and Tom Young, "Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory," Political Studies 42, no. 1 (1993): 84-100.
47. See Eyoh, "From Economic Crisis to Political Liberalization," pp. 50-52, for a discussion of how the rhythm of analysis and debate on African politics has been dictated by shifts in the theory and practice of structural adjustment as propounded by the World Bank.
48. Quoted in Neil Lazarus, Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 4. In fact, imaginative literature and other forms of cultural production were well ahead of the social sciences in representing the postcolonial experience in dystopian terms. For critical discussions of the narratives of disillusionment see Jonathan Ngate, Francophone African Literature: Reading a Literary Tradition (Trenton, N.J.: African World Press, 1988), pp. 59-71; Neil Lazarus, Resistance, pp. 1-26, 185-234; and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Anglophone Writer and the Democratic Transition in Africa," Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 3 (1994): 472-497; and for cinema, Dickson Eyoh, "Social Realist Cinema and Representations of Power in African Nationalist Discourse," Research in African Literatures 29, no. 2 (1998): 112-127.
49. Quoted in Neil Lazarus, Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 4. In fact, imaginative literature and other forms of cultural production were well ahead of the social sciences in representing the postcolonial experience in dystopian terms. For critical discussions of the narratives of disillusionment see Jonathan Ngate, Francophone African Literature: Reading a Literary Tradition (Trenton, N.J.: African World Press, 1988), pp. 59-71; Neil Lazarus, Resistance, pp. 1-26, 185-234; and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Anglophone Writer and the Democratic Transition in Africa," Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 3 (1994): 472-497; and for cinema, Dickson Eyoh, "Social Realist Cinema and Representations of Power in African Nationalist Discourse," Research in African Literatures 29, no. 2 (1998): 112-127.
50. Quoted in Neil Lazarus, Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 4. In fact, imaginative literature and other forms of cultural production were well ahead of the social sciences in representing the postcolonial experience in dystopian terms. For critical discussions of the narratives of disillusionment see Jonathan Ngate, Francophone African Literature: Reading a Literary Tradition (Trenton, N.J.: African World Press, 1988), pp. 59-71; Neil Lazarus, Resistance, pp. 1-26, 185-234; and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Anglophone Writer and the Democratic Transition in Africa," Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 3 (1994): 472-497; and for cinema, Dickson Eyoh, "Social Realist Cinema and Representations of Power in African Nationalist Discourse," Research in African Literatures 29, no. 2 (1998): 112-127.
51. Quoted in Neil Lazarus, Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 4. In fact, imaginative literature and other forms of cultural production were well ahead of the social sciences in representing the postcolonial experience in dystopian terms. For critical discussions of the narratives of disillusionment see Jonathan Ngate, Francophone African Literature: Reading a Literary Tradition (Trenton, N.J.: African World Press, 1988), pp. 59-71; Neil Lazarus, Resistance, pp. 1-26, 185-234; and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Anglophone Writer and the Democratic Transition in Africa," Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 3 (1994): 472-497; and for cinema, Dickson Eyoh, "Social Realist Cinema and Representations of Power in African Nationalist Discourse," Research in African Literatures 29, no. 2 (1998): 112-127.
52. Quoted in Neil Lazarus, Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 4. In fact, imaginative literature and other forms of cultural production were well ahead of the social sciences in representing the postcolonial experience in dystopian terms. For critical discussions of the narratives of disillusionment see Jonathan Ngate, Francophone African Literature: Reading a Literary Tradition (Trenton, N.J.: African World Press, 1988), pp. 59-71; Neil Lazarus, Resistance, pp. 1-26, 185-234; and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "The Anglophone Writer and the Democratic Transition in Africa," Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 3 (1994): 472-497; and for cinema, Dickson Eyoh, "Social Realist Cinema and Representations of Power in African Nationalist Discourse," Research in African Literatures 29, no. 2 (1998): 112-127.
53. Mahmood Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa: Reconceptualizing the Birth of Nationalism and the Defeat of Popular Social Movements," African Development 15, no. 4 (1990): 53-55. For more "global" discussions, see Jan Nederveen Pieterse, "Dilemmas of Development Discourse: The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Comparative Method," Development and Change 22, no. 1 (1991): 5-29; and Kate Manzo, "Modernist Discourse and the Crisis of Development Theory," Studies in Comparative International Development 26, no. 2 (1991): 3-26.
54. Mahmood Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa: Reconceptualizing the Birth of Nationalism and the Defeat of Popular Social Movements," African Development 15, no. 4 (1990): 53-55. For more "global" discussions, see Jan Nederveen Pieterse, "Dilemmas of Development Discourse: The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Comparative Method," Development and Change 22, no. 1 (1991): 5-29; and Kate Manzo, "Modernist Discourse and the Crisis of Development Theory," Studies in Comparative International Development 26, no. 2 (1991): 3-26.
55. Mahmood Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa: Reconceptualizing the Birth of Nationalism and the Defeat of Popular Social Movements," African Development 15, no. 4 (1990): 53-55. For more "global" discussions, see Jan Nederveen Pieterse, "Dilemmas of Development Discourse: The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Comparative Method," Development and Change 22, no. 1 (1991): 5-29; and Kate Manzo, "Modernist Discourse and the Crisis of Development Theory," Studies in Comparative International Development 26, no. 2 (1991): 3-26.
56. Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," p. 49.
57. Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, "Discourses on Democracy in Africa," in Eshetu Chole and Jibrin Ibrahim, eds., Democratisation Processes in Africa: Problems and Prospects (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1995), pp. 38-39.
58. Thandika Mkandawire, "Beyond Crisis: Towards Democratic Developmental States" (paper presented at the 8th General Assembly of CODESRIA, Dakar, Senegal, 26 June and 2 July 1995), p. 10, and "Stylizing Accumulation in Africa: The Role of the State," in Mats Lundhal and B. J. Ndulu, eds., New Directions in Development Economics: Growth, Environmental Concerns and Government in the 1990s (New York and London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 323-351, for one of the clearest arguments on behalf of this model.
59. Thandika Mkandawire, "Beyond Crisis: Towards Democratic Developmental States" (paper presented at the 8th General Assembly of CODESRIA, Dakar, Senegal, 26 June and 2 July 1995), p. 10, and "Stylizing Accumulation in Africa: The Role of the State," in Mats Lundhal and B. J. Ndulu, eds., New Directions in Development Economics: Growth, Environmental Concerns and Government in the 1990s (New York and London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 323-351, for one of the clearest arguments on behalf of this model.
60. Simon Gikandi, Reading Chinua Achebe: Language and Ideology in Fiction (London and Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991), p. 132.
61. Jibrin Ibrahim, "Democratic Transitions in Africa: The Challenge of a New Agenda, " in Chole and Ibrahim, Democratization Processes in Africa, p. 130.
62. See Peter Anyang' Nyong'o. "Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule," Journal of Democracy 3, no. 1 (1992): 92-93; and Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, "Political Instability and the Prospects for Democracy in Africa," African Development 13, no. 7 (1987): 71-86. These articles set off the debate, and African Development and CODESRIA Bulletin have subsequently been leading forums.
63. See Peter Anyang' Nyong'o. "Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule," Journal of Democracy 3, no. 1 (1992): 92-93; and Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, "Political Instability and the Prospects for Democracy in Africa," African Development 13, no. 7 (1987): 71-86. These articles set off the debate, and African Development and CODESRIA Bulletin have subsequently been leading forums.
64. Anyang' Nyong'o, "Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule," p. 95.
65. Jibrin Ibrahim, "History as Iconoclast: Left Stardom and the Debate on Democracy." CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 1 (1993): 22-23, and "History as Iconoclast: A Rejoinder," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1993): 22-23.
66. Jibrin Ibrahim, "History as Iconoclast: Left Stardom and the Debate on Democracy." CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 1 (1993): 22-23, and "History as Iconoclast: A Rejoinder," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 2 (1993): 22-23.
67. Ibrahim, "Democratic Transitions," pp. 126-128, 140; and Anyang' Nyong'o, "Discourses on Democracy in Africa," pp. 38-39, and "Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule," pp. 91-92.
68. Ibrahim, "Democratic Transitions," pp. 126-128, 140; and Anyang' Nyong'o, "Discourses on Democracy in Africa," pp. 38-39, and "Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule," pp. 91-92.
69. Ibrahim, "Democratic Transitions," pp. 126-128, 140; and Anyang' Nyong'o, "Discourses on Democracy in Africa," pp. 38-39, and "Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule," pp. 91-92.
70. See Ibrahim, "Democratic Transitions," p. 143,
71. and Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, "Introduction," in Popular Struggles for Democracy in Africa, pp. 77-79.
72. Anyang' Nyong'o, "Africa: The Failure of One-Party Rule," pp. 95-96.
73. Ibrahim, "Democratic Transitions," p. 132, also "Transition to Civil Rule: Sapping Democracy," in Adebayo O. Olukoshi, The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, pp. 129-139.
74. Ibrahim, "Democratic Transitions," p. 132, also "Transition to Civil Rule: Sapping Democracy," in Adebayo O. Olukoshi, The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, pp. 129-139.
75. Issa G. Shivji, "The Pitfalls in the Debate on Democracy," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 1 (1990): 12, and "Contradictory Class Perspectives on Democracy," in Issa G. Shivji, ed., State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy (Harare: SAPES, 1991), pp. 251-260.
76. Issa G. Shivji, "The Pitfalls in the Debate on Democracy," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 1 (1990): 12, and "Contradictory Class Perspectives on Democracy," in Issa G. Shivji, ed., State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy (Harare: SAPES, 1991), pp. 251-260.
77. Mahmood Mamdani, "Democratic Struggles and Democratic Theory," in Eshetu Chole and Jibrin Ibrahim, eds., Democratisation Processes in Africa, p. 56.
78. See Issa G. Shivji, The Concept of Human Rights in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1989), "State and Constitutionalism: A New Democratic Perspective," and "Contradictory Class Perspectives in the Debate on Democracy," in State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy, pp. 253-260; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Social Basis of Constitutionalism in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 3 (1990): 359-374, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," and "Democratic Struggles and Democratic Theory."
79. See Issa G. Shivji, The Concept of Human Rights in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1989), "State and Constitutionalism: A New Democratic Perspective," and "Contradictory Class Perspectives in the Debate on Democracy," in State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy, pp. 253-260; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Social Basis of Constitutionalism in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 3 (1990): 359-374, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," and "Democratic Struggles and Democratic Theory."
80. See Issa G. Shivji, The Concept of Human Rights in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1989), "State and Constitutionalism: A New Democratic Perspective," and "Contradictory Class Perspectives in the Debate on Democracy," in State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy, pp. 253-260; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Social Basis of Constitutionalism in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 3 (1990): 359-374, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," and "Democratic Struggles and Democratic Theory."
81. See Issa G. Shivji, The Concept of Human Rights in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1989), "State and Constitutionalism: A New Democratic Perspective," and "Contradictory Class Perspectives in the Debate on Democracy," in State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy, pp. 253-260; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Social Basis of Constitutionalism in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 3 (1990): 359-374, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," and "Democratic Struggles and Democratic Theory."
82. Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," p. 53.
83. Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1996), especially pp. 37-107.
84. Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," pp. 49-55, and "The Sun Is Not Always Dead at Midnight," Monthly Review 45, no. 3 (1993): 27-48.
85. Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," pp. 49-55, and "The Sun Is Not Always Dead at Midnight," Monthly Review 45, no. 3 (1993): 27-48.
86. Shivji, "State and Constitutionalism," pp. 33-36.
87. Mamdani, "State and Civil Society in Contemporary Africa," p. 50.
88. Ibid., pp 49-55; and Issa G. Shivji, "State and Constitutionalism in Africa."
89. Ibid., pp 49-55; and Issa G. Shivji, "State and Constitutionalism in Africa."
90. See Claude Ake, "The Unique Case for African Democracy," International Affairs 69, no. 2 (1993): 240-244, and Democracy and Development in Africa (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1996), pp. 129-139; and Maxwell Owusu, "Democracy and Africa - A View from the Village," Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 3 (1992): 377-379.
91. See Claude Ake, "The Unique Case for African Democracy,"
92. See Claude Ake, "The Unique Case for African Democracy," International Affairs 69, no. 2 (1993): 240-244, and Democracy and Development in Africa (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1996), pp. 129-139; and Maxwell Owusu, "Democracy and Africa - A View from the Village," Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 3 (1992): 377-379.
93. Göran Hydén, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry (London: Heinemann, 1980).
94. Claude Ake, "The African Context of Human Rights," Africa Today 34, nos. 1-2 (1987): 9.
95. Owusu, "Democracy and Africa," p. 371.
96. Maxwell Owusu, "Custom and Coups: A Juridical Interpretation of Civil Order and Disorder in Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 1 (1986): 80.
97. Ibid., pp. 77-79.
98. Ake, "The Unique Case for African Democracy," pp. 243-244; Owusu, "Democracy and Africa," pp. 379-381.
99. Ake, "The Unique Case for African Democracy," pp. 243-244; Owusu, "Democracy and Africa," pp. 379-381.
100. Ake, "The Unique Case for African Democracy," p. 244.
101. Ibid., pp. 240-241, and "The African Context of Human Rights," p. 9.
102. Ibid., pp. 240-241, and "The African Context of Human Rights," p. 9.
103. Maxwell Owusu, "The Domestication of Democracy: Culture, Civil Society and Constitutionalism in Africa," an unpublished mimeograph quoted in Atieno Odhiambo, "Democracy and the Emergent African Present," Afrika Zamani (New Series) 2 (October 1994): 36.
104. Maxwell Owusu, "The Domestication of Democracy: Culture, Civil Society and Constitutionalism in Africa," an unpublished mimeograph quoted in Atieno Odhiambo, "Democracy and the Emergent African Present," Afrika Zamani (New Series) 2 (October 1994): 36.
105. Owusu, "Custom and Coups," pp. 77-79. See also Maxwell Owusu, "Rebellion, Revolution, and Tradition: Reinterpreting Coups in Ghana," Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (1989): 372-397.
106. Owusu, "Custom and Coups," pp. 77-79. See also Maxwell Owusu, "Rebellion, Revolution, and Tradition: Reinterpreting Coups in Ghana," Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (1989): 372-397.
107. Odhiambo, "Democracy and the Emergent African Present," p. 38.
108. Ake, "The Unique Case for African Democracy," pp. 243-244.
109. Owusu, "Democracy and Africa," p. 392.
110. Ibid., pp. 392-393. See, for elaboration, Maxwell Owusu, "Chieftaincy and Constitutionalism in Ghana: The Case of the Third Republic," in Robert Merrill and Dorothy Wilmer, eds., Conflict and the Common Good: Studies in Third World Societies (Williamsburg, Va.: College of William and Mary, 1982).
111. Ibid., pp. 392-393. See, for elaboration, Maxwell Owusu, "Chieftaincy and Constitutionalism in Ghana: The Case of the Third Republic," in Robert Merrill and Dorothy Wilmer, eds., Conflict and the Common Good: Studies in Third World Societies (Williamsburg, Va.: College of William and Mary, 1982).
112. D. A. Masolo, African Philosophy in Search of Identity (Bloomington: Indiana University Press and Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994), p. 189.
113. For critiques, see Aijaz Ahmad, "The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality," Race and Class 36, no. 3 (1995): 1-20; Anne McClintock, "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 84-98; and Ella Shohat, "Notes on the 'Post-Colonial,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 99-113. For sympathetic but critical defenses, see Stuart Hall, "When Was 'The Post-Colonial': Thinking at the Limit," in lain Chambers and Lidia Curti, eds., The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 242-260; and Gyan Prakash, "Postcolonial Criticism and Indian Historiography," Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 8-19.
114. For critiques, see Aijaz Ahmad, "The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality," Race and Class 36, no. 3 (1995): 1-20; Anne McClintock, "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 84-98; and Ella Shohat, "Notes on the 'Post-Colonial,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 99-113. For sympathetic but critical defenses, see Stuart Hall, "When Was 'The Post-Colonial': Thinking at the Limit," in lain Chambers and Lidia Curti, eds., The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 242-260; and Gyan Prakash, "Postcolonial Criticism and Indian Historiography," Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 8-19.
115. For critiques, see Aijaz Ahmad, "The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality," Race and Class 36, no. 3 (1995): 1-20; Anne McClintock, "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 84-98; and Ella Shohat, "Notes on the 'Post-Colonial,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 99-113. For sympathetic but critical defenses, see Stuart Hall, "When Was 'The Post-Colonial': Thinking at the Limit," in lain Chambers and Lidia Curti, eds., The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 242-260; and Gyan Prakash, "Postcolonial Criticism and Indian Historiography," Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 8-19.
116. For critiques, see Aijaz Ahmad, "The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality," Race and Class 36, no. 3 (1995): 1-20; Anne McClintock, "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 84-98; and Ella Shohat, "Notes on the 'Post-Colonial,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 99-113. For sympathetic but critical defenses, see Stuart Hall, "When Was 'The Post-Colonial': Thinking at the Limit," in lain Chambers and Lidia Curti, eds., The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 242-260; and Gyan Prakash, "Postcolonial Criticism and Indian Historiography," Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 8-19.
117. For critiques, see Aijaz Ahmad, "The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality," Race and Class 36, no. 3 (1995): 1-20; Anne McClintock, "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 84-98; and Ella Shohat, "Notes on the 'Post-Colonial,'" Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 99-113. For sympathetic but critical defenses, see Stuart Hall, "When Was 'The Post-Colonial': Thinking at the Limit," in lain Chambers and Lidia Curti, eds., The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 242-260; and Gyan Prakash, "Postcolonial Criticism and Indian Historiography," Social Text 10, nos. 2-3 (1992): 8-19.
118. Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, "Fictions of the Postcolonial," The Toronto Review 15, no. 2 (1997): 19-29.
119. See Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," and "Dimensions of African Discourse," in Kostas Myrsiades and Jerry McGuire, eds., Order and Partialities: Theory, Pedagogy, and the "Postcolonial" (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. 1995), pp. 15-34; Achille Mbembe, Afrique Indocile: Christianisme, Pouvoir et État en Société Postcoloniale (Paris: Editions Karthala, 1988), and "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony," Africa 62, no. 1 (1992): 3-37; V. Y. Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), and The Idea of Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
120. See Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," and "Dimensions of African Discourse," in Kostas Myrsiades and Jerry McGuire, eds., Order and Partialities: Theory, Pedagogy, and the "Postcolonial" (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. 1995), pp. 15-34; Achille Mbembe, Afrique Indocile: Christianisme, Pouvoir et État en Société Postcoloniale (Paris: Editions Karthala, 1988), and "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony," Africa 62, no. 1 (1992): 3-37; V. Y. Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), and The Idea of Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
121. See Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," and "Dimensions of African Discourse," in Kostas Myrsiades and Jerry McGuire, eds., Order and Partialities: Theory, Pedagogy, and the "Postcolonial" (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. 1995), pp. 15-34; Achille Mbembe, Afrique Indocile: Christianisme, Pouvoir et État en Société Postcoloniale (Paris: Editions Karthala, 1988), and "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony," Africa 62, no. 1 (1992): 3-37; V. Y. Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), and The Idea of Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
122. See Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," and "Dimensions of African Discourse," in Kostas Myrsiades and Jerry McGuire, eds., Order and Partialities: Theory, Pedagogy, and the "Postcolonial" (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. 1995), pp. 15-34; Achille Mbembe, Afrique Indocile: Christianisme, Pouvoir et État en Société Postcoloniale (Paris: Editions Karthala, 1988), and "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony," Africa 62, no. 1 (1992): 3-37; V. Y. Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), and The Idea of Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
123. See Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," and "Dimensions of African Discourse," in Kostas Myrsiades and Jerry McGuire, eds., Order and Partialities: Theory, Pedagogy, and the "Postcolonial" (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. 1995), pp. 15-34; Achille Mbembe, Afrique Indocile: Christianisme, Pouvoir et État en Société Postcoloniale (Paris: Editions Karthala, 1988), and "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony," Africa 62, no. 1 (1992): 3-37; V. Y. Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), and The Idea of Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
124. See Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Abiola Irele, "In Praise of Alienation," and "Dimensions of African Discourse," in Kostas Myrsiades and Jerry McGuire, eds., Order and Partialities: Theory, Pedagogy, and the "Postcolonial" (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. 1995), pp. 15-34; Achille Mbembe, Afrique Indocile: Christianisme, Pouvoir et État en Société Postcoloniale (Paris: Editions Karthala, 1988), and "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony," Africa 62, no. 1 (1992): 3-37; V. Y. Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), and The Idea of Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
125. Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, Manufacturing of African Studies and Crises (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1997).
126. Partha Chatterjee, "A Response to Taylor's 'Modes of Civil Society,'" Public Culture 3, no. 1 (1990): 122.
127. Irele, "Dimensions of African Discourse," p. 29.
128. Ibid., p. 22.
129. See Irele, "In Praise of Alienation"; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House, pp. 73-84, 137-156, 173-180.
130. See Irele, "In Praise of Alienation"; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House, pp. 73-84, 137-156, 173-180.
131. Mbembe, "Provisional Notes," p. 3.
132. Mamadou Diouf and Mahmood Mamdani, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa (Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series. 1994).