Immunotargeting of drugs to the pulmonary vascular endothelium as a therapeutic strategy

Pathophysiology

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 15-33

  Muzykantov, Vladimir R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; BRADYKININ; CATALASE; CD31 ANTIGEN; COMPLEMENT; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DRUG CARRIER; FIBRIN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; GAMMA INTERFERON; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN FC FRAGMENT; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1; LIPOSOME; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PEPTIDE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY; PROTEIN; STREPTOKINASE; THROMBOMODULIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; UROKINASE;

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG TARGETING; GAMMA SCINTIGRAPHY; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; LUNG; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG ENDOTHELIUM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SAFETY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

EID: 0032096359     PISSN: 09284680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0928-4680(98)00006-6     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. [1] A. Abuchowski, J.R. McCoy, N.C. Palczuk, T. van Es, F.F. Davis, Effect of covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol on immunogenecity and circulation life of bovine liver catalase, J. Biol. Chem. 252 (11) (1977) 3852-3856.
2. [2] S. Albelda, Endothelial and epithelial cell adhesion molecules, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 4 (1991) 195-203.
3. [3] T. Allen, E. Moase, Therapeutic opportunities for targeted liposomal drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 21 (1996) 117-133.
4. [4] A. Al-Mehdi, H. Shuman, A.B. Fisher, Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species during non-hypoxic lung ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997) (Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 16) L294-L300.
5. [4] A. Al-Mehdi, H. Shuman, A.B. Fisher, Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species during non-hypoxic lung ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997) (Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 16) L294-L300.
6. [5] A. Almenar-Queralt, A. Duperray, L. Miles, J. Felez, D. Altieri, Apical topography and modulation of ICAM-1 expression on activated endothelium, Am. J. Pathol. 147 (1995) 1278-1288.
7. [6] J. Amano, M. Hiroe, Y. Ohta, S. Isjiyama, T. Nishikawa, H. Tanaka, M. Sunamori, A. Suzuki, M. Miyasaka, F. Marumo, Uptake of indium-111-anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody in the allografted rat lung during acute rejection, J. Heart Lung Transplantation 15 (1996) 1027-1033.
8. [7] E. Atochina, H. Hiemish, V. Muzykantov, S. Danilov, Systemic administration of PAF in rat reduces specific pulmonary uptake of circulating monoclonal antibody to ACE, Lung 170 (1992) 349-358.
9. [8] E. Atochina, V. Muzykantov, A. Al-Mehdi, S. Danilov, A. Fisher, Normoxic lung ischemia/reperfusion accelerates shedding of angiotensin-converting enzyme from the pulmonary endothelium. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 156 (1997) 1114-1119.
10. [9] E. Atochina, I. Balyasnikova, S. Danilov, D. Granger, A.B. Fisher, V. Muzykantov, Catalase coupled with antibody to ACE or ICAM-1 enhances antioxidative defense of the pulmonary endothelium. Submitted (1998).
11. [10] L.M. Barba, P.R. Caldwell, G.H. Downie, G. Camussi, J.R. Brentjens, G. Andres, Lung injury mediated by antibodies to endothelium, J. Exp. Med. 158 (1983) 2141-2158.
12. [11] M. Barnard, P. Baker, S. Matalon, Mitigation of oxidant injury to lung microvasculature by intratracheal instillation of antioxidant enzymes, Am. J. Physiol. 265 (1993) L340-345.
13. [12] B. Beck-Schimmer, R. Schimmer, R. Warner, H. Schmal, G. Nordblom, C. Flory, M. Lesch, H. Friedl, D. Schrier, P. Ward, Expression of lung vascular and airway ICAM-1 after exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Am. J. Resp. Cell. Mol. Biol. 17 (1997) 344-352.
14. [13] J. Beckman, R. Minor, C. White, J. Repine, G. Rosen, B. Freeman, Superoxide dismutase and catalase conjugated to polyethylene glycol increases endothelial enzyme activity and oxidant resistance, J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 6884-6892.
15. [14] M. Bevilacqua, Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11 (1993) 767-804.
16. [15] D.P. de Bono, S. Pringle, Local inhibition of thrombosis using urokinase linked to a monoclonal antibody which recognizes damaged endothelium, Thromb. Res. 61 (1991) 537-545.
17. [16] J. Bradley, D. Johnson, J. Pober, Endothelial activation by hydrogen peroxide, Am. J. Pathol. 142 (1993) 1598-1609.
18. [17] K. Brigham, B. Meyrick, Endotoxin and lung injury, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 133 (1986) 913-927.
19. [18] G. Brisson, G. Archipoff, M. Hartman, D. Hanau, A. Beretz, T. Freyssinet, T. Cazenave, Antibodies to thrombomodulin induce receptor-mediated endocytosis in human saphenous vein endothelial cells, Throm. Haremost. 68 (1992) 737-743.
20. [19] A.R. Burns, F. Takei, C.M. Doerschuk, Quantitation of ICAM-1 expression in mouse lung during pneumonia, J. Immunol. 153 (1994) 3189-3198.
21. [20] F.J. Burrows, P.E. Thorpe, Vascular targeting - a new approach to the therapy of solid tumors, Pharmacol. Ther. 64 (1994) 155-174.
22. [21] P. Caldwell, B. Seegal, K. Hsu, M. Das, R. Soffer, Angiotensin-converting enzyme: vascular endothelial localization, Science 191 (1976) 651-654.
23. [22] P.R. Caldwell, H.J. Wigger, L.T. Fernandez, R.M. D'Alisa, D. Tse-Eng, V.P. Butler Jr., I. Gigli, Lung injury induced by antibody fragments to angiotensin-coverting enzyme, Am. J. Pathol. 205 (1981) 54-63.
24. [23] P. Caldwell, J. Brentiens, G. Camussi, G. Andres, In vivo interaction of antibodies with cell surface proteins used as antigens, Tissue Cell 18 (1986) 809-816.
25. [24] D. Carden, J.A. Young, D.N. Granger, Pulmonary microvascular injury after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion: role of P-selectin, J. Appl. Physiol. 75 (1993) 2529-2534.
26. [25] P.T. Chapman, F. Jamar, A.A. Harrison, R.M. Binns, A.M. Peters, D.O. Haskard, Noninvasive imaging of E-selectin expression by activated endothelium in urate crystal-induced arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatol. 37 (1994) 1752-1756.
27. [26] E.M. Conway, M. Boffa, B. Nowakowski, M. Steiner-Mosonyl, An ultrastructural study of thrombomodulin endocytosis: internalization occurs via clathrin-coated and non-coated pits, J. Cell. Physiol. 151 (1992) 604-612.
28. [27] E.M. Conway, B. Nowakowski, M. Steiner-Mosonyl, Thrombomodulin lacking the cytoplasmic domain effectively internalizes thrombin via nonclathrin-coated, pit-mediated endocytosis, J. Cell. Biol. 158 (1994) 285-297.
29. [28] E.M. Conway, S. Pollefeyt, D. Collen, M. Steiner-Mosonyl, The amino terminal lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin is required for constitutive endocytosis. Blood 89 (1997) 652-661.
30. [29] P. Corvol, A. Michaud, F. Soubrier, T. Williams, Recent advances in knowledge of the structure and function of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme, J. Hypertension 13 (1995) S3-S10.
31. [30] D. Curiel, J. Pilewsky, S. Albelda, Gene therapy approaches for inherited and acquired lung diseases, Am. J. Resp. Cell. Mol. Biol. 14 (1996) 1-18.
32. [31] D. Cushman, U. Cheung, Concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme in tissue of the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 250 (1971) 251-267.
33. [32] Y. Dasarathy, B. Fanburg, Calcium ionophore A23187 elevates ACE in cultured bovine endothelial cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1010 (1988) 16-19.
34. [33] S.M. Danilov, E. Allikmets, I. Sakharov, E. Dukhanina, I.N. Trakht, Monoclonal antibodies to human angiotensin-converting enzyme, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 9 (1987) 312-322.
35. [34] S.M. Danilov, A. Faerman, O. Printzeva, A. Martynov, I. Sakharov, I. Trakht, Immunohistochemical study of ACE in human tissues using monoclonal antibodies, Histochemistry 87 (1987) 487-491.
36. [35] S. Danilov, A. Martynov, A. Klibanov, M. Slinkin, I. Sakharov, A. Malov, V. Sergienko, A. Vedernikov, V. Muzykantov, V. Torchilin, Radioimmunoimaging of lung vessels: an approach using Indium-111-labeled monoclonal antibody to ACE, J. Nucl. Med. 30 (1989) 1686-1689.
37. [36] S. Danilov, E. Atochina, H. Hiemish, A. Andjan, G. Deichmain, V. Muzykantov, Lung vessel injury: evaluation using radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to ACE. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 16 (Suppl.) (1990) Abstr # 667.
38. [37] S.M. Danilov, V.R. Muzykantov, A.V. Martynov, E.N. Atochina, I.Yu. Sakharov, I.N. Trakht, V.N. Smirnov, Lung is a target organ for monoclonal antibody to ACE, Lab. Invest. 64 (1991) 118-124.
39. [38] S. Danilov, E. Atochina, H. Hiemish, T. Churakova, A. Moldobayeva, I. Sakharov, G. Deichman, U. Ryan, V. Muzykantov, Interaction of monoclonal antibody to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with antigen in vitro and in vitro and in vivo: antibody targeting to the lung induces ACE antigenic modulation, Intern. Immunol. 6 (1994) 1153-1160.
40. [39] S.M. Danilov, E. Jaspard, T. Churakova, H. Towbin, F. Savoie, W. Lei, F. Alhenc-Gelas, Structure-function analysis of ACE using monoclonal antibodies, J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 26806-26814.
41. [40] S. DeMeester, M. Molinari, T. Shiraishi, K. Okabayashi, J. Manchester, M. Wick, D. Cooper, G. Patterson, Attenuation of rat lung isograft reperfusion injury with a combination of anti-ICAM-1 and anti-beta-2 integrin monoclonal antibodies, Transplantation 62 (1996) 1477-1485.
42. [41] C. Doerschuk, W. Quinlan, N. Doyle, D. Bullard, D. Vestweber, M. Jones, F. Takel, P. Ward, A. Beaudet, The role of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in acute lung injury as determined using blocking antibodies and mutant mice, J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 4609-4614.
43. [42] D. Eitzman, R. McCoy, X. Zheng, W. Fay, D. Ginsburg, R. Simon, Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in transgenic mice that either lack or overexpress the purine plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene, J. Clin. Invest 97 (1996) 232-237.
44. [43] M. Eppihimer, B. Wolitsky, D. Anderson, M. Labow, D.N. Granger, Heterogeniety of expression of E-and P-selectins in vivo, Circ. Res. 79 (1996) 560-569.
45. [44] M. Eppihimer, J. Russel, D. Anderson, B. Wolitsky, D.N. Granger, Endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression in gene-targeted mice. Am. J. Physiol. 273 (1997) H1903-H1908.
46. [45] D. Erbe, S. Watson, G. Presta, B. Wolitsky, C. Foxall, B. Brandley, L. Lasky, P-and E-selectin use common sites for carbohydrate ligand recognition and cell adhesion, J. Cell. Biol. 120 (1993) 1227-1235.
47. [46] E. Erdos, Angiotensin-converting enzyme and the changes of our concept through the years, Hypertension 16 (1990) 363-370.
48. [47] S. Erzurum, P. Lemarchand, M. Rosenfeld, J. Yoo, R. Crystal, Protection of human endothelial cells from oxidant injury by adenovirus-mediated transfer of catalase cDNA, Nucl. Acid Res. 21 (1993) 1607-1612.
49. [48] C.T. Esmon, The role of protein C and thrombomodulin in the regulation of blood coagulation, J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 4743-4746.
50. [49] J. Fantone, P. Ward, Role of oxygen-derived free radicals and metabolites in leukocyte-dependent inflammatory reactions, Am. J. Path. 107 (1982) 397-418.
51. [50] A.B. Fisher, C. Dodia, Z. Tan, I. Ayene, R.G. Eckenhoff, Oxygen-dependent lipid peroxidation during lung ischemia, J. Clin. Invest. 88 (1991) 674-679.
52. [51] F. Franke, R. Metzger, R. Bohle, L. Kerkman, F. Alhenc-Gelas, S.M. Danilov. Angiotesin-I-converting enzyme (CD143) on endothelial cells in normal and in pathological conditions, In: T. Kishimoto et al. (Eds.), Leukocyte Typing VI. White Cell Differentiation Antigens, Garland Publishing Inc., New York, 1997, 749-751.
53. [52] B. Freeman, J. Crapo, Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria, J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 10986-10992.
54. [53] B. Freeman, S. Young, J. Crapo, Liposome-mediated augmentation of superoxide dismutase in endothelial cells prevents oxygen injury, J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983) 12534-12542.
55. [54] B. Freeman, J.D. Crapo, Biology of disease. Free radicals and tissue injury, Lab. Invest. 47 (1987) 412-426.
56. [55] V.A. Ford, C. Stringer, S.J. Kennel, Thrombomodulin is preferentially expressed in Balb/c lung microvessels, J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 5446-5450.
57. [56] L.D. Ghitescu, P. Crine, B.S. Jacobson, Antibodies specific to the plasma membrane of rat lung microvascular endothelium. Exp. Cel. Res. 232 (1997) 47-55.
58. [57] T.I. Ghose, A.H. Blair, P.N. Kulkarni, Preparation of antibody-linked agents, In: J.J, Lanone, H. Van Vunakis (Eds.), Methods Enzymol. 93 (1983) 280-333.
59. [58] G. Gibbons, V. Dzau, Molecular therapies for vascular diseases, Science 272 (1996) 689-693.
60. [59] R. Greenvald, Superoxide dismutase and catalase as therapeutic agents for human diseases, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 8 (1990) 201-209.
61. [60] L. Greenwald, R. Becker, Expanding the paradigm of the renin-angiotensin system and angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors, Am. Heart J. 128 (1994) 997-1009.
62. [61] G. Gregoriadis, Targeting of drugs. Nature 265 (1977) 131-135.
63. [62] N. Hasegawa, A.W. Husari, W.T. Hart, T.G. Kandra, T.A. Raffin, Role of the coagulation system in ARDS, Chest 105 (1994) 268-277.
64. [63] J.E. Heffner, J.E. Repine, Pulmonary strategies of antioxidant defense, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 140 (1989) 531-554.
65. [64] P. Henson, R. Johnston Jr., Tissue injury in inflammation. Oxidants, proteinases, and cationic proteins, J. Clin. Invest. 79 (1987) 669-674.
66. [65] M. Hiroe, Y. Ohta, M. Miyasaka, F. Marumo, Myocardial uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 antibody in detecting acute myocardial infarction in rats. J. Nucl. Med. 34 (1993) 66 (Abstract).
67. [66] J. Hirsh, J. Hoak, Management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, Circulation 93 (1996) 2212-2245.
68. [67] E. Holmberg, K. Maruyama, S. Kennel, A. Klibanov, V. Torchilin, U. Ryan, L. Huang, Target specific binding of immunoliposomes in vivo, J. Liposome Res. 1 (1990) 292-406.
69. [68] R. Horvat, G. Palade, Thrombomodulin and thrombin localization on the vascular endothelium; their internalization and transcytosis by plasmalemmal vesicles, Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 61 (1993) 299-313.
70. [69] X. Huang, G. Molema, S. King, L. Watkins, T. Edgington, P.E. Thorpe, Tumor infarction by antibody-directed targeting of tissue factor to tumor vasculature. Science 275 (1997) 547-550.
71. [70] M. Inoue, N. Watanabe, Y. Morino, Y. Tanaka, T. Amachi, J. Sasaki, Inhibition of oxygen toxicity by targeting superoxide dismutase to endothelial cell surface, FEBS Lett. 269 (1) (1990) 89-92.
72. [71] H. Ishii, K. Kizaki, S. Horie, M. Kazama, Oxidized LDL reduces thrombomodulin transcription in cultured human endothelial cells through degradation of the lipoprotein in lysosomes, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 8458-8465.
73. [72] F. Jamar, P.T. Chapman, A.A. Harrison, R.M. Binns, D.O. Haskard, A.M. Peters, Inflammatory arthritis: imaging of endothelial cell activation with an indium-111-labeled F(ab′)2 fragment of anti-E-selectin monoclonal antibody, Radiology 194 (1995) 843-850.
74. [73] B.S. Jacobson, D.B. Stolz, J.E. Schnitzer, Identification of endothelial cell-surface proteins as targets for diagnosis and treatment of disease, Nature Medicine 2 (1996) 482-484.
75. [74] K. Johnson, J. Fantone, J. Kaplan, P. Ward, In vivo damage of rat lungs by oxygen metabolites, J. Clin. Invest. 67 (1981) 983-993.
76. [75] A. Kavanaugh, L. Davis, R. Jain, L. Nichols, S. Norris, P. Lipsky, A phase I/II open label study of the safety and efficacy of an anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody in early rheumatoid arthritis, J. Rheumatol. 23 (1996) 1338-1344.
77. [76] E. Keelan, S. Licence, A. Peters, R. Binns, D. Haskard, Characterization of E-selectin expression in vivo with use of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, Am. J. Physiol. 266 (1994) H279-290.
78. [77] E. Keelan, A.A. Harrison, P.T. Chapman, R.M. Binns, A.M. Peters, D.O. Haskard, Imaging vascular endothelial activation: an approach using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies against the endothelial cell adhesion molecule E-selectin, J. Nucl. Med. 35 (1994) 276-281.
79. [78] S. Kennel, T. Lankford, R. Ullrich, R. Jamashi, Enhancement of lung tumor colony formation by treatment of mice with monoclonal antibodies to pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, Cancer Res. 48 (1988) 4964-4968.
80. [79] S. Kennel, R. Lee, S. Bultman, G. Kabalka, Rat monoclonal antibody distribution in mice: an epitope inside the lung vascular space mediates very efficient localization, Nucl. Med. Biol. 17 (1990) 193-200.
81. [80] S. Kennel, R. Falconi, J. Wesley, Microdistribution of specific rat monoclonal antibodies to mouse tissues and human tumor xenografts, Cancer Res. 51 (1991) 1529-1536.
82. [81] S.J. Kennel, Effects of target antigen consumption on distribution of monoclonal antibody to solid tumors, Cancer Res. 52 (1992) 1284-1290.
83. [82] J.M. Kiely, M.I. Cybulsky, F.W. Luscinskas, M.A. Gimbrone, Immunoselective targeting of an anti-thrombin agent to the surface of cytokine-activated vascular endothelial cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15 (1995) 1211-1218.
84. [83] S.J. King, F. Booyse, P. Lin, M. Traylor, A. Narkates, S. Oparil, Hypoxia stimulates endothelial cell ACE synthesis, Am. J. Physiol. 256 (1989) C1231-C1238.
85. [84] S. Komatsu, S. Flores, M. Gerritsen, D. Anderson, D.N. Granger, Differential up-regulation of circulating soluble and endothelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 151 (1997) 205-214.
86. [85] T. Kuijpers, M. Raleigh, T. Kavanagh, H. Janssen, J. Calafat, D. Roos, J. Harlan, Cytokine-activated endothelial cells internalize E-selectin into a lysosomal compartment of vesiculotubular shape, J. Immunol. 152 (1994) 5060-5069.
87. [86] T. Kumasaka, W. Quinlan, N. Doyle, T. Condon, J. Sligh, F. Takel, A. Beaudet, C. Bennet, C. Doerschuk, Role of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endotoxin-induced pneumonia evaluated using ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides, anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies and ICAM-1 mutant mice, J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996) 2362-2369.
88. [87] D. Lefer, D. Flynn, D. Anderson, A. Buda, Combined inhibition of P-selectin and ICAM-1 reduces myocardial injury following ischemia/reperfusion, Am. J. Physiol. 40 (1996) H2421-2429.
89. [88] R. Lijnen, D. Collen, Remaining perspectives of mutant and chimeric plasminogen activators, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 667 (1992) 357-364.
90. [89] S. Lintz, J. Sadler, Inhibition of thrombomodulin surface expression and protein C activation by the thrombogenic agent homocystein, J. Clin. Invest. 88 (1991) 1906-1914.
91. [90] D. Lorant, M. Topham, R. Whatley, R. McEver, T. McIntyre, S. Prescott, G. Zimmerman, Inflammatory roles of P-selectin, J. Clin. Invest. 192 (1993) 559-570.
92. [91] H.C. Loughrey, A. Ferraretto, A-M. Cannon, G. Acerbis, G. Sudati, G. Bottiroli, M. Masserini, M.R. Soria, Characterization of biotinylated liposomes for in vivo targeting applications, FEBS Lett. 332 (1,2) (1993) 183-188.
93. [92] H. von der Leyen, G. Gibbons, R. Morishita, N. Lewis, L. Zhang, M. Nakajima, Y. Kaneda, J. Cooke, V. Dzau, Gene therapy inhibiting neointimal vascular lesion: in vivo transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 1137-1141.
94. [93] S. Louie, B. Halliwell, C. Cross, Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a radical perspective. Advances in Pharmacology 38 (1997) 457-490.
95. [94] I. Maruyama, P. Majerus, The turnover of thrombin-thrombomodulin complex in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and A549 lung cancer cells, J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 15431-15438.
96. [95] I. Maruyama, P. Majerus, Protein C inhibits endocytosis of thrombin/thrombomodulin complexes in A549 lung cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Blood 69 (1987) 1481-1484.
97. [96] K. Maruyama, E. Holmberg, S. Kennel, A. Klibanov, V. Torchilin, L. Huang, Characterization of in vivo immunoliposome targeting to pulmonary endothelium, J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 79 (1990) 978-984.
98. [97] K. Maruyama, S. Kennel, L. Huang, Lipid composition is important for highly efficient target binding and retention of immunoliposomes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990) 5744-5748.
99. [98] T. Matsubara, M. Ziff, Increased superoxide anion release from human endothelial cells in response to cytokines, J. Immunol. 137 (1986) 3295-3298.
100. [99] J. McCormick, R. Throall, A. Kerlin, P. Ward, In vitro and in vivo effects of antibody to angiotensin-converting enzyme, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 15 (1980) 444-455.
101. [100] M.P. Merker, W.W. Carley, C.N. Gillis, Molecular mapping of pulmonary endothelial membrane glycoproteins of the intact rabbit lung, FASEB J. 4 (1990) 3040-3048.
102. [101] K. Moore, C. Esmon, N. Esmon, Tumor necrosis factor leads to the internalization and degradation of thrombomodulin from the surface of endothelial cells in culture, Blood 73 (1989) 159-165.
103. [102] M.G. Moore, R.B. Chrzanovsky, J. McCormick, W. Ciepinsky, A. Schwink, Production of monoclonal antibodies to rat lung ACE, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 33 (1984) 301-312.
104. [103] R.S. More, M.J. Underwood, D.P. de Bono, Targeting fibrinolytic agents to the vessel wall: a new therapeutic niche?, Thromb. Haemost. 71 (1994) 158-159.
105. [104] A. Mori, S. Kennel, W. van Borssum, G. Sherphof, L. Huang, Characterization of organ-specific immunoliposomes for delivery of 3′,5′-O-dipalmitoyl-5-fluor-2′-deoxyuridine in a mouse lung-metastasis model, Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacol. 35 (1995) 447-456.
106. [105] K.M. Moser, W.R. Auger, P.F. Fedullo, S. Jamieson, Chronic thromoembolic pulmonary hypertension: clinical picture and surgical treatment, Eur. Resp. J. 5 (1992) 334-342.
107. [106] D. Muller, D. Gordon, H. San, Z. Yang, V. Pompili, G. Nabel, E. Nabel, Catheter-mediated pulmonary vascular gene transfer and expression, Circ. Res. 75 (1994) 1039-1049.
108. [107] M. Mulligan, M. Policy, R. Bayer, M. Nunn, J. Paulson, P. Ward, Neutrophil-dependent acute lung injury. Requirement for P-selectin (GMP-140), J. Clin. Invest. 90 (1992) 1600-1607.
109. [108] M. Mulligan, A. Vaporcyian, M. Miyasaka, T. Tamatani, P. Ward, Tumor necrosis factor regulates in vivo intrapulmonary expression of ICAM-1, Am. J. Pathol. 142 (1993) 1739-1749.
110. [109] M. Mulligan, G. Till, S. Smith, D. Anderson, M. Miyasaka, T. Tamatani, R. Todd, T. Issekutz, P. Ward, Role of leukocyte adhesion molecules in lung and dermal vascular injury after thermal trauma of skin, Am. J. Pathol. 144 (1994) 1008-1015.
111. [110] M. Mulligan, A. Vaporciyan, R.L. Warner, M. Jones, K. Foreman, M. Miyasaka, R.F. Todd, P.A. Ward, Compartmentalized roles for leukocytic adhesion molecules in lung inflammation injury, J. Immunol. 154 (1995) 1350-1363.
112. [111] M. Mulligan, E. Schmid, B. Beck-Schimmer, G. Till, H. Friedl, R. Brauer, T. Hugh, M. Miyasaka, R. Warner, K. Johnson, P. Ward, Requirement and role of C5a in acute lung inflammatory injury in rats, J. Clin. Invest. 98 (1996) 503-512.
113. [112] M. Mulligan, E. Schmid, G. Till, T. Hugh, H. Friedl, R. Roth, P. Ward, C5a-dependent up-regulation in vivo of lung vascular P-selectin. J. Immunol. 158 (1997) 1857-1861.
114. [113] V. Muzykantov, D. Sakharov, S. Domogatsky, N. Goncharov, S. Danilov, Directed targeting of immunoerythrocytes provides local protection of human endothelial cells from damage by hydrogen peroxide, Am. J. Pathol. 128 (1987) 226-234.
115. [114] V. Muzykantov, D. Sakharov, V. Sinitsyn, N. Goncharov, S. Danilov, Specific killing of human endothelial cells by antibody-conjugated glucose oxidase, Anal. Biochem. 169 (1988) 383-389.
116. [115] V. Muzykantov, A. Martynov, E. Puchnina, S. Danilov, In vivo administration of glucose oxidase conjugated with monoclonal antibody to ACE: targeting into the lung, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136 (1989) 1464-1473.
117. [116] V. Muzykantov, O. Trubetskaja, E. Puchnina, D. Sakharov, S. Domogatsky, Cytotoxicity of glucose oxidase conjugated with antibodies to target cells: efficiency of killing depends of the conjugate internalization, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1053 (1990) 27-31.
118. [117] V. Muzykantov, S. Danilov, Glucose oxidase conjugated with antiendothelial monoclonal antibodies: in vitro and in vivo studies, Intl. J. Rad. Biol. 60 (1991) 11-15.
119. [118] V. Muzykantov, S. Danilov, A new approach to the investigation of oxidative injury to the pulmonary endothelium: use of ACE as a marker, Biomed. Sci. 2 (1991) 11-21.
120. [119] V. Muzykantov, E. Puchnina, E. Atochina, H. Hiemish, M. Slinkin, F. Meertzuk, S. Danilov, Endotoxin reduces specific pulmonary uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to ACE, J. Nucl. Med. 32 (1991) 453-460.
121. [120] V. Muzykantov, E. Atochina, V. Gavriljuk, S. Danilov, A. Fisher, Immunotargeting of streptavidin to the pulmonary endothelium, J. Nucl. Med. 35 (1994) 1358-1365.
122. [121] V.R. Muzykantov, S.M. Danilov. Targeting of radiolabeled monoclonal antibody against ACE to the pulmonary endothelium, In: V. Torchilin (Ed.), Targeted Delivery of Imaging Agents, CRC Press, Roca Baton, Fl, 1995, pp. 465-485.
123. [122] V. Muzykantov, V. Gavriluk, A. Reinecke, E. Atochina, A. Kuo, E. Barnathan, A. Fisher, The functional effects of biotinylation of anti-ACE monoclonal antibody in terms of targeting in vivo, Anal. Biochem. 226 (1995) 279-287.
124. [123] V. Muzykantov, E. Barnathan, E. Atochina, S. Danilov, A.B. Fisher, Targeting of antibody-conjugated plasminogen activators to the pulmonary vasculature, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 279 (1996) 1026-1034.
125. [124] V. Muzykantov, E. Atochina, H. Ischiropoulos, S. Danilov, A. Fisher, Immunotargeting of antioxidant enzymes to the pulmonary endothelium, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 5213-5218.
126. [125] V. Muzykantov, E. Atochina, A. Kuo, E. Barnathan, K. Notarfrancesco, H. Shuman, C. Dodia, A. Fisher, Endothelial cells internalize monoclonal antibody to angiotensin-converting enzyme, Am. J. Physiol. 270 (1996) L704-L713.
127. [126] V. Muzykantov, I. Balyasnikova, A.B. Fisher, M. Smirnov, N. Esmon, C. Esmon. Endothelial cells selectively internalize monoclonal antibody reacting with chondroitin sulfate-free thrombomodulin. Circulation 96 (1997) 143-144. Abstr. 70th Scientific Session AHA.
128. [127] Y. Naka, K. Toda, K. Kayano, M. Oz, D. Pinsky, Failure to express the P-selectin gene or P-selectin blockade confers early pulmonary protection after lung ischemia or transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 757-761.
129. [128] P.J. Newman, The Biology of PECAM-1. J. Clin. Invest. 99 (1) (1997) 3-7.
130. [129] B. Nievescruz, A. Rivera, J. Cifuentes, G. Pataki, S. Matalon, W.A. Carlo, A.K. Tanswell, B. Freeman, Clinical surfactant preparations mediate SOD and catalase uptake by type II cells and lung tissue, Am. J. Physiol. 14 (4) (1996) L659-L667.
131. [130] R.J. Owens, R.J. Young, The genetic engineering of monoclonal antibodies, J. Immunol. Meth. 168 (1994) 149-165.
132. [131] J. Panes, M. Perry, D. Anderson, A. Manning, B. Leone, G. Cepinskas, C. Rosenbloom, M. Miyasaka, P. Kvietis, D.N. Granger, Regional differences in constitutive and induced ICAM-1 expression in vivo, Am. J. Physiol. 269 (1995) H1955-H1964.
133. [132] A. Papapetropoulos, A. Antonov, R. Virmani, F. Kolodgie, D. Munn, N. Marczin, J. Ryan, R. Gerrity, J. Catravas, Monocyte and cytokine-induced downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in cultured human and porcine endothelial cells, Circ. Res. 79 (1996) 512-523.
134. [133] K. Patel, G. Zimmerman, S. Prescott, R. McEver, T. McIntyre, Oxygen radicals induce human endothelial cells to express GMP-140 and bind neutrophils, J. Cell. Biol. 112 (1991) 749-759.
135. [134] J.S. Pober, Effects of tumour necrosis factor and related cytokines on vascular endothelial cells, Ciba Found. Symp. 131 (1987) 170-184.
136. [135] M. Poznansky, R. Juliano, Biological approaches to the controlled delivery of drugs, Pharmacol. Rev. 36 (1984) 277-335.
137. [136] P. Prayssak, S.C. Erzurum, C. Daniel, N.T. Eissa, R.G. Crystal, P. Herve, M. Mazmanian, P. Lamerchand, Adenovirus-mediated transfer to the lung of catalase and superoxide dismutase cDNA5 prevents hypoxia toxicity but not ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 155 (1997) Abstr. ATS/ALA Internat. Conference, p.265.
138. [137] R. Prewitt, Principles of thrombolysis in pulmonary embolism, Chest 99 (1991) 157-164.
139. [138] S. Pringle, D.P. de Bono, Monoclonal antibodies to damaged and regenerating vascular endothelium, J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 26 (1989) 159-162.
140. [139] Y. Reyter, U. Brinkmann, I. Pastan, Engineering antibody Fv fragments for cancer detection and therapy: disulfide-stabilized Fv fragments, Nature Biotechnol. 14 (1996) 1239-1245.
141. [140] Y. Rival, A. Del Maschio, M-J. Rabiet, E. Dejana, A. Duperray, Inhibition of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 synthesis and leukocyte transmigration in endothelial cells by the combined action of TNF-α and IFN-γ, J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 1233-1241.
142. [141] U.S. Ryan, J.W. Ryan, C. Whitaker, A. Chiu, Localization of angiotensin-converting enzyme (kininase II), Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Tissue and Cell 8 (1976) 125-145.
143. [142] U.S. Ryan (Ed.), Pulmonary Endothelium in Health and Disease, Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel, 1987.
144. [143] D. Rodman, H. San, R. Simari, D. Stephen, F. Tanner, Z. Young, G. Nabel, E. Nabel, In vivo gene delivery to the pulmonary circulation in rats: transgene distribution and vascular inflammatory response. Am. J. Respir. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (1997) 640-649.
145. 2 and tumor necrosis factor activate intercellular molecule 1 gene transcription through distinct cis-regulatory elements within ICAM-1 promoter, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 18966-18974.
146. [145] M. Rorvik, D. Allison, J. Hotchkiss, H. Witschi, S. Kennel, Antibodies to mouse lung capillary endothelium, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 36 (1988) 741-749.
147. [146] D. Sakharov, V. Muzykantov, S. Domogatsky, S. Danilov, Protection of cultured endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced injury by antibody-conjugated catalase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 930 (1987) 140-144.
148. [147] D. Sasso, M. Gionfriddo, R. Weiner, Localization of In-111 labeled IgG, PMN and anti-ICAM-1 in a rat model for ARDS. J. Nucl. Med. 34 (1993) 244p (Abstr).
149. [148] D. Sasso, M. Gionfriddo, R. Thrall, S. Syrbu, H. Smilowitz, R. Weiner, Biodistribution of indium-labeled antibody directed against ICAM-1, J. Nucl. Med. 37 (1996) 656-661.
150. [149] S. Schachtner, J. Rome, R. Hoyt, K. Newman, R. Virmani, D. Dichek, In vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer via the pulmonary artery of rats, Circ. Res. 76 (1995) 710-719.
151. [150] I. Schraufsatter, S. Resak, C. Cochrane, Proteases and oxidants in experimental pulmonary inflammatory injury, J. Clin. Invest. 73 (1984) 1175-1184.
152. [151] K. Schwatchzek, K. Weiss, I. Reizinger, A. Bankier, H. Domanovits, M. Seidler, Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis and treatment, Seminars Thromb. Hemost. 22 (1996) 33-52.
153. [152] M.A. Schwartz, J. Lazo, J. Yalowich, J. Reynolds, V. Kagan, V. Tyurin, Y. Kim, S. Watkins, B. Pitt, Cytoplasmic metallothionein overexpression protects NIH 3T3 cells from ter-butyl hydroperoxide toxicity, J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 15238-15243.
154. [153] D. Spragg, D. Alford, R. Greferath, C. Larsen, K. Lee, G. Gurthner, M. Cybulsky, F. Tosi, C. Nicolau, M. Gimbrone, Immunotargeting of liposomes to activated vascular endothelial cells: a strategy for site-delivery in the cardiovascular system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 8795-8800.
155. [154] T.A. Springer, Adhesion receptors of the immune system, Nature 346 (1990) 425-434.
156. [155] R.J. Stewart, T.S. Kashour, P.A. Marsden, Vascular endothelial platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) expression is decreased by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Evidence for cytokine-induced disabilization of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in bovine endothelial cells, J. Immunol. 156 (3) (1996) 1221-1228.
157. [156] T. Tamatani, M. Miyasaka, Identification of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the rat homologue of ICAM-1 and evidence for differential involvement of ICAM-1 in the adherence of resting versus activated lymphosytes to high endothelial cells, Int. Immunol. 2 (1990) 166-175.
158. [157] G. Tang, J.E. White, R.J. Gordon, P.D. Lumn, M.F. Tsan, Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase protects rats against oxygen toxicity, J. Appl. Physiol. 74 (3) (1993) 1425-1431.
159. [158] T. Tomashefsky, P. Davies, C. Boggs, R. Greene, W. Zapol, L. Reid, The pulmonary vascular lesions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome, Am. J. Pathol. 112 (1983) 112-126.
160. [159] V.P. Torchilin (Ed.), Handbook of Targeted Delivery of Imaging Agents, CRC Press, Roca Baton-New York-London-Tokyo, 1995.
161. [160] O. Trubetskaya, V. Trubetskoy, S. Domogantsly, A. Rudin, N. Popov, S. Danilov, M. Nikolayeva, A. Klibanov, V. Torchilin, Monoclonal antibody to human endothelial surface internalization and liposome delivery in cell culture, FEBS Lett. 228 (1988) 131-134.
162. [161] V.S. Trubetskoy, V.P. Torchilin, S. Kennel, L. Huang, Cationic liposomes enhance targeted delivery and expression of exogenous DNA mediated by N-terminal modified poly(L-lysine)-antibody conjugate in mouse lung endothelial cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1131 (1992) 311-313.
163. [162] V.S. Trubetskoy, V.P. Torchilin, S. Kennel, L. Huang, Use of N-terminal modified poly(l-lysine)-antibody conjugate as a carrier for targeted gene delivery in mouse lung endothelial cells, Bioconjugate Chemistry 3 (1992) 323-327.
164. [163] V. Truong, J. Williams, J. Hildreth, K. Leong, Targeted delivery of immunomicrospheres in vivo, Drug Delivery 2 (1995) 166-174.
165. [164] M.J. Underwood, S. Prignle, D.P. de Bono, Reduction of thrombus formation in vivo using a thrombolytic agent targeted at damaged endothelial cells, Brit. J. Surg. 79 (1992) 915-917.
166. [165] A.A. Vaporician, H.M. DeLisser, H.C. Yan, I. Mendiguren, S.R. Thorn, M.L. Jones, P.A. Ward, S.M. Albelda, Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is involved in neutrophil recruitment in vivo, Science 262 (1993) 1580-1582.
167. [166] A. Vaporciyan, M. Mulligan, J.S. Warren, P.A. Barton, M. Miyasaka, P.A. Ward, Up-regulation of lung vascular ICAM-1 in rats is complement-dependent, J. Immunol 155 (1995) 1442-1449.
168. [167] J. Varani, P. Ward, Mechanisms of endothelial cell injury in acute inflammation, Stroke 2 (1994) 311-319.
169. [168] M. Verstraete, R. Lijnen, Novel thrombolytic agents. Cardiovasc. Drugs Therapy 8 (1994) 801-811.
170. [169] M. Verstraete, Thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute pulmonary embolism, Fibrinolysis 9 (1995) 23-28.
171. [170] H. von der Leyen, G. Gibbons, R. Morishita, N. Lewis, L. Zhang, M. Nakajima, Y. Kaneda, J. Cooke, V. Dzau, Gene therapy inhibiting neointimal vascular lesion: in vivo transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 1137-1141.
172. [171] E. Wagner, D. Curiel, M. Cotten, Delivery of drugs, proteins and genes into cells using transferrin as a ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 14 (1994) 113-135.
173. [172] K. Watanabe, G. Lam, R. Keresztes, E. Jaffe, Lipopolysaccharides decrease ACE activity expressed by cultured human endothelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol. 150 (1992) 433-439.
174. [173] M.W. Wakelin, M-J. Sanz, A. Dewar, S.M. Albelda, S.W. Larking, N. Boughton-Smith, T.J. Williams, S. Nourshargh, An anti-PECAM -1 antibody inhibits leukocyte extravasation from mesenteric microvessels in vivo by blocking the passage through the basement membrane, J. Exp. Med. 184 (1996) 229-239.
175. [174] M. Wilchek, E. Bayer, The avidin-biotin complex in biomedical applications, Anal. Biochem. 171 (1988) 1-32.
176. [175] S.T. Wooley, P.G. Hellewell, Pulmonary and dermal E-selectin expression in vivo quantified using a radiolabeled antibody. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 153 (1996) A284 (abstr).