Consequences of violating the assumption of independence in the process dissociation procedure: A word fragment completion study

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 617-632

  Russo, Riccardo ^a   Cullis, Anne M ^a   Parkin, Alan J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DISSOCIATION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INDEPENDENCE; SEMANTICS; TASK PERFORMANCE; VERBAL MEMORY;

EID: 0031904569     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03211382     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. BASDEN, B. H., BASDEN, D. R., & GARGANO, G. J. (1993). Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 603-616.
2. BLAXTON, T. A. (1989). Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer appropriate processing framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 15, 657-668.
3. BROWN, A. S., & MITCHELL, D. B. (1994). A reevaluation of semantic versus nonsemantic processing in implicit memory. Memory & Cognition, 22, 533-541.
4. BUCHNER, A., ERDFELDER, E., & VATTERODT-PLÜNNECKE, B. (1995). Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 137-160.
5. CHALLIS, B. H., & BRODBECK, D. R. (1992). Level of processing affects priming in word fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 18, 595-607.
6. CRAIK, F. I. M., & TULVING, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.
7. CURRAN, T., & HINTZMAN, D. L. (1995). Violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 531-547.
8. CURRAN, T., & HINTZMAN, D. L. (1997). Consequences and causes of correlations in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 23, 465-504.
9. GRAF, P., & MANDLER, G. (1984). Activation makes words more accessible but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 23, 553-568.
10. HAMMAN, S. B., & SQUIRE, L. R. (1996). Levels-of-processing effects in word-completion priming: A neuropsychological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 22, 933-947.
11. JACOBY, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from recollection uses of memory. Journal of Memory & Language, 30, 513-541.
12. JACOBY, L. L., BEGG, I. M., & TOTH, J. P. (1997). In defense of functional independence: Violations of assumptions underlying the process-dissociation procedure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 23, 484-495.
13. JACOBY, L. L., TOTH, J. P., & YONELINAS, A. P. (1993). Unconscious influences of memory: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154.
14. MULLIGAN, N. W., & HARTMAN, M. (1996). Divided attention and indirect memory tests. Memory & Cognition, 24, 453-465.
15. NEILL, T. W., BECK, J. L., BOTTALICO, K. S., & MOLLOY, R. D. (1990). Effects of recollection versus incidental learning on explicit and implicit tests of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 16, 457-463.
16. PARKIN, A. J., REID, T. K., & RUSSO, R. (1990). On the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 507-514.
17. RICHARDSON-KLAVEHN, A., GARDINER, J. M., & JAVA, R. I. (1994). Involuntary conscious memory and the method of opposition. Memory, 2, 1-29.
18. RICHARDSON-KLAVEHN, A., GARDINER, J. M., & RAMPONI, C. (1996, November). Does depth of processing influence involuntary retrieval in stem completion? Paper presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago.
19. ROEDIGER, H. L., III, & MCDERMOTT, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In H. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology (Vol. 8, pp. 63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
20. ROSENTHAL, R., & ROSNOW, R. L. (1991). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. RUSSO, R., & ANDRADE, J. (1995). The directed forgetting effect in word fragment completion: An application of the process dissociation procedure. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 405-423.
22. RUSSO, R., & PARKIN, A. J. (1993). Age differences in implicit memory: More apparent than real. Memory & Cognition, 21, 73-80.
23. SCHACTER, D. L., CHIU, C.-Y., & OCHESNER, K. N. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 159-182.
24. SRINIVAS, K., & ROEDIGER, H. L., III (1990). Testing the nature of two implicit tests: Dissociations between conceptually-driven and data-driven processes. Journal of Memory & Language, 28, 389-412.
25. TOTH, J. P. (1996). Conceptual automaticity in recognition memory: Levels-of-processing effects on familiarity. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 123-138.
26. TOTH, J. P., REINGOLD, E. M., & JACOBY, L. L. (1994). Towards a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociations following elaborative processing and self-generation. Journal of Experimental Psychologv: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 20, 290-303.
27. TOTH, J. P., REINGOLD, E. M., & JACOBY, L. L. (1995). A response to Graf and Komatsu's critique of the process dissociation procedure: When is caution necessary? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 113-130.