The management of multiple sclerosis: Current and future therapies

Drugs of Today

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 267-282

  Stevenson, V L ^a   Thompson, A J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

15 DEOXYSPERGUALIN; 3,4 DIAMINOPYRIDINE; 4 AMINOPYRIDINE; ACICLOVIR; BACLOFEN; BETA1A INTERFERON; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLADRIBINE; CLONAZEPAM; DANTROLENE; DESMOPRESSIN; DIAZEPAM; GINKGOLIDE; GLATIRAMER; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; METHOTREXATE; MITOXANTRONE; OKT 4; OXYBUTYNIN; PROPRANOLOL; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; RECOMBINANT BETA INTERFERON; ROQUINIMEX; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; TIZANIDINE;

ATAXIA; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFUSION; DROWSINESS; FATIGUE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOMODULATION; LIVER TOXICITY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; REVIEW; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SPASTICITY; TREATMENT PLANNING; VERTIGO;

EID: 0031967986     PISSN: 16993993     EISSN: 16994019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dot.1998.34.3.485182     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Werring, D.J., Thompson, A.J. Improving the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis: Diagnosis. Drugs Today 1998, 34 (2): 145-56.
2. Petajan, J.H., Gappmaier, E., White, A.T., Spencer, M.K., Mino, L., Hicks, R.W. Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996, 39 (4): 432-41.
3. Miller, A.E., Morgante, L.A., Buchwald, L.Y. et al. A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of influenza immunisation in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1997, 48: 312-4.
4. Panitch, H. The importance of viral infections and vaccinations in multiple sclerosis. In: Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Challenges and Controversies. A.J. Thompson, C.H. Polman, R. Hohlfeld (Eds.). Martin Dunitz: London 1997, 131-44.
5. Thompson, A.J. Rehabilitation of progressive neurological disorders: A worthwhile challenge. Curr Opin Neurol 1996, 9 (6): 437-40.
6. Hutchinson, M. Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (editorial). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993, 56 (10): 1043-5.
7. Thompson, A.J. Multiple sclerosis: Symptomatic treatment. J Neurol 1996, 243 (8): 559-65.
8. Clanet, M.G., Azais-Vuillemin, C. What is new in the symptomatic management of multiple sclerosis? In: Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Challenges and Controversies. A.J. Thompson, C.H. Polman, R. Hohlfeld (Eds.). Martin Dunitz: London 1997, 235-42.
9. Thompson, A.J., Kennard, C., Swash, M. et al. Relative efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone and ACTH in the treatment of acute relapse in MS. Neurology 1989, 39: 969-71.
10. Miller, D.H., Thompson, A.J., Morrissey, S.P. et al. High dose steroids in acute relapses of multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence for a possible mechanism of therapeutic effect. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55 (6): 450-3.
11. Brown, P. Pathophysiology of spasticity (editorial). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57 (7): 773-7.
12. Edwards, S. (Ed.). Neurological Physiotherapy - A Problem Solving Approach. Longman Publishers: Singapore 1996.
13. Shellenberger, M.K., Wallace, J.D. and the US Tizanidine Study Group. Extended efficacy of tizanidine in treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Neurology 1995, 46 (Suppl. 4): Abst 683P.
14. Smith, C., Birnbaum, G., Carter, J.L., Greenstein, J., Lublin, F.D. Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. US Tizanidine Study Group. Neurology 1994, 44 (Suppl. 9): S34-42.
15. United Kingdom Tizanidine Trial Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994, 44 (Suppl. 9): S70-8.
16. Ochs, G., Struppler, A., Meyerson, B.A. et al. Intrathecal baclofen for long-term treatment of spasticity: A multi-centre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 52: 933-9.
17. Penn, R.D., Savoy, S.M., Corcos, D. et al. Intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity. New Engl J Med 1989, 320: 1517-21.
18. Snow, B.J., Tsui, J.K., Bhatt, M.H., Varelas, M., Hashimoto, S.A., Calne, D.B. Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: A double-blind study. Ann Neurol 1990, 28: 512-5.
19. Skeil, D.A., Barnes, M.P. The local treatment of spasticity. Clin Rehabil 1994, 8 (3): 240-6.
20. Hallett, M., Lindsey, J.W., Adelstein, B.D., Riley, P.O. Controlled trial of isoniazid therapy for severe postural cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1985, 35 (9): 1374-7.
21. Rice, G., Dickey, C., Lesaux, J., Vandervoort, P., MacEwan, L., Ebers, G. Ondansetron for disabling cerebellar tremor. Ann Neurol 1995, 38: Abst 973.
22. Nguyen, J., Feve, A., Keravel, Y. Is electrostimulation preferable to surgery for upper limb ataxia? Curr Opin Neurol 1996, 9 (6): 445-50.
23. Geny, C., Nguyen, J.P., Pollin, B. et al. Improvement of severe postural cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis by chronic thalamic stimulation. Mov Disord 1996, 11 (5): 489-94.
24. Betts, C.D., D'Mellow, M.T., Fowler, C.J. Urinary symptoms and the neurological features of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993, 56 (3): 245-50.
25. Fowler, C.J. Investigation of the neurogenic bladder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60 (1): 6-13.
26. Eckford, S.D., Carter, P.G., Jackson, S.R., Penney, M.D., Abrams, P. An open, in-patient incremental safety and efficacy study of desmopressin in women with multiple sclerosis and nocturia. Br J Urol 1995, 76 (4): 459-63.
27. Fowler, C.J., Beck, R.O., Gerrard, S., Betts, C.D., Fowler, C.G. Intravesical capsaicin for treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57 (2): 169-73.
28. Dasgupta, P., Haslam, C., Goodwin, R.J., Fowler, C.J. The Queen Square "bladder stimulator": A device for emptying of the neurogenic bladder. Br J Urol 1997, 80: 234-7.
29. Hinds, J.P., Eidelman, B.H., Wald, A. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. A population survey. Gastroenterology 1990, 98 (6): 1538-42.
30. Chia, Y.W., Fowler, C.J., Kamm, M.A., Henry, M.M., Lemieux, M.C., Swash, M. Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis and bladder dysfunction. J Neurol 1995, 242 (2): 105-8.
31. Wald, A. Pathophysiology and management of fecal incontinence. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 1994, 59 (2): 139-46.
32. Barrett, F.M. Sexual implications of multiple sclerosis. In: Multiple Sclerosis: Psychological and Social Aspects. A.F. Simon (Ed.). Heiniman: London 1984, 54-71.
33. Betts, C.D., Jones, S.J., Fowler, C.G., Fowler, C.J. Erectile dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Associated neurological and neurophysiological deficits, and treatment of the condition. Brain 1994, 117 (Pt 6): 1303-10.
34. 1 in erectile failure: A survey of worldwide experience. J Urol 1996, 155 (3): 802-15.
35. Boolell, M., Gepi Attee, S., Gingell, J.C., Allen, M.J. Sildenafil, a novel effective oral therapy for male erectile dysfunction. Br J Urol 1996, 78 (2): 257-61.
36. Lefkowitz, D., Harpold, G. Treatment of ocular myoclonus with valproic acid. Ann Neurol 1985, 17(1): 103-4.
37. Herishanu, Y., Louzoun, Z. Trihexyphenidyl treatment of vertical pendular nystagmus. Neurology 1986, 36(1): 82-4.
38. Currie, J.N., Matsuo, V. The use of clonazepam in the treatment of nystagmusinduced oscillopsia. Ophthalmology 1986, 93 (7): 924-32.
39. Traccis, S., Rosati, G., Monaco, M.F., Aiello, I., Agnetti, V. Successful treatment of acquired pendular elliptical nystagmus in multiple sclerosis with isoniazid and base-out prisms. Neurology 1990, 40 (3, Pt 1): 492-4.
40. Averbuch-Heller, L., Stahl, J.S., Rottach, K.G., Leigh, R.J. Gabapentin as treatment of nystagmus. Ann Neural 1995, 38: 972.
41. Lee, J., Elston, J., Vickers, S., Powell, C., Ketley, J., Hogg, C. Botulinum toxin therapy for squint. Eye 1988, 2 (Pt 1): 24-8.
42. Rao, S.M., Leo, G.J., Bernardin, L., Unverzagt, F. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology 1991, 41 (5): 685-91.
43. Rao, S.M., Leo, G.J., Ellington, L., Nauertz, T., Bernardin, L., Unverzagt, F. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. Impact on employment and social functioning. Neurology 1991, 41 (5): 692-6.
44. Langdon, D.W., Thompson, A.J. Cognitive problems in multiple sclerosis. MS Management 1996, 3 (2): 1 and 6-9.
45. Ron, M.A., Logsdail, S.J. Psychiatric morbidity in multiple sclerosis: A clinical and MRI study. Psychol Med 1989, 19: 887-95.
46. Darley, F.L., Brown, J.R., Goldstein, N.P. Dysarthria in multiple sclerosis. J Speech Hear Res 1972, 15 (2): 229-45.
47. Hughes, J.C., Enderby, P.M., Hewer, R.L. Dysphagia and multiple sclerosis: A study and discussion of its nature and impact. Clin Rehabil 1994, 8(1): 18-26.
48. Krupp, L.B., Alvarez, L.A., LaRocca, N.G., Scheinberg, L.C. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1988, 45: 435-7.
49. Krupp, L.B., Pollina, D.A. Measurement and management of fatigue in progressive neurological disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 1996, 9 (6): 456-60.
50. Krupp, L.B., Coyle, P.K., Doscher, C. et al. Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: Results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo. Neurology 1995, 45 (11): 1956-61.
51. Weinshenker, B.G., Penman, M., Bass, B., Ebers, G.C., Rice, G.P. A double-blind, randomized, crossover trial of pemoline in fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1992, 42 (8): 1468-71.
52. Polman, C.H., Bertelsmann, F.W., van Loenen, A.C., Koetsier, J.C. 4-Aminopyridine in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis. Long-term efficacy and safety. Arch Neurol 1994, 51 (3): 292-6.
53. Bever, C.T., Anderson, P.A., Leslie, J. et al. Treatment with 3,4-diaminopyridine improves leg strength in multiple sclerosis patients: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Neurology 1996, 47 (6): 1457-62.
54. Watson, C.W. Effects of lowering body temperature on the symptoms and signs of multiple sclerosis. New Engl J Med 1959, 261: 1253-9.
55. Coyle, P.K., Krupp, L.B., Doscher, C., Deng, Z., Milazzo, A. Clinical and immunological effects of cooling in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995, 38: 312.
56. Filippi, M., Watts, P., Eaton, L., Horner, J., McDonald, W.I., Thompson, A.J. Mark VII microclimate system (cooling suit) in the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis patients with marked temperature sensitivity: A preliminary study. Argom Neurol 1995, 5: 162-5.
57. van Diemen, H.A., Polman, C.H., van Dongen, T.M. et al. The effect of 4-aminopyridine on clinical signs in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study. Ann Neurol 1992, 32 (2): 123-30.
58. Bever, C.T., Young, D., Tierney, D. et al. The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of slow-release formulation of 4-aminopyridine in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1995, 45 (Suppl. 1): Abst A351.
59. Moulin, D.E., Foley, K.M., Ebers, G.G. Pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1988, 38: 1830-4.
60. Stenager, E., Knudsen, L., Jensen, K. Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1991, 84 (3): 197-200.
61. Vermote, R., Ketelaer, P., Carton, H. Pain in multiple sclerosis patients. A prospective study using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1986, 88 (2): 87-93.
62. Vaney, C. Understanding pain mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. MS Management 1996, 3 (2): 11-8.
63. Reder, A.T., Arnason, B.G. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis relieved by a prostaglandin E analogue. Neurology 1995, 45 (6): 1097-100.
64. Matthews, J.B. Tonic seizures in disseminated sclerosis. Brain 1958, 81: 193-206.
65. Khan, O.A., Olek, M.J. Treatment of paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis with bromocriptine (letter). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995, 58 (2): 253.
66. Thompson, A.J., Kermode, A.G., Moseley, I.F., MacManus, D.G., McDonald, W.I. Seizures due to multiple sclerosis: Seven patients with MRI correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993, 56 (12): 1317-20.
67. Polman, C.H., Dhalke, F., Thompson, A.J. et al. Interferon β-1b in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis - Outline of the clinical trial. Mult Scler 1995, 1 (Suppl. 1): S51-4.
68. Thompson, A.J., Noseworthy, J. New treatments in multiple sclerosis: A clinical perspective. Curr Opin Neurol 1996, 9 (3): 187-98.
69. Jacobs, L., O'Malley, J., Freeman, A., Ekes, R. Intrathecal Interferon reduces exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Science 1981, 214: 1026-8.
70. Paty, D.W., Li, D.K. Interferon β-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1993, 43 (4): 662-7.
71. IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon β-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1995, 45 (7): 1277-85.
72. IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Neutralizing antibodies during treatment of multiple sclerosis with Interferon β-1b: Experience during the first three years. Neurology 1996, 47 (4): 889-94.
73. Jacobs, L.D., Cookfair, D.L., Rudick, R.A. et al. A phase III trial of intramuscular recombinant Interferon beta as treatment for exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis: Design and conduct of study and baseline characteristics of patients. Mult Scler 1995, 1 (2): 118-35.
74. Jacobs, L.D., Cookfair, D.L., Rudick, R.A. et al. Intramuscular Interferon β-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol 1996, 39 (3): 285-94.
75. Ebers, G.C., Oger, J., Paty, D. et al. Multiple sclerosis PRISMS study: Prevention of relapses and disability by Interferon beta-1A subcutaneously in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997, 42: 986.
76. Leary, S.M., Miller, D.H., Thompson, A.J. Design of a study of Interferon beta-1a in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1997, 244 (Suppl. 3): Abst S63:P291.
77. Johnson, K.P., Brooks, B.R., Cohen, J.A. et al. Copolymer-1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer-1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1995, 45 (7): 1268-76.
78. Wolinsky, J.S. Copolymer-1: A most reasonable alternative therapy for early relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis with mild disability (editorial). Neurology 1995, 45 (7): 1245-7.
79. Cohen, J.A., Grossman, R.I., Udupa, J.K. et al. Assessment of the efficacy of copolymer-1 in the treatment of MS by quantitative MRI. J Neuroimmunol 1995, 2 (Suppl. 1): Abst 31.
80. Johnson, K.P. and the US Phase III Copolymer-1 Study Group. Antibodies to copolymer-1 do not interfere with its clinical effect. Ann Neurol 1995, 38: 973.
81. Noseworthy, J.H., O'Brien, P.C., van Engelen, B.G., Rodriguez, M. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in multiple sclerosis: Progress from remyelination in the Theiler's virus model to a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57 (Suppl.): 11-4.
82. Achiron, A., Cohen, I.R., Lider, O., Melamed, E. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in multiple sclerosis. Isr J Med Sci 1995, 31 (1): 7-9.
83. Poehlau, D., Amoiridis, G., Postert, T. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). J Neuroimmunol 1995, 2 (Suppl. 1): 47.
84. Achiron, A., Gilad, R., Hassin, S. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind multi-center, placebo-controlled trial. J Neuroimmunol 1995, 2 (Suppl. 1): Abst 15.
85. Fazekas, F., Deisenhammer, F., Strasser-Fuchs, S., Nahier, G., Mamoli, B. for the Austrian Immunoglobulin in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Randomised place-bo-controlled that of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997, 349: 589-93.
86. Noseworthy, A.H., Weinshenker, B.G., O'Brien, P.C. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin does not reverse recently acquired, apparently permanent weakness in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997, 42: 421.
87. Kappos, L., Gold, R., Kunstler, E. et al. Mitoxantrone (Mx) in the treatment of rapidly progressive MS: A pilot study with serial gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MPI. Neurology 1990, 40 (Suppl. 1): Abst 261.
88. De Castro, S., Cartoni, D., Millefiorini, E. et al. Noninvasive assessment of mitoxantrone cardiotoxicity in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J Clin Pharmacol 1995, 35 (6): 627-32.
89. Noseworthy, J.H., Hopkins, M.B., Vandervoort, M.K. et al. An open-trial evaluation of mitoxantrone in the treatment of progressive MS. Neurology 1993, 43 (7): 1401-6.
90. Edan, G., Miller, D., Clanet, M. et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: A randomised multicentre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997, 62 (2): 112-8.
91. Millefiorini, E., Gasperini, C., Pozzilli, C. et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mitoxantrone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 24-month clinical and MRI outcome. J Neurol 1997, 244 (3): 153-9.
92. Sipe, J.C., Romine, J.S., Koziol, J.A., McMillan, R., Zyroff, J., Beutler, E. Cladribine in treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1994, 344: 9-13.
93. Rice, G. and the Cladribine Group. Cladribine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: The results of a multicentre trial. Am Acad Neurol Late Breaking News 1997, 14.
94. Goodkin, D.E., Rudick, R.A., VanderBrug Medendorp, S. et al. Low-dose (7.5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neural 1995, 37 (1): 30-40.
95. Noseworthy, J.H., O'Brien, P.C. the Mayo Clinic-Canadian Cooperative MS Study Group. The Mayo Clinic-Canadian Cooperative Study of Sulfasalazine (Salazo-pyrin EN) in active multiple sclerosis: Preliminary report. Neurology 1997, 48 (Suppl. 3): Abst A340.
96. Andersen, O., Lyche, J., Tollesson, P.O. et al. Linomide reduces the rate of active lesions in relapsing-remining multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996, 47 (4): 895-900.
97. Karussis, D.M., Meiner, Z., Lehmann, D. et al. Treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis with the immunomodulator linomide: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study with monthly magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Neurology 1996, 47 (2): 341-6.
98. Kleijnen, J., Knipschild, P. Hyperbaric oxygen for multiple sclerosis. Review of controlled trials all one word. Acta Neurol Scand 1995, 91 (5): 330-4.
99. Fischer, B.H., Marks, M., Reich, T. Hyperbaric-oxygen treatment of multiple sclerosis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. New Engl J Med 1983, 308 (4): 181-6.
100. Kanter, D.S., Horensky, D., Sperling, R.A., Kaplan, J.D., Malachowski, M.E., Churchill, W.H. Jr. Plasmapheresis in fulminant acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology 1995, 45 (4): 824-7.
101. Rodriguez, M., Karnes, W.E., Bartleson, J.D., Pineda, A.A. Plasmapheresis in acute episodes of fulminant CNS inflammatory demyelination. Neurology 1993, 43 (6): 1100-4.
102. Flechtner, K.M., Baum, K. Mixed connective tissue disease: Recurrent episodes of optic neuropathy and transverse myelopathy. Successful treatment with plasmapheresis. J Neurol Sci 1994, 126 (2): 146-8.
103. Sorensen, P.S., Wanscher, B., Szpirt, W. et al. A controlled trial of plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis using serial MRI and multimodal evoked potentials as efficacy parameters. J Neuroimmunol 1995, 2 (Suppl. 1): Abst 74.
104. Kappos, L., Radu, E.W., Haas, J., Hartard, C.H., Hartung, H.P. European multicentre trial ± deoxyspergualine (DSG) versus placebo: Results of the first interim analysis. J Neurol 1994, 241 (Suppl. 1): Abst S27.
105. Kappos, L., Radu, E.W., Haas, J., Hartard, C.H., Hartung, H. Deoxyspergualine (DSG) in MS: Second interim analysis of the European multicenter study. J Neural 1995, 242 (Suppl. 2): Abst S23.
106. Wiles, C.M., Omar, L., Swan, A.V. et al. Total lymphoid irradiation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57 (2): 154-63.
107. Cook, S.D., Devereux, C., Troiano, R. et al. Combination total lymphoid irradiation and low-dose corticosteroid therapy for progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1995, 91 (1): 22-7.
108. Brochet, B., Orgogozo, J.M., Guinot, P., Dartigues, J.F., Henry, P., Loiseau, P. Pilot study of ginkgolide B, a PAF-acether specific inhibitor in the treatment of acute outbreaks of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol Paris 1992, 148 (4): 299-301.
109. Brochet, B., Guinot, P., Orgogozo, J.M., Confavreux, C., Rumbach, L., Lavergne, V. Double blind placebo controlled multicentre study of ginkgolide B in treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. The Ginkgolide Study Group in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995, 58 (3): 360-2.
110. Lycke, J., Svennerholm, B., Hjelmquist, E. et al. Acyclovir treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind study. J Neurol 1996, 243 (3): 214-24.
111. van Oosten, B.W., Lai, M., Hodgkinson, S. et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody Cm-T412: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, MR-monitored phase II trial. Neurology 1997, 49: 351-7.
112. Moreau, T., Thorpe, J., Miller, D. et al. Preliminary evidence from magnetic resonance imaging for reduction in disease activity after lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis (published erratum appears in Lancet 1994, 344: 486). Lancet 1994, 344: 298-301.
113. Weiner, H.L., Friedman, A., Miller, A. et al. Oral tolerance: Immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens. Annu Rev Immunol 1994, 12: 809-37.
114. Weiner, H.L., Mackin, G.A., Matsui, M. et al. Double-blind pilot trial of oral tolerance with myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Science 1993, 259: 1321-4.
115. van Oosten, B.W., Barkhof, F., Truyen, L. et al. Increased MPI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody cA2. Neurology 1996, 47(6): 1531-4.
116. Hohlfeld, R. Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis: Principles, problems and perspectives. Brain 1997, 120: 865-916.
117. Kent, S.J., Karlik, S.J., Cannon, C. et al. A monoclonal antibody to alpha 4 integrin suppresses and reverses active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1995, 58 (1): 1-10.
118. Freeman, J.A., Langdon, D.W., Hobart, J.C., Thompson, A.J. The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neural 1997, 42: 236-44.
119. Freeman, J.A., Langdon, D.W., Hobart, J.C., Thompson, A.J. Long term effects of neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis (MS): A longitudinal study. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatr 1997, Abst.
120. Thompson, A.J., Johnson, S., Harrison, J., Sheil, R., Burnard, S. Service delivery in mul-