II. The genome of Pneumocystis carinii

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology

Volumn 22, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 15-26

  Stringer, James R ^a   Cushion, Melanie T ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Chromosome; DNA; Gene; Genome; Pneumocystis carinii

Indexed keywords

GLYCOPROTEIN; PROTEINASE; REPETITIVE DNA; FUNGAL DNA;

CHROMOSOME; CONFERENCE PAPER; DNA SEQUENCE; FERRET; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE STRUCTURE; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENOME; MOLECULAR CLONING; NOMENCLATURE; PLOIDY; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TELOMERE; GENETICS; MITOCHONDRION; NUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; PNEUMOCYSTIS; REVIEW;

PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII;

CHROMOSOMES, FUNGAL; DNA, FUNGAL; GENOME, FUNGAL; MITOCHONDRIA; PLOIDIES; PNEUMOCYSTIS; REPETITIVE SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 0032160411     PISSN: 09288244     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0928-8244(98)00052-2     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (100)

1. Anonymous (1994) Revised nomenclature for Pneumocystis carinii. The Pneumocystis Workshop. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 121S-122S.
2. Pifer, L.L., Pifer, D.D., Woods, D.R., Joyner, R.E. and Edwards, C.C. (1986) Preliminary studies on the development of a vaccine for Pneumocystis carinii. I. Immunological and biochemical characterization. Vaccine 4, 257-265.
3. Gradus, M.S., Gilmore, M. and Lerner, M. (1988) An isolation method of DNA from Pneumocystis carinii: a quantitative comparison to known parasitic protozoan DNA. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 89, 75-77.
4. Fishman, J.A., Ullu, E., Armstrong, M.Y. and Richards, F.F. (1989) Organization of DNA and RNA from rat Pneumocystis carinii. J. Protozool. 36, 4S-5S.
5. Yoganathan, T., Lin, H. and Buck, G.A. (1989) An electrophoretic karyotype and assignment of ribosomal genes to resolved chromosomes of Pneumocystis carinii. Mol. Microbiol. 3, 1473-1480.
6. Hong, S.T., Steele, P.E., Cushion, M.T., Walzer, P.D., Stringer, S.L. and Stringer, J.R. (1990) Pneumocystis carinii karyotypes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28, 1785-1795.
7. Lundgren, B., Cotton, R., Lundgren, J.D., Edman, J.C. and Kovacs, J.A. (1990) Identification of Pneumocystis carinii chromosomes and mapping of five genes. Infect. Immun. 58, 1705-1710.
8. Cushion, M.T., Kaselis, M., Stringer, S.L. and Stringer, J.R. (1993) Genetic stability and diversity of Pneumocystis carinii infecting rat colonies. Infect. Immun. 61, 4801-4813.
9. Weinberg, G.A. and Durant, P.J. (1994) Genetic diversity of Pneumocystis carinii derived from infected rats, mice, ferrets, and cell cultures. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 223-228.
10. Blattner, F.R. and Plunkett, G., III, Bloch, C.A., Perna, N.T., Burland, V., Riley, M., Collado-Vides, J., Glasner, J.D., Rode, C.K., Mayhew, G.F. et al. (1997) The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277, 1453-1474.
11. Goffeau, A., Barrell, B.G., Bussey, H., Davis, R.W., Dujon, B., Feldmann, H., Galibert, F., Hoheisel, J.D., Jacq, C., Johnston, M. et al. (1996) Life with 6000 genes. Science 274, 546, 563-567.
12. Sloand, E., Laughon, B., Armstrong, M., Bartlett, M.S., Blumenfeld, W., Cushion, M., Kalica, A., Kovacs, J.A., Martin, W., Pitt, E. et al. (1993) The challenge of Pneumocystis carinii culture. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 40, 188-195.
13. Giuntoli, D., Stringer, S.L. and Stringer, J.R. (1994) Extraordinarily low number of ribosomal RNA genes in P. carinii. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 88S.
14. Underwood, A.P., Louis, E.J., Borts, R.H., Stringer, J.R. and Wakefield, A.E. (1996) Pneumocystis carinii telomere repeats are composed of TTAGGG and the subtelomeric sequence contains a gene encoding the major surface glycoprotein. Mol. Microbiol. 19, 273-281.
15. Cushion, M.T., Balows, A. and Sussman, M., Eds. (1997) Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Pneumocystis carinii, 9th edn., Edward Arnold, London.
16. Cushion, M.T., Zhang, J., Kaselis, M., Giuntoli, D., Stringer, S.L. and Stringer, J.R. (1993) Evidence for two genetic variants of Pneumocystis carinii coinfecting laboratory rats. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 1217-1223.
17. Liu, Y., Rocourt, M., Pan, S., Liu, C. and Leibowitz, M.J. (1992) Sequence and variability of the 5.8S and 26S rRNA genes of Pneumocystis carinii. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 3763-3772.
18. Zhang, J., Cushion, M.T. and Stringer, J.R. (1993) Molecular characterization of a novel repetitive element from Pneumocystis carinii from rats. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 244-248.
19. Meade, J.C. and Stringer, J.R. (1995) Cloning and characterization of an ATPase gene from Pneumocystis carinii which closely resembles fungal H+ ATPases. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 42, 298-307.
20. Smulian, A.G., Ryan, M., Staben, C. and Cushion, M. (1996) Signal transduction in Pneumocystis carinii: characterization of the genes (pcg1) encoding the alpha subunit of the G protein (PCG1) of Pneumocystis carinii carinii and Pneumocystis carinii ratti. Infect. Immun. 64, 691-701.
21. Sunkin, S.M. and Stringer, J.R. (1995) Transcription factor genes from rat Pneumocystis carinii. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 42, 12-19.
22. Stedman, T.T. and Buck, G.A. (1996) Identification, characterization, and expression of the BiP endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperonins in Pneumocystis carinii. Infect. Immun. 64, 4463-4471.
23. Weinberg, G.A., O'Gara, M.J. and Cushion, M.T. (1994) Coinfection of rats with genetically diverse forms of Pneumocystis carinii demonstrated by P. carinii inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase gene polymorphism. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 119S.
24. Smulian, A.G., Theus, S.A., Denko, N., Walzer, P.D. and Stringer, J.R. (1993) A 55 kDa antigen of Pneumocystis carinii: analysis of the cellular immune response and characterization of the gene. Mol. Microbiol. 7, 745-753.
25. Zolan, M.E. (1995) Chromosome-length polymorphism in fungi. Microbiol. Rev. 59, 686-698.
26. Ruffolo, J.J. and Walzer, P.D., Eds. (1994) Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, Vol. 2, Pneumocystis carinii Cell Structure, 2nd edn., pp. 25-43. Marcel Dekker, New York.
27. Wyder, M.A., Rasch, E.M. and Kaneshiro, E.S. (1994) Assessment of Pneumocystis carinii DNA content. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 120S.
28. Edman, J.C., Kovacs, J.A., Masur, H., Santi, D.V., Elwood, H.J. and Sogin, M.L. (1988) Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 334, 519-522.
29. Edman, J.C., Edman, U., Cao, M., Lundgren, B., Kovacs, J.A. and Santi, D.V. (1989) Isolation and expression of the Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8625-8629.
30. Edman, U., Edman, J.C., Lundgren, B. and Santi, D.V. (1989) Isolation and expression of the Pneumocystis carinii thymidylate synthase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6503-6507.
31. Pixley, F.J., Wakefield, A.E., Banerji, S. and Hopkin, J.M. (1991) Mitochondrial gene sequences show fungal homology for Pneumocystis carinii. Mol. Microbiol. 5, 1347-1351.
32. Ypma Wong, M.F., Fonzi, W.A. and Sypherd, P.S. (1992) Fungus-specific translation elongation factor 3 gene present in Pneumocystis carinii. Infect. Immun. 60, 4140-4145.
33. Banerji, S., Wakefield, A.E., Allen, A.G., Maskell, D.J., Peters, S.E. and Hopkin, J.M. (1993) The cloning and characterization of the arom gene of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 2901-2914.
34. Keely, S., Pai, H.J., Baughman, R., Sidman, C., Sunkin, S.M., Stringer, J.R. and Stringer, S.L. (1994) Pneumocystis species inferred from analysis of multiple genes. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 94S.
35. Li, J. and Edlind, T. (1994) Phylogeny of Pneumocystis carinii based on b-tubulin sequence. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 97S.
36. Fletcher, L.D., McDowell, J.M., Tidwell, R.R., Meagher, R.B., Dyskstra and C.C. (1994) Structure, expression and phylogenetic analysis of the gene encoding actin I in Pneumocystis carinii. Genetics 137, 743-750.
37. Volpe, F., Ballantine, S.P., Delves, C.J. (1993) The multifunctional folic acid synthesis fas gene of Pneumocystis carinii encodes dihydroneopterin aldolase, hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase and dihydropteroate synthase. Eur. J. Biochem. 216, 449-458.
38. O'Gara, M.J., Lee, C.H., Weinberg, G.A., Nott, J.M. and Queener, S.F. (1997) IMP dehydrogenase from Pneumocystis carinii as a potential drug target. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 40-48.
39. Narasimhan, S., Armstrong, M.Y., Rhee, K., Edman, J.C., Richards, F.F. and Spicer, E. (1994) Gene for an extracellular matrix receptor protein from Pneumocystis carinii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7440-7444.
40. Lugli, E.B., Allen, A.G. and Wakefield, A.E. (1997) A Pneumocystis carinii multi-gene family with homology to subtilisin-like serine proteases. Microbiology 143, 2223-2236.
41. Fletcher, L.D., Berger, L.C., Tidwell, R.R. and Dykstra, C.C. (1993) Cloning and characterization of the calmodulin-encoding gene from Pneumocystis carinii. Gene 129, 307-308.
42. Fletcher, L.D., Berger, L.C., Peel, S.A., Baric, R.S., Tidwell, R.R. and Dykstra, C.C. (1993) Isolation and identification of six Pneumocystis carinii genes utilizing codon bias. Gene 129, 167-174.
43. Edlind, T.D., Bartlett, M.S., Weinberg, G.A., Prah, G.N. and Smith, J.W. (1992) The beta-tubulin gene from rat and human isolates of Pneumocystis carinii. Mol. Microbiol. 6, 3365-3373.
44. Dyer, M., Volpe, F., Delves, C.J., Somia, N., Burns, S. and Scaife, J.G. (1992) Cloning and sequence of a beta-tubulin cDNA from Pneumocystis carinii: possible implications for drug therapy. Mol. Microbiol. 6, 991-1001.
45. Christopher, L.J., Fletcher, L.D. and Dykstra, C.C. (1995) Cloning and identification of Arp1, an actin-related protein from Pneumocystis carinii. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 42, 142-149.
46. Banerji, S., Lugli, E.B., Miller, R.F. and Wakefield, A.E. (1995) Analysis of genetic diversity at the arom locus in isolates of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 42, 675-679.
47. Van der Peer, Y., Hendriks, L., Goris, A., Neefs, N., Vancanneyt, M., Kersters, K., Berny, J., Hennebert, G.L. and De Wachter, R. (1992) Evolution of basidiomyceteous yeasts as deduced from small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. System Appl. Microbiol. 15, 250-258.
48. Bruns, T.D., Vigalys, R., Barns, S.M., Gonzalez, D., Hibbett, D.S., Lane, D.J., Simon, L., Stickel, S., Szaro, T.M., Weisberg, W.G. et al. (1992) Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: analyses of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mol. Phys. Evol. 1, 231-241.
49. Edman, J.C., Sogin M.L. and Walzer, P.D., Eds. (1994) Pnemocystis carinii Pneumonia, Vol. 5, Molecular Phylogeny of Pneumocystis carinii, 2nd edn., pp. 91-105. Marcel Dekker, New York.
50. Baldauf, S.L. and Palmer, J.D. (1993) Animals and fungi are each other's closest relatives: congruent evidence from multiple proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11558-11562.
51. Eriksson, O.E. (1994) Pneumocystis carinii, a parasite in lungs of mammals, referred to a new family and order (Pneumocystidaceae, Pneumocystidales, Ascomycota). Systema Ascomycetum 13, 165-180.
52. Sinclair, K., Wakefield, A.E., Banerji, S. and Hopkin, J.M. (1991) Pneumocystis carinii organisms derived from rat and human hosts are genetically distinct. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 45, 183-184.
53. Furuta, T., Fujita, M., Mukai, R., Sakakibara, I., Sata, T., Miki, K., Hayami, M., Kojima, S. and Yoshikawa, Y. (1993) Severe pulmonary pneumocystosis in simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome induced by simian immunodeficiency virus: its characterization by the polymerase-chain-reaction method and failure of experimental transmission to immunodeficient animals. Parasitol. Res. 79, 624-628.
54. Peters, S.E., Wakefield, A.E., Whitwell, K.E. and Hopkin, J.M. (1994) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in thoroughbred foals: identification of a genetically distinct organism by DNA amplification. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 213-216.
55. Peters, S.E., English, K., Laakkonen, J. and Gurnell, J. (1994) DNA analysis of Pneumocystis carinii infecting Finnish and English shrews. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 108S.
56. Wakefield, A.E., Keely, S.P., Stringer, J.R., Christensen, C.B., Ahrens, P., Peters, S.E., Bille-Hansen, V., Henriksen, S.A., Jorsal, S.E. and Settnes, O.P. (1997) Identification of porcine Pneumocystis carinii as a genetically distinct organism by DNA amplification. APMIS 105, 317-321.
57. Wakefield, A.E., Pixley, F.J., Banerji, S., Sinclair, K., Miller, R.F., Moxon, E.R. and Hopkin, J.M. (1990) Amplification of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA sequences from Pneumocystis carinii DNA of rat and human origin. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 43, 69-76.
58. Haidaris, P.J., Wright, T.W., Gigliotti, F. and Haidaris, C.G. (1992) Expression and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding an immunodominant surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Infect. Dis. 166, 1113-1123.
59. Kovacs, J.A., Powell, F., Edman, J.C., Lundgren, B., Martinez, A., Drew, B. and Angus, C.W. (1993) Multiple genes encode the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6034-6040.
60. Stringer, J.R., Stringer, S.L., Zhang, J., Baughman, R., Smulian, A.G. and Cushion, M.T. (1993) Molecular genetic distinction of Pneumocystis carinii from rats and humans. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 40, 733-741.
61. Stringer, S.L., Garbe, T., Sunkin, S.M. and Stringer, J.R. (1993) Genes encoding antigenic surface glycoproteins in Pneumocystis from humans. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 40, 821-826.
62. Wada, M., Kitada, K., Saito, M., Egawa, K. and Nakamura, Y. (1993) cDNA sequence diversity and genomic clusters of major surface glycoprotein genes of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Infect. Dis. 168, 979-985.
63. Zhang, J. and Stringer, J.R. (1993) Cloning and characterization of an alpha-tubulin-encoding gene from rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii. Gene 123, 137-141.
64. Banerji, S., Lugli, E.B. and Wakefield, A.E. (1994) Identification of two genetically distinct strains of Pneumocystis carinii in infected ferret lungs. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 73S.
65. Dei-Cas, E., Mazars, E., Ferragut, C.O., Durand, I., Aliouat, E.M., Dridba, M., Palluault, F., Cailliez, J.C., Seguy, N., Tibayrenc, M. et al. (1994) Ultrastructural, genomic, isoenzymatic and biological features make it possible to distinguish rabbit Pneumocystis from other mammal Pneumocystis strains. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 84S.
66. Garbe, T.R. and Stringer, J.R. (1994) Molecular characterization of clustered variants of genes encoding major surface antigens of human Pneumocystis carinii. Infect. Immun. 62, 3092-3101.
67. Sunkin, S.M., Stringer, S.L. and Stringer, J.R. (1994) A tandem repeat of rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii genes encoding the major surface glycoprotein. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 41, 292-300.
68. Wright, T.W., Simpson Haidaris, P.J., Gigliotti, F., Harmsen, A.G. and Haidaris, C.G. (1994) Conserved sequence homology of cysteine-rich regions in genes encoding glycoprotein A in Pneumocystis carinii derived from different host species. Infect. Immun. 62, 1513-1519.
69. Wakefield, A.E., Pixley, F.J., Banerji, S., Sinclair, K., Miller, R.F., Moxon, E.R. and Hopkin, J.M. (1990) Detection of Pneumocystis carinii with DNA amplification [see comments]. Lancet 336, 451-453.
70. Ortiz-Rivera, M., Liu, Y., Felder, R. and Leibowitz, M.J. (1995) Comparison of coding and spacer region sequences of chromosomal rRNA-coding genes of two sequevars of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 42, 44-49.
71. Mazars, E., Odberg-Ferragut, C., Dei-Cas, E., Fourmaux, M., Aliouat, E., Brun-Pascaud, M., Mougeot, G. and Camus, D. (1995) Polymorphism of the thymidylate synthase gene of Pneumocystis carinii from different host species. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 42, 26-32.
72. Liu, Y. and Leibowitz, M.J. (1993) Variation and in vitro splicing of group I introns in rRNA genes of Pneumocystis carinii. Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 2415-2421.
73. Banerji, S., Lugli, E., Miller, R. and Wakefield, A. (1995) Analysis of genetic diversity at the arom locus in isolates of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 42, 675-678.
74. Wada, M. and Nakamura, Y. (1994) MSG gene cluster encoding major cell surface glycoproteins of rat Pnuemocystis carinii. DNA Res. 1, 163-168.
75. Walzer, P.D. and Linke, M.J. (1987) A comparison of the antigenic characteristics of rat and human Pneumocystis carinii by immunoblotting. J. Immunol. 138, 2257-2265.
76. Kovacs, J.A., Halpern, J.L., Swan, J.C., Moss, J., Parrillo, J.E. and Masur, H. (1988) Identification of antigens and antibodies specific for Pneumocystis carinii. J. Immunol. 140, 2023-2031.
77. Pesanti, E.L. and Shanley, J.D. (1988) Glycoproteins of Pneumocystis carinii: characterization by electrophoresis and microscopy. J. Infect. Dis. 158, 1353-1359.
78. Linke, M.J. and Walzer, P.D. (1989) Analysis of a surface antigen of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Protozool. 36, 60S-61S.
79. Radding, J.A., Armstrong, M.Y., Ullu, E. and Richards, F.F. (1989) Identification and isolation of a major cell surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. Infect. Immun. 57, 2149-2157.
80. Tanabe, K., Takasaki, S., Watanabe, J., Kobata, A., Egawa, K. and Nakamura, Y. (1989) Glycoproteins composed of major surface immunodeterminants of Pneumocystis carinii. Infect. Immun. 57, 1363-1368.
81. Lundgren, B., Lipschik, G.Y. and Kovacs, J.A. (1991) Purification and characterization of a major human Pneumocystis carinii surface antigen. J. Clin. Invest. 87, 163-170.
82. Lundgren, B., Koch, C., Mathiesen, L., Nielsen, J.O. and Hansen, J.E. (1993) Glycosylation of the major human Pneumocystis carinii surface antigen. APMIS 101, 194-200.
83. Zimmerman, P.E., Voelker, D.R., McCormack, F.X., Paulsrud, J.R. and Martin, W.J. (1992) 120-kD surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii is a ligand for surfactant protein A. J. Clin. Invest. 89, 143-149.
84. Linke, M.J. and Walzer, P.D. (1991) Identification and purification of a soluble species of gp120 released by zymolyase treatment of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Protozool. 38, 176S-178S.
85. McCormack, F.X., Festa, A.L., Andrews, R.P., Linke, M. and Walzer, P.D. (1997) The carbohydrate recognition domain of surfactant protein A mediates binding to the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. Biochemistry 36, 8092-8099.
86. Gigliotti, F., Ballou, L.R., Hughes, W.T. and Mosley, B.D. (1988) Purification and initial characterization of a ferret Pneumocystis carinii surface antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 158, 848-854.
87. Gigliotti, F. (1992) Host species-specific antigenic variation of a mannosylated surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Infect. Dis. 165, 329-336.
88. Stringer, S.L., Hong, S.T., Giuntoli, D. and Stringer, J.R. (1991) Repeated DNA in Pneumocystis carinii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29, 1194-1201.
89. Linke, M.J., Smulian, A.G., Stringer, J.R. and Walzer, P.D. (1994) Characterization of multiple unique cDNAs encoding the major surface glycoprotein of rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii. Parasitol. Res. 80, 478-486.
90. Angus, C.W., Tu, A., Vogel, P., Qin, M. and Kovacs, J.A. (1996) Expression of variants of the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1229-1234.
91. Vasquez, J., Smulian, A.G., Linke, M.J. and Cushion, M.T. (1996) Antigenic differences associated with genetically distinct Pneumocystis carinii from rats. Infect. Immun. 64, 290-297.
92. Wada, M., Sunkin, S.M., Stringer, J.R. and Nakamura, Y. (1995) Antigenic variation by positional control of major surface glycoprotein gene expression in Pneumocystis carinii. J. Infect. Dis. 171, 1563-1568.
93. Sunkin, S.M. and Stringer, J.R. (1996) Translocation of surface antigen genes to a unique telomeric expression site in Pneumocystis carinii. Mol. Microbiol. 19, 283-295.
94. Edman, J.C., Hatton, T.W., Nam, M., Turner, R., Mei, Q., Angus, C.W. and Kovacs, J.A. (1996) A single expression site with a conserved leader sequence regulates variation of expression of the Pneumocystis carinii family of major surface glycoprotein genes. DNA Cell Biol. 15, 989-999.
95. Wada, M. and Nakamura, Y. (1996) Unique telomeric expression site of major-surface-glycoprotein genes of Pneumocystis carinii. DNA Res. 3, 55-64.
96. Sunkin, S.M. and Stringer, J.R. (1997) Residence at the expression site is necessary and sufficient for the transcription of surface antigen genes of Pneumocystis carinii. Mol. Microbiol. 25(1), 147-160.
97. Sunkin, S.M., Linke, M., McCormack, F.X., Walzer, P.D. and Stringer, J.R. (1998) Identification of a putative precursor to the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii. Infect. Immun., in press.
98. de Zamaroczy, M. and Bernardi, G. (1986) The primary structure of the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae - a review. Gene 47, 155-177.
99. Xiong, M., Chen, H.J., Prade, R.A., Wang, Y., Griffith, J., Timberlake, W.E. and Arnold, J. (1996) On the consistency of a physical mapping method to reconstruct a chromosome in vitro. Genetics 142, 267-284.
100. Metcheva, I.S., Stedman, T.T. and Buck, G.A. (1996) An arrayed bacteriophage P1 genomic library of Pneumocystis carinii. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 43, 171-176.