Auto-regulation of thyroid hormone receptor genes during metamorphosis: Roles in apoptosis and cell proliferation

International Journal of Developmental Biology

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 107-116

  Shi, Yun Bo ^a   Su, Yuan ^a   Li, Qing ^a   Damjanovski, Sashko ^a  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Postembryonic development; Thyroid hormone receptor; Transcriptional regulation; Xenopus

Indexed keywords

RETINOID X RECEPTOR; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR;

APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; CELL PROLIFERATION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; HORMONAL REGULATION; METAMORPHOSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; XENOPUS;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL DIVISION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; METAMORPHOSIS, BIOLOGICAL; RECEPTORS, THYROID HORMONE;

EID: 0031934512     PISSN: 02146282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. ARCHER, T K., CORDINGLEY, M.G., WOLFORD, R.G. and HAGER, G.L (1991). Transcription factor access is mediated by accurately positioned nucleosomes on the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Mol. Cell Biol. 11:688-698.
2. BANIAHMAD, C , NAWAZ, Z., BANIAHMAD, A , GLEESON, M.A.G., TSAI, M-J and O'MALLEY, B W (1995). Enhancement of human estrogen receptor activity by SPT6: A potential coactivator Mol Endocrinol. 9: 34-43.
3. BROOKS, A.R., SWEENEY, G. and OLD, R.W. (1989). Structure and functional expression of a cloned Xenopus thyroid hormone receptors Nucleic Acids Res. 17:9395-9405.
4. BROWN, D.D , WANG, Z , FURLOW, J.D., KANAMORI, A., SCHWARTZMAN, R.A., RMO, B F. and PINDER, A (1996). The thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption program during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93. 1924-1929
5. BURRIS, T P., NAWAZ, Z., TSAI, M-J and O'MALLEY, B W. (1995) A nuclear hormone receptor-associated protein that inhibits transactivation by the thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors Proc Natl. Acad Sci. USA 92: 9525-9529
6. CHAKRAVARTI, D., LAMORTE, V J , NELSON, M.C., NAKAJIMA, T., SCHULMAN, I.G , JUGUILON, H , MONTMINY, M., and EVANS, R.M. (1996). Role of CBP/ P300 in nuclear receptor signalling Nature 383: 99-103
7. CHEN, J.D and EVANS, R.M. (1995). A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors Nature 377: 454-457
8. COTÉ, J , QUINN, J., WORKMAN, J.L. and PETERSON, C.L. (1994). Stimulation of GAL4 derivative binding to nucleosomal DNA by the yeast SW1/SNF complex. Science 265 53-60.
9. DAUCA, M. and HOURDRY, J. (1985). Transformations in the intestinal epithelium during anuran metamorphosis. In Metamorphosis (Eds. M Balls and M. Bownes). The Clarendon Press, Oxford, U K, pp. 36-58
10. De LUZE, A , SACHS, L. and DEMEXEIX, B. (1993). Thyroid hormone-dependent transcriptional regulationof exogenous genes transfreed into Xenopus tadpole muscle in vivo Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 90: 7322-7326.
11. DODD, M H I and DODD, J M. (1976). The biology of metamorphosis In Physiology of the Amphibia (Ed. B. Lofts), Academic Press, New York, pp. 467-599.
12. ELICEIRI, B.P. and BROWN, D.D (1994). Quantitation of endogenous thyroid hormone receptors α and β during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 269: 24459-24465.
13. EVANS, R.M (1988). The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240 889-895.
14. FAIRCLOUGH, L and TATA, J R (1997). An immunocytochemical analysis of the expression of thyroid hormone receptor α and β proteins during natural and thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis in Xenopus. Dev. Growth Differ. 39: 273-283
15. FORMAN, B.M. and SAMUELS, H.H. (1990). Interaction among a subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors: the regulatory zipper model. Mol. Endocrinol. 4: 1293-1301
16. GALTON, V.A (1983). Thyroid hormone action in amphibian metamorphosis. In Molecular basis of thyroid hormone action (Eds, Oppenheimer J.H. and Samuels, H.H.). Academic, New York, pp. 445-483.
17. GILBERT, L.I. and FRIEDEN, E. (Ed.) (1981). Metamorphosis: A problem in developmental biology, 2nd ed. Plenum Press, New York.
18. GILBERT, L.I , TATA, J R and ATKINSON, B.G (1996). Metamorphosis. Postembryonic reprogramming of gene expression in amphibian and insect cells. Academic Press, New York
19. GREEN, S. and CHAMBON, P. (1988) Nuclear receptors enhace our understanding of transcription regulation. Trends Genet. 4: 309-313.
20. HALACHMI, S., MARDEN, E , MARTIN, G , MACKAY, H., ABBONDANZA, C., and BROWN, M (1994) Estrogen receptor-associated proteins: possible mediators of hormone-induced transcription. Science 264: 1455-1458.
21. HELBING, C.C , GERGELY,G and ATKINSON, B.G. (1992) Sequential up-regulation of thyroid hormone β receptor, ornithine transcarbamylase, and carbamyl phosphate synthetase mRNAs in the liver of Rana Catesbeiana tadpoles during spontaneous and thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis Dev.Genet 73:289-301.
22. HEYMAN, R.A , MANGELSDORF, D.J., DYCK, J.A., STEIN, R.B , EICHELE, G., EVANS, R M. and THALLER, C. (1992). 9-Cis retionic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor. Cell 68: 397-406.
23. HORLEIN, A.J., NAAR, A M., HEINZEL, T., TORCHIA, J., GLOSS, B., KUROKAWA, R , RYAN, A., KAMEI, Y , SODERSTROM, M , GLASS, C.K and ROSENFELD, M.G. (1995). Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor Nature 377: 397-404.
24. IMBALZANO, A.M., KWON, H , GREEN, M.R. and KINGSTON, R E. (1994) Facilitated binding of TATA-binding protein to nucleosomal DNA. Nature 370: 481-485.
25. ISHIZUYA-OKA, A and SHIMOZAWA, A. (1987) Development of the connective tissue in the digestive tract of the larval and metamorphosing Xenopus laevis. Ant. Anz Jena 164: 81-93.
26. ISHIZUYA-OKA, A. and SHIMOZAWA, A (1991). Induction of metamorphosis by thyroid hormone in anuran small intestine cultured organotypically in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev Biol. 27A. 853-857.
27. ISHIZUYA-OKA, A. and SHIMOZAWA, A. (1992a). Connective tissue is involved in adult epithelial development of the small intestine during anuran metamorphosis in vitro Roux's Arch Dev Biol 201 322-329
28. ISHIZUYA-OKA, A and SHIMOZAWA, A. (1992b). Programmed cell death and heterolysis of larval epithelial cells by macrophage-like cells in the anuran small intestine in vivo and in vitro. J. Morphol. 213: 185-195.
29. ISHIZUYA-OKA, A. and UEDA, S. (1996). Apoptosis and cell proliferation in the Xenopus small intestine during metamorphosis. Cell Tissue Res. 286: 467-476.
30. IZUTSU, Y. and YOSHIZATO, K. (1993) Metamorphosis-Dependent Recognition of Larval Skin as Non-Self by Inbred Adult Frogs (Xenopus laevis) J Exp. Zool 266: 163-167.
31. IZUTSU, Y , YOSHIZATO, K and TOCHINAI, S. (1996) Adult-type splenocytes of Xenopus induce apoptosis of histocompatible larval tail cells in vitro. Differentiation 60: 277-286.
32. JACOBSON, M D., WEIL, M and RAFF, M C (1997). Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell 88: 347-354.
33. KAMEI, Y., XU, L., HEINZEL, T., TORCHIA, J., KUROKAWA, R., GLOSS, B , LIN, S-C., HEYMAN, R.A , ROSE, D.W , GLASS, C K. and ROSENFELD, M.G (1996). A CBP Integrator Complex Mediates Transcriptional Activation and AP-1 Inhibition by Nuclear Receptors. Cell 85: 403-414.
34. KAWAHARA, A , BAKER, B S and TATA J.R (1991). Developmental and regional expression of thyroid hormone receptor genes during Xenopus metamorphosis Development 112: 933-943.
35. KERR, J F.R., HARMON, B. and SEARLE, J (1974). An electron-microscope study of cell eletion in the anuran tadpole tail during spontaneous metamorphosis with special reference to apoptosis of striated muscle fibres. J. Cell Sci. 14: 571-585
36. KIKUYAMA, S , KAWAMURA, K., TANAKA, S. and YAMAMOTO, K (1993). Aspects of amphibian metamorphosis hormonal control Int. Rev Cytol. 145: 105-148.
37. KORDYLEWSKI, L. (1983). Light and electron microscopic observations of the development of intestinal musculature in Xenopus. Z. Mikrosk-Anat. Forsch 97: 719-734.
38. KORNBERG, R.D and LORCH, Y. (1995). Interplay between chromatin structure and transcription. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7: 371-375.
39. KROLL, K. and AMAYA, E. (1996) Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development 122: 3173-3183
40. KWON, H , IMBALZANO, A.N , KHAVARI, P.A., KINGSTON, R.E. and GREEN, M.R (1994). Nucleosome disruption and enhancement of activator binding by a human SW1/SNF complex. Nature 370: 477-481.
41. LAZAR, M.A. (1993). Thyroid Hormone Receptors: Multiple Forms, Multiple Possibilities. Endocr. Rev. 14: 184-193.
42. LE DOUARIN B, ZECHEL C, GARNIERJ-M, LUTZY, TORA L, PIERRAT B, HEERY D, GRONEMEYER H, CHAMBON P and LOSSON R. (1995). The N-terminal part of TIF1, a putative mediator of the ligand-dependent activation function (AF-2) of nuclear receptors, is fused to B-raf in the oncogenic protein T18. EMBO J. 14. 2020-2033.
43. LEE, J.W , CHOI, H.-S , GYURIS, J., BRENT, R. and MOORE, D.D. (1995b) Two classes of proteins dependent on either the presence or absence of thyroid hormone for interaction with the thyroid hormone receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 9: 243-254
44. LEE, J.W., RYAN, F., SWAFFLELD, J.C., JOHNSTON, S A. and MOORE, D.D. (1995a). Interaction of thyroid-hormone receptor with a conserved transcriptional mediator. Nature 374: 91-94.
45. LEID, M., KASTNER, P., LYONS, R , NAKSHATRI, H., SAUNDERS, M., ZACHAREWSKI, T., CHEN, J.Y., STAUB, A., GARNIER, J.M., MADER, S. and CHAMBON, P. (1992). Purification, cloning, and RXR identity of the HeLa cell factor with which RAR or TR heterodimerizes to bind target sequences efficiently. Cell 68: 377-395.
46. LELOUP, J. and BUSCAGLIA, M. (1977) LA triiodothyronine hormone de la métamorphose des amphibiens. C.R. Acad. Sci. 284: 2261-2263.
47. LEWIN, B. (1994). CHROMATIN and GENE expression: constant questions, but changing answers. Cell 79: 397-406
48. MACHUCA, I., ESSLEMONT, G., FAIRCLOUGH, L and TATA, J R. (1995). Analysis of structure and expression of the Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor β gene to explain its autoregulation. Mol. Endocrinol. 9: 96-107
49. MARKS, M.S., HALLENBECK, P L., NAGATA, T, SEGARS, J.H , APPELLA, E., NIKODEM, V.M. and OZATO, K. (1992). H-2RIIBP (RXR-β) heterodimerization provides a mechanism for combinatorial diversity in the regulation of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone responsive genes. EMBO J. 11: 1419-1435.
50. MARSHALL, J A and DIXON, K E. (1978) Cell specialization in the epithelium of the small intestine of feeding Xenopus laevls. J Anat 126: 133-144
51. MARTIN, S J. and GREEN, D.R. (1995). Protease activation during apoptosis: death by a thousand cuts? Cell 82: 349-352.
52. MCAVOY, J.W. and DIXON, K.E. (1977). Cell proliferation and renewal in the small intestinal epithelium of metamorphosing and adult Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool. 202: 129-138.
53. NAGY, L , KAO, H Y., CHAKRAVARTI, D., LIN, R J., HASSIG, C.A., AYER, D.E., SCHREIBER, S.L. and EVANS, R.M (1997). Nuclear Receptor Repression mediated by a Complex Containing SMRT, mSin3A, and Histone Deacetylase. Cell 89: 373-380
54. NIEUWKOOP, P D. and FABER, J. (1956). Normal table of Xenopus laevis North Holland Publishing, Amsterdam.
55. NISHIKAWA, A. and YOSHIZATO K (1986) Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Life Span of Bullfrog Tadpole Tail Epidermal Cells Cultured In Vitro. J. Exp. Zool. 237: 221-230.
56. NISHIKAWA, A., KAIHO, M., and YOSHIZATO K. (1989). Cell Death in the Anuran Tadpole Tail: Thyroid hormone induces Keratinization and Tail-Specific Growth Inhibition of Epeidermal Cells. Dev. Biol. 131: 337-344.
57. OGRYZKO, V.V., SCHILTZ, R.L , RUSSANOVA, V., HORWARD, B.H. and NAKATANI, Y. (1996). The Transcriptional Coactivators p300 and CBP Are Histone Acetyltransferases. Cell 87: 953-959.
58. ONATE, S.A., TSAI, S.Y., TSAI, M-J. and O'MALLEY, B.W. (1995). Sequence and characterization of a coactivator for the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 270: 1354-1357.
59. PATTERTON, D., HAYES, W.P. and SHI, Y-B. (1995) Transcriptional activation of the matrix metalloproteinase gene stromelysin-3 coincides with thyroid hormone-induced cell death during frog metamorphosis. Dev. Biol 167: 252-262.
60. PAZIN, M.J. and KADONAGA, J.T. (1997). What's Up and Down with Histone Deacetylation and Transcription? Cell 89: 325-328.
61. PINA, B., BRUGGEMEIER, U. and BEATO, M. (1990). Nucleosome positioning modulates accessibility of regulatory proteins to the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Cell 60: 719-731.
62. PUZIANOWSKA-KUZNICKA, M., DAMJANOVSKI, S and SHI, Y-B. (1997). Both thyroid Hormone and 9-cis Retinoic Aicd Receptors Are Required To Efficiently Mediate the Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Embryonic Development and Specific Gene Regulation in Xenopus laevis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 4738-4749.
63. RANJAN, M., WONG, J. and SHI, Y-B. (1994). Transcriptional repression of Xenopuf TRβ gene is mediated by a thyroid hormone response element located near the start site. J Biol. Chem. 269: 24699-24705.
64. SAP, J , MUNOZ, A., DAMM, K , GOLDBERG, Y , GHYSDAEL, J., LEUTZ, A., BERG, H. and VENNSTROM, B. (1986). The C-erb-A protein is a high affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature 324: 635-640
65. SCHNEIDER, M.J. and GALTON, V.A. (1991). Regulation of c-erbA-α messenger RNA species in tadpole erythrocytes by thyroid hormone. Mol. Endocrinol. 5: 201-208
66. SCHWARTZMAN, R A. and CIDLOWSKI, J.A. (1993). Apoptosis: The biochemistry an molecular biology of programmed cell death Endocr. Rev. 14: 133-151
67. SHI, Y-B. (1994). Molecular biology of amphibian metamorphosis: A new approach to an old problem. Trends Endocrinol. Met. 5: 14-20
68. SHI, Y-B. (1996). Thyroid hormone-regulated early and late genes during amphibian metamorphosis In Metamorphosis: Post-embryonic reprogramming of gene expression in amphibian and insect cells (Eds. L I. Gilbert, J R. Tata and B G. Atkinson) Academic Press, New York, pp. 505-538.
69. SHI, Y-B. and ISHIZUYA-OKA, A (1996). Biphasic intestinal development in amphibians. Embryogensis and remodeling during metamorphosis Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 32: 205-235
70. SHI, Y-B and ISHIZUYA-OKA, A (1997) Autoactivation of Xenopus Thyroid Hormone Receptor β GENES Correlates with Larval Epithelial Apoptosis and Adult Cell Proliferation. J. Biomed. Sci. 4: 9-18
71. SHI, Y-B , LIANG, V C-T , PARKISON, C. and CHENG, S-Y. (1994).Tissue-dependβ ent developmental expression of a cytosolic thyroid hormone protein gene in Xenopus: its role in the regulation of amphibian metamorphosis. FEBS Letters 355: 61-64
72. SHI, Y., SAHAI, B.M and GREEN, D.R. (1989). Cyclosporin A inhibits activation-induced cell death in T-cell hybridomas and thymocytes. Nature 339: 625-626.
73. SMITH-GILL, S.J and CARVER, V. (1981). Biochemical characterization of organ differentiation and maturation. In Metamorphosis: A Problem in Developmental Biology. (Eds. L.I. Gilbert, E. Frieden) New York, Plenum, pp. 491-544.
74. STOLOW, M A. and SHI, Y-B. (1995) Xenopus sonic hedgehog as a potential morphogen during embryogenesis and thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. Nucl. Acids Res. 23: 2555-2562.
75. SU, Y., SHI, Y. and SHI, Y-B. (1997a) Cyclosporin A but not FK506 inhibits thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis in tadpole intestinal epithelium. FASEB J. 11: 559-565.
76. SU, Y., SHI, Y., STOLOW, M A and SHI, Y-B (1997b). Thyroid hormone induces apoptosis in primary cell cultures of tadpole intestine: Cell type specificity and effects of extracellular matrix. J. Cell Biol 139: 1533-1543.
77. SVAREN, J., HORZ, W. (1993). Histones, nucleosomes and transcription. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev 3: 219-225.
78. TATA, J.R. (1966). Requirement for RNA and protein synthesis for induced regression of the tadpole tail in organ culture Dev. Biol. 13: 77-94.
79. TATA, J.R., KAWAHARA, A and BAKER, B.S. (1991). Prolactin inhibits both thyroid hormone-induced morphogenesis and cell death in cultured amphibian larval tissues Dev Biol. 146: 72-80
80. TRUSS, M., BARTSCH, J , SCHELBERT, A., HACHÉ, R J.G. and BEATO, M. (1995). Hormone induces binding of receptors and transcription factors to a rearranged nucleosome on the MMTV promoter in vivo. EMBO J. 14: 1737-1751.
81. TSAI M-J, O'MALLEY BW: 1994 Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Ann Rev Biochem 63: 451-486.
82. TSUKIYAMA, T. and WU, C. (1995). Purification and properties of an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling factor. Cell 83: 1011-1020.
83. TSUKIYAMA, T., BECKER, P.B. and WU, C. (1994). ATP-dependent nucleosome disruption at a heat-shock promoter mediated by binding of GAGA transcription factor. Nature 367: 525-532.
84. TSUKIYAMA, T., DANIEL, C., TAMKUN, J. and WU, C. (1995). ISWI, a member of the SWI2/SNF2 ATPase family, encodes the 140 kDa subunit of the nucleosome remodeling factor Cell 83: 1021-1026.
85. ULIISSE, S., ESSLEMONT, G., BAKER, B.S., CHATTERJEE, V K. and TATA, J.R. (1996) Dominant-negative mutant thyroid hormone recptors prevent transcription from Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor β gene promoter in response to thyroid hormone in Xenopus tadpoles in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 1205-1209
86. VARGA-WEISZ, P., BLANK, T.A and BECKER, P.B (1995). Energy-dependent chromatin accessibility and nucleosome mobility in a cell free system. EMBO J. 14: 2209-2216.
87. WADE, P.A and WOLFFE, A.P. (1997). Histone acetyltransferases in control Curr. Biol. 7: R82-R84
88. WANG, Z. and BROWN, D.D. (1993) Thyroid hormone-induced gene expression program for amphibian tail resorption. J. Biol Chem. 268: 16270-16278.
89. WEINBERGER, C., THOMPSON, C.C., ONG, E S., LEBO, R., GRUOL, D.J. and EVANS, R M. (1986). The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature 324 641-646.
90. WHITE, E. (1996). Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Dev. 10 1-15.
91. WOLFFE, A.P. (1995). Chromatin: Structure and Function. Academic Press London.
92. WOLFFE, A P (1996) Histonedeacetylase: a regulator of transcription. Science 272. 371-372
93. WONG, J. and SHI, Y-B. (1995). Coordinated regulation of and transcriptional activation by Xenopus thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 18479-18483
94. WONG, J., SHI, Y-B. and WOLFFE, A.P. (1995). A role for nucleosome assembly in both silencing and activation of the Xenopus TRβA gene by the thyroid hormone receptor Genes Dev. 9: 2696-2711.
95. WONG, J., SHI, Y-B. and WOLFFE, A.P. (1997) Determinants of chromatin disruption and transcriptional regulation instigated by the thyroid hormone receptor: hormone-regulated chromatin disruption is not sufficient for transcriptional activation. EMBO J. 16: 3158-3171
96. WYLLIE, A.H., KERR, J F.R. and CURIE, A R. (1980). Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 68 251-306
97. YAOITA, Y. and BROWN, D.D. (1990). A correlation of thyroid hormone receptor gene expression with amphibian metamorphosis. Genes Dev 4: 1917-1924.
98. YAOITA, Y. and NAKAJIMA, K. (1997). Induction of Apoptosis and CPP32 Expression by Thyroid Hormone in a Myoblastic Cell Line Derived from Tadpole Tail. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 5122-5127.
99. YAOITA, Y., SHI, Y-B. and BROWN, D.D. (1990). Xenopus laevis α and β thyroid hormone receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7090-7094.
100. YEN, P.M. and CHIN, W W (1994). New advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. Trends Endocrinol Met. 5: 65-72.
101. YOSHINAGA, S K., PETERSON, C.L., HERSKOWITZ, I. and YAMAMOTO, K.R. (1992) Roles of SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 proteins for transcriptional enhancement by steroid receptors Science 258: 1598-1604
102. YOSHIZATO, K. (1989). Biochemistry and cell biology of amphibian metamorphosis with a special emphasis on the mechanism of removal of larval organs Int Rev. Cytol. 119: 97-149.
103. YU, Y.C., C. DELSERT, B. ANDERSEN, J.M. HOLLOWAY, O V DEVARY, A.M. NAAR, S.Y. KIM, J.M BOUTIN, C.K. GLASS, M.G ROSENFELD. 1991. RXRβ A coregulator that enhances binding of retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors to their cognate response elements. Cell 67: 1251-1266
104. ZAMIR, I , HARDING, H.P , ATKINS, G.B., HORLEIN, A., GLASS, G.K., ROSENFELD, M G. and LAZAR, M.A. (1996). A Nuclear Hormone Receptor Corepressor Mediates transcriptional Silencing by Receptors with Distinct Repression Domains. Mol. Cell. Biol 16: 5458-5465.
105. ZHANG, X-K , B. HOFFMANN, P.B.V. TRAN, G. GRAUPNER, AND M. PFAHL. 1992. Retinoid X receptor is an auxiliary protein for thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors. Nature 355 441-446