Molecular aspects of poliovirus biology with a special focus on the interactions with nerve cells

Journal of NeuroVirology

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-26

  Blondel, Bruno ^a   Duncan, Gillian ^a   Couderc, Thérèse ^a   Delpeyroux, Francis ^a   Pavio, Nicole ^a   Colbère Garapin, Florence ^a  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

Author keywords

Host range; Neurovirulence; Persistence; Poliovirus

Indexed keywords

POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HUMAN; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MOUSE; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PICORNAVIRUS; POLIOMYELITIS; POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS; POSTPOLIOMYELITIS SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RNA STRUCTURE; VIRION; VIRUS ATTENUATION; VIRUS CAPSID; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY; VIRUS MUTANT; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS REPLICATION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 0031889791     PISSN: 13550284     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/13550289809113478     Document Type: Review

References (299)

1. Abe S, Ota Y, Doi Y, Nomoto A, Nomura T, Chumakov KM, Hashizume S (1995). Studies on neurovirulence in polioviras-sensitive transgenic mice and cynomolgus monkeys for the different temperature-sensitive viruses derived from the Sabin type 3 virus. Virology 210: 160-166.
2. Ackermann WW, Kurtz H (1955). Observations concerning a persisting infection of HeLa cells with poliomyelitis virus. J Exp Med 102: 555-565.
3. Agol VI (1991). The 5′-untranslated region of picornaviral genomes. Adv Virus Res 40: 103-180.
4. Agol VI (1993). Poliovirus neurovirulence and its attenuation. In: Regulation of gene expression in animal viruses. Carrasco L (ed). Plenum Press: New York, pp 305-321.
5. Agol VI, Drozdov SG, Grachev VP, Kolesnikova MS, Kozlov VG, Ralph NM, Romanova LI, Tolskaya EA, Tyufanov AV, Viktorova EG (1985). Recombinants between attenuated and virulent strains of poliovirus type 1: derivation and characterization of recombinants with centrally located crossover points. Virology 143: 467-477.
6. Agol VI, Drozdov SG, Ivannikova TA, Kolesnikova MS, Korolev MB, Tolskaya EA (1989). Restricted growth of attenuated poliovirus strains in cultured cells of a human neuroblastoma. J Virol 63: 4034-4038.
7. Agre JC, Rodriguez AA, Sperling KB (1989). Symptoms and clinical impressions of patients seen in a post-polio clinic. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 70: 367-370.
8. Ahmed R, Morrison LA, Knipe DM (1997). Viral persistence. In: Viral pathogenesis. Nathanson N (ed). Lippincott-Raven Publisher: Philadelphia, pp 181-205.
9. Aldabe R, Irurzun A, Carrasco L (1997). Poliovirus protein 2BC increases cytosolic free calcium concentrations. J Virol 71: 6214-6217.
10. Ambros V, Petterson RF, Baltimore D (1978). An enzymatic activity in uninfected cells that cleaves the linkage between poliovirus RNA and the 5′ terminal protein. Cell 15: 1439-1446.
11. Andino R, Rieckhof GE, Achacoso PL, Baltimore D (1993). Poliovirus RNA synthesis utilizes an RNP complex formed around the 5′-end of viral RNA. EMBO J 12: 3587-3598.
12. Andino R, Rieckhof GE, Baltimore D (1990). A fonctional ribonucleoprotein complex forms around the 5′ end of poliovirus RNA. Cell 63: 369-380.
13. Andrews NC, Levin D, Baltimore D (1985). Poliovirus replicase stimulation by terminal uridyl transferase. J Biol Chem 260: 7628-7635.
14. Ansardi D, Porter D, Anderson M, Morrow C (1996). Poliovirus assembly and encapsidation of genomic RNA. Adv Virus Res 46: 1-68.
15. Armstrong C (1939). Successful transfer of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus from the cotton rat to the white mouse. Publ Health Rep Wash 54: 2302-2305.
16. Barco A, Carrasco L (1995). A human virus protein, poliovirus protein 2BC, induces membrane proliferation and blocks the exocytic pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 14: 3349-3364.
17. Barnert RH, Zeichhardt H, Habermehl KO (1992). Identification of 50-kDa and 23-/25-kDa HeLa cell membrane glycoproteins involved in poliovirus infection: occurrence of poliovirus specific binding sites on susceptible and nonsusceptible cells. Virology 186: 533-542.
18. Barton DJ, Black EP, Flanegan JB (1995). Complete replication of poliovirus in vitro: preinitiation RNA replication complexes require soluble cellular factors for the synthesis of VPg-linked RNA. J Virol 69: 5516-5527.
19. Basavappa R, Syed R, Flore O, Icenogle JP, Filman DJ, Hogle JM (1994). Role and mechanism of the maturation cleavage of VPO in poliovirus assembly: structure of the empty capsid assembly intermediate at 2.9 angstrom resolution. Protein Sci 3: 1651-1669.
20. Belsham GJ, Sonenberg N (1996). RNA-Protein interactions in regulation of picornavirus RNA translation. Microbiol Rev 60: 499-511.
21. Bernhardt G, Harber J, Zibert A, de Crombragghe M, Wimmer E (1994). The poliovirus receptor: identification of domains and amino acid residues critical for virus binding. Virology 203: 344-356.
22. Bienz K, Egger D, Troxler M, Pasamontes L (1990). Structural organization of poliovirus RNA replication is mediated by viral proteins of the P2 genomic region. J Virol 64: 1156-1163.
23. Bienz K, Egger D, Wolff DA (1973). Virus replication, cytopathology, and lysosomal enzyme response of mitotic and interphase HEp-2 cells infected with poliovirus. J Virol 11: 565-574.
24. Bienz KD, Egger D, Rasser Y, Bossart W (1983). Intracellular distribution of poliovirus proteins and the induction of virus-specific cytoplasmic structures. Virology 131: 39-48.
25. Blyn LB, Swiderek KM, Richards O, Stahl DC, Semler BL, Ehrenfeld E (1996). Poly(rc) binding protein 2 binds to stem-loop IV of the poliovirus RNA 5′ noncoding region: identification by automated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 11115-11120.
26. Bodian D (1959). Poliomyelitis: pathogenesis and histopathology. In: Viral and rickettsial infections in man, 3rd ed. Rivers TM, Horstall FL (eds). Lippincott: Philadelphia, pp 479-498.
27. Bodian D, Horstmann DM (1965). Polioviruses. In: Viral and rickettsial infections of man. Horsfall FL, Tamm I. (eds). Lippincott: Philadelphia, pp 430-473.
28. Bodian D, Howe HA (1955). Emerging concept of poliomyelitis infection. Science 122: 105-108.
29. Borman Ā, Le Mercier P, Girard M, Kean K (1997). Comparison of picornaviral IRES-driven internal initiation of translation in cultured cells of different origins. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 925-932.
30. Borman AM, Deliat FG, Kean KM (1994). Sequences within the poliovirus internal ribosome entry segment control viral RNA synthesis. EMBO J 13: 3149-3157.
31. Borzakian S, Couderc T, Barbier Y, Attal G, Pelletier I, Colbère-Garapin F (1992). Persistent poliovirus infection: establishment and maintenance involve distinct mechanisms. Virology 186: 398-408.
32. Borzakian S, Pelletier I, Calvez V, Colbère-Garapin F (1993). Precise missense and silent point mutations are fixed in the genomes of poliovirus mutants from persistently infected cells. J Virol 67: 2914-2917.
33. Bouchard MJ, Lam DH, Racaniello VR (1995). Determinants of attenuation and temperature sensitivity in the type 1 poliovirus Sabin vaccine. J Virol 69: 4972-4978.
34. Brown RH, Johnson D, Ogonowski M, Weiner HL (1987). Type 1 human poliovirus binds to human synaptosomes. Ann Neurol 21: 64-70.
35. Bruneau P, Blondel B, Crainic R, Horodniceanu F, Girard M (1983). Poliovirus type 1 capsid polypeptides: absence of a free form in the cytoplasm of infected HeLa cells. Ann Institut Pasteur/Virologie 134E: 151-164.
36. Buc-Caron MH (1995). Neuroepithelial progenitor cells explanted from human fetal brain proliferate and differentiate in vitro. Neurobiol Dis 2: 37-47.
37. Caliguiri LA, Tamm I (1969). Membranous structures associated with translation and transcription of poliovirus RNA. Science 166: 885-886.
38. Caliguiri LA, Tamm I (1970). The role of cytoplasmic membranes in poliovirus biosynthesis. Virology 42: 100-110.
39. Calvez V, Pelletier I, Borzakian S, Colbère-Garapin F (1993). Identification of a region of the poliovirus genome involved in persistent infection of HEp-2 cells. J Virol 67: 4432-4435.
40. Calvez V, Pelletier I, Couderc T, Pavio-Guédo N, Blondel B, Colbère-Garapin F (1995). Cell clones cured of persistent poliovirus infection display selective permissivity to the wild-type poliovirus strain Mahoney and partial resistance to the attenuated Sabin 1 strain and Mahoney mutants. Virology 212: 309-322.
41. Carp RI (1981). Persistent infection of human lymphoid cells with poliovirus and development of temperature-sensitive mutants. Intervirology 15: 49-56.
42. Chen W, Baric RS (1996). Molecular anatomy of mouse hepatitis virus persistence: coevolution of increased host cell resistance and virus virulence. J Virol 70: 3947-3960.
43. Cho MW, Richards OC, Dmitrieva TM, Agol VI. Ehrenfeld E (1993). RNA duplex unwinding activity of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3Dpol. J Virol 67: 3010-3018.
44. Cho MW, Teterina N, Egger D, Bienz K, Ehrenfeld E (1994). Membrane rearrangement and vesicle induction by recombinant poliovirus 2C and 2BC in human cells. Virology 202: 129-145.
45. Christodoulou C, Colbère-Garapin F, Macadam A, Taffs LF, Marsden P, Minor P, Horaud F (1990). Mapping of mutations associated with neurovirulence in monkeys infected with Sabin 1 poliovirus revertants selected at high temperature. J Virol 64: 4922-4929.
46. Clark ME, Dasgupta A (1990). A transcriptionally active form of TFIIIC is modified in poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Mol Cell Biol 10: 5106-5113.
47. Clark ME, Hammerle T, Wimmer E, Dasgupta A (1991). Poliovirus proteinase-3C converts an active form of transcription factor-IIIC to an inactive form: a mechanism for inhibition of host cell polymerase-III transcription by poliovirus. EMBO J 10: 2941-2947.
48. Clark ME, Lieberman PM, Berk AJ, Dasgupta A (1993). Direct cleavage of human TATA-binding protein by poliovirus protease 3C in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 13: 1232-1237.
49. Colbère-Garapin F, Christodoulou C, Crainic R, Pelletier I (1989). Persistent poliovirus infection of human neuroblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7590-7594.
50. Colonno RJ, Condra JH, Mizutani S, Callahan PL, Davies ME, Murcko MA (1988). Evidence for the direct involvement of the rhinovirus canyon in receptor binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 5449-5453.
51. Colston E, Racaniello VR (1994). Soluble receptor-resistant poliovirus mutants identify surface and internal capsid residues that control interaction with the cell receptor. EMBO J 13: 5855-5862.
52. Colston EM, Racaniello VR (1995). Poliovirus variants selected on mutant receptor-expressing cells identify capsid residues that expand receptor recognition. J Virol 69: 4823-4829.
53. Contreras G, Summers DF, Maizel JV, Ehrenfeld E (1973). HeLa cell nucleolar RNA synthesis after poliovirus infection. Virology 53: 120-129.
54. Couderc T, Christodoulou C, Kopecka H, Marsden S, Taffs LF, Crainic R, Horaud F (1989). Molecular pathogenesis of neural lesions induced by poliovirus type 1. J Gen Virol 70: 2907-2918.
55. Couderc T, Delpeyroux J, Le Blay H, Blondel B (1996). Mouse adaptation determinants of poliovirus type 1 enhance viral uncoating. J Virol 70: 305-312.
56. Couderc T, Guédo N, Calvez V, Pelletier I, Hogle J, Colbère-Garapin F, Blondel B (1994). Substitutions in the capsids of poliovirus mutants selected in human neuroblastoma cells confer on the Mahoney type 1 strain a phenotype neurovirulent in mice. J Virol 68: 8386-8391.
57. Couderc T, Hogle J, Le Blay H, Horaud F, Blondel B (1993). Molecular characterization of mouse-virulent poliovirus type 1 Mahoney mutants: involvement of residues of polypeptides VP1 and VP2 located on the inner surface of the capsid protein shell. J Virol 67: 3808-3817.
58. Couderc T, Martin A, Wychowski C, Girard M, Horaud F, Crainic R (1991). Analysis of neutralization-excape mutants selected from a mouse virulent type 1/type 2 chimeric poliovirus: Identification of a type 1 poliovirus with antigenic site 1 deleted. J Gen Virol 72: 973-977.
59. Curry S, Chow M, Hogle JM (1996). The poliovirus 135S particle is infectious. J Virol 70: 7125-7131.
60. Dalakas MC (1986). New neuromuscular symptoms in patients with old poliomyelitis: a three year follow-up study. Eur Neurol 25: 381-387.
61. Dalakas MC (1995). The post-polio syndrome as an evolved clinical entity. Definition and clinical description. In: The post-polio syndrome. Dalakas MC, Bartfeld H, Kurland LT (eds). The New York Academy of Sciences: New York, pp 68-80.
62. Dalakas MC, Sever JL, Madden DL, Papadopoulos NM, Shekarchi IC, Albrecht P, Krezlewicz A (1984). Late postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy: clinical, virologic, and immunologic studies. Rev Infect Dis 6 (Suppl 2): S562-S567.
63. Dales S, Eggers HJ, Tamm I, Palade GE (1965). Electron microscopic study of the formation of poliovirus. Virology 26: 379-389.
64. Dasgupta A, Zabel P, Baltimore D (1980). Dependence of the activity of the poliovirus replicase on a host cell protein. Cell 19: 423-429.
65. de la Torre JC, Martinez-Salas E, Diez J, Villaverde A, Gebauer F, Rocha E, DaVila M, Domingo E (1988). Coevolution of cells and viruses in a persistent infection of foot-and-mouth disease in cell culture. J Virol 62: 2050-2058.
66. del Angel RM, Papavassiliou AG, Fernandez-Tomas C, Silverstein SJ, Racaniello VR (1989). Cell proteins bind to multiple sites within the 5′ untranslated region of poliovirus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 8299-8303.
67. Dermody TS, Nibert ML, Wetzel JD, Tong X, Fields BN (1993). Cells and viruses with mutations affecting viral entry are selected during persistent infections of L cells with mammalian reoviruses. J Virol 67: 2055-2063.
68. Destombes J, Couderc T, Thiesson D, Girard S, Wilt SG, Blondel B (1997). Persistent poliovirus infection in mouse motoneurons. J Virol 71: 1621-1628.
69. Diard C, Ravaud JF, Held JP (1994). French survey of postpolio sequelae. Risk factors study and medical social outcome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 73: 264-267.
70. Doedens J, Maynell LA, Klymkowsky MW, Kirkegaard K (1994). Secretory pathway function, but not cytoskeletal integrity, is required in poliovirus infection. Arch Virol-Supp 9: 159-172.
71. Doedens JR, Kirkegaard K (1995). Inhibition of cellular protein secretion by poliovirus proteins 2B and 3A. EMBO J 14: 894-907.
72. Dove AW, Racaniello VR (1997). Cold-adapted poliovirus mutants bypass a postentry replication block. J Virol 71: 4728-4735.
73. Dunn G, Begg NT, Cammack N, Minor PD (1990). Virus excretion and mutation by infants following primary vaccination with live oral poliovaccine from two sources. J Med Virol 32: 92-95.
74. Dunnebacke TH, Levinthal JD, Williams RC (1969). Entry and release of poliovirus as observed by electron microscopy of cultured cells. J Virol 4: 505-513.
75. Eberle KE, Nguyen VT, Freistadt MS (1995). Low levels of poliovirus replication in primary human monocytes: possible interactions with lymphocytes. Arch Virol 140: 2135-2150.
76. Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC (1949). Cultivation of Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in culture of various human embryonic tissues. Science 109: 85-87.
77. Equestre M, Genovese D, Calvalieri F, Fiore L, Santoro R, Perez-Bercoff R (1991). Identification of a consistent pattern of mutations in neurovirulent variants derived from the Sabin vaccine strain of poliovirus type 2. J Virol 65: 2707-2710.
78. Evans DM, Dunn G, Minor PD, Schild GC, Cann AJ, Stanway G, Almond JW, Currey K, Maizel JV (1985). Increased neurovirulence associated with a single nucleotide change in a noncoding region of the Sabin type 3 poliovaccine genome. Nature 314: 548-550.
79. Everaert L, Vrijsen R, Boeyé A (1989). Eclipse products of poliovirus after cold-synchronized infection of HeLa cells. Virology 171: 76-82.
80. Fagraeus A, Bottiger M, Heller L, Norrby E (1981). Replication of poliovirus and measles virus in cultures of human lymphoblastoid and of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Arch Virol 69: 229-237.
81. Filman DJ, Syed R, Chow M, Macadam AJ, Minor PD, Hogle JM (1989). Structural factors that control conformational transitions and serotype specificity in type 3 poliovirus. EMBO J 8: 1567-1579.
82. Flore O, Fricks CE, Filman DJ, Hogle JM (1990). Conformational changes in poliovirus assembly and cell entry. Sem Virol 1: 429-438.
83. Freistadt M (1994). Distribution of the poliovirus receptor in human tissue. In: Cellular receptors for animal viruses. Wimmer E (ed). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: New York, pp 445-461.
84. Freistadt M, Eberle KE (1996). Correlation between poliovirus type 1 Mahoney replication in blood cells and neurovirulence. J Virol 70: 6486-6492.
85. Freistadt MS, Fleit HB, Wimmer E (1993). Poliovirus receptor on human blood cells: a possible extraneural site of poliovirus replication. Virology 195: 798-803.
86. Freistadt MS, Kaplan G, Racaniello VR (1990). Heterogenous expression of poliovirus receptor-related proteins in human cells and tissues. Mol Cell Biol 10: 5700-5706.
87. Fricks CE, Hogle JM (1990). Cell-induced conformational change in poliovirus: externalization of the amino terminus of VP1 is responsible for liposome binding. J Virol 64: 1934-1945.
88. Furione M, Guillot S, Otelea D, Balanant J, Candrea A, Crainic R (1993). Polioviruses with natural recombinant genomes isolated from vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Virology 196: 199-208.
89. Georgescu MM, Delpeyroux F, Tardy-Panit M, Balanant J, Combiescu M, Guillot S, Crainic R (1994). High diversity of poliovirus strains isolated from the central nervous system of patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. J Virol 68: 8089-8101.
90. Georgescu MM, Tardv-Panit M, Guillot S, Crainic R, Delpeyroux F (1995). Mapping of mutations contributing to the temperature sensitivity of the Sabin 1 vaccine strain of poliovirus. J Virol 69: 5278-5286.
91. Ghendon Y, Yakobson E, Mikhejeva A (1972). Study of some stages of poliovirus morphogenesis in MiO cells. J Virol 10: 260-266.
92. Gingras AC, Svitkin Y, Belsham GJ, Pause A, Sonenberg N (1996). Activation of the translational suppressor 4E-BP1 following infection with encephalomyocarditis virus and poliovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 5578-5583.
93. Gomez Yafal A, Kaplan G, Racaniello VR, Hogle JM (1993). Characterization of poliovirus conformational alteration mediated by soluble receptors. Virology 197: 501-505.
94. Gromeier M, Alexander L, Wimmer E (1996). Internal ribosomal entry site substitution eliminates neurovirulence in intergeneric poliovirus recombinants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2370-2375.
95. Gromeier M, Lu HH, Wimmer E (1995). Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis. Microb Pathog 18: 253-267.
96. Gromeier M, Mueller S, Soleki D, Bossert B, Bernhardt G, Wimmer E (1997). Determinants of poliovirus neurovirulence. J Neurovirol 3: 35-38.
97. Gromeier M, Wetz K (1990). Kinetics of poliovirus uncoating in HeLa cells in a nonacidic environment. J Virol 64: 3590-3597.
98. Gutierrez AL, Denovaocampo M, Racaniello VR, Delangel RM (1997). Attenuating mutations in the poliovirus 5′ untranslated region alter its interaction with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein. J Virol 71: 3826-3833.
99. Haller A, Semler B (1995). Translation and host cell shutoff. In: Human enterovirus infection. Rotbart HA (ed). ASM: Washington, DC. pp 113-133.
100. Haller AA, Stewart SR, Semler BL (1996). Attenuation stem-loop lesions in the 5′ noncoding region of poliovirus RNA: neuronal cell-specific translation defects. J Virol 70: 1467-1474.
101. Hambidge SJ, Sarnow P (1992). Translational enhancement of the poliovirus 5′-noncoding region mediated by virus-encoded polypeptide-2A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10272-10276.
102. Hämmerle T, Hellen CU, Wimmer E (1991). Site-directed mutagenesis of the putative catalytic triad of poliovirus 3C proteinases. J Biol Chem 266: 5412-5416.
103. Harber J, Bernhardt G, Lu H-H, Sgro J-Y, Wimmer E (1995). Canyon rim residues, including antigenic determinants, modulate serotype-specific binding of polioviruses to mutants of the poliovirus receptor. Virology 214: 559-570.
104. Hashimoto I, Hagiwara A, Komatsu T (1984). Ultrastructural studies on the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis in monkeys infected with poliovirus. Acta Neuropathol 64: 53-60.
105. Hellen C, Wimmer E (1995). Enterovirus structure and assembly. In: Human enterovirus infection. Rotbart HA (ed). ASM: Washington, DC, pp 155-174.
106. Hellen CU, Lee CK, Wimmer E (1992). Determinants of Substrate recognition by poliovirus-2A proteinase. J Virol 66: 3330-3338.
107. Hellen CU, Witherell GW, Schmid M, Shin SH, Pestova TV, Gil A, Wimmer E (1993). A cytoplasmic 57-kDa protein that is required for translation of picornavirus RNA by internal ribosomal entry is identical to the nuclear pyrimidine tract-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 7642-7646.
108. Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ (1985). Three dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 Å resolution. Science 229: 1358-1365.
109. Holland JJ (1961). Receptor affinities as major determinants of enterovirus tissue tropisms in humans. Virology 15: 312-326.
110. Holland JJ, Kiehn ED (1968) Specific cleavage of viral proteins as steps in the synthesis and maturation of enteroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 60: 1015-1022.
111. Holland JJ, McLaren LC (1959). The mammalian cell virus relationship. II. Adsorption, reception, and eclipse by HeLa cells. J Exp Med 109: 487-504.
112. Holland JJ, McLaren LC, Syverton JT (1959a). The mammalian cell virus relationship. III. Production of infectious poliovirus by non-primate cells exposed to poliovirus ribonucleic acid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 100: 843-845.
113. Holland JJ, McLaren LC, Syverton JT (1959b). The mammalian cell virus relationship. IV. Infection of naturally insusceptible cells with enterovirus ribonucleic acid. J Exp Med 110: 65-80.
114. Horie H, Koike S, Kurata T, Satoyoshida Y, Ise I, Ota Y, Abe S, Hioki K, Kato H, Taya C, Nomura T, Hashizume S, Yonekawa H, Nomoto A (1994). Transgenic mice carrying the human poliovirus receptor: new animal model for study of poliovirus neurovirulence. J Virol 68: 681-688.
115. Horstmann DM, Opton EM, Klemperer R (1964). Viremia in infants vaccinated with oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin). Am J Hyg 79: 47.
116. Hull HF, Birmingham ME, Melgaard B, Lee JW. (1997). Progress toward global polio eradication. J Infec Dis 175 (Suppl 1): S4-S9.
117. Irurzun A, Arroyo J, Alvarez A, Carrasco L (1995). Enhanced intracellular calcium concentration during poliovirus infection. J Virol 69: 5142-5146.
118. Jackson R, Hunt S, Gibbs C, Kaminski A (1994). Internal initiation of translation of picornavirus RNAs. Mol Biol Rep 19: 147-159.
119. Jackson R, Hunt S, Reynolds J, Kaminski A (1995). Capdependent and cap-independent translation: operational distinctions and mechanistic interpretations. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 203: 1-29.
120. Jacobson MF, Baltimore D (1968). Morphogenesis of poliovirus. I. Association of the viral RNA with coat protein. J Mol Biol 33: 369-378.
121. Jacobson MF, Baltimore D (1970). Further evidence on the formation of poliovirus proteins. J Mol Biol 49: 657-669.
122. Jacobson SJ, Konings DAM, Sarnow P (1993). Biochemical and genetic evidence for a pseudoknot structure at the 3′ terminus of the poliovirus RNA genome and its role in viral RNA amplification. J Virol 67: 2961-2971.
123. Joachims M, Etchison D (1992). Poliovirus infection results in structural alteration of a microtubule-associated protein. J Virol 66: 5797-5804.
124. Joachims M, Harris KS, Etchison D (1995). Poliovirus protease 3C mediates cleavage of microtubule-associated protein 4. Virology 211: 451-461.
125. Johnson K, Sarnow P (1995). Viral RNA synthesis. In: Human enterovirus infection. Rotbart HA (ed). ASM: Washington, DC, pp 95-112.
126. Johnson KL, Sarnow P (1991). Three poliovirus 2B mutants exhibit noncomplementable defects in viral RNA amplification and display dosage-dependent dominance over wild-type poliovirus. J Virol 65: 4341-4349.
127. Jore J, De Geus B, Jackson RJ, Pouwels PH, Enger-Valk BE (1988). Poliovirus protein 3CD is the active protease for processing of the precursor P1 in vitro. J Gen Virol 69: 1627-1636.
128. Jubelt B, Gallez-Hawkins G, Narayan O, Johnson RT (1980). Pathogenesis of human poliovirus infection in mice. I. Clinical and pathological studies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 39: 138-148.
129. Jubelt B, Meagher JB (1984a). Poliovirus infection of cyclophosphamide-treated mice results in persistence and late paralysis. I. Virologic studies. Neurology 34: 486-493.
130. Jubelt B, Meagher JB (1984b). Poliovirus infection of cyclophosphamide-treated mice results in persistence and late paralysis. II. Virologic studies. Neurology 34: 494-499.
131. Kaplan G, Freistadt MS, Racaniello VR (1990). Neutralization of poliovirus by cell receptors expressed in insect cells. J Virol 64: 4697-4702.
132. Kaplan G, Levy A, Racaniello VR (1989). Isolation and characterization of HeLa cell lines blocked at different steps in the poliovirus life cycle. J Virol 63: 43-51.
133. Kawamura N, Kohara M, Abe S, Komatsu T, Tago K, Arita M, Nomoto A (1989). Determinants in the 5′ noncoding region of poliovirus Sabin 1 RNA that influence the attenuation phenotype. J Virol 63: 1302-1309.
134. Kean KM, Teterina NL, Marc D, Girard M (1991). Analysis of putative active site residues of the poliovirus 3C protease. Virology 181: 609-619.
135. Kirkegaard K (1990). Mutations in VP1 of poliovirus specifically affect both encapsidation and release of viral RNA. J Virol 64: 195-206.
136. Kitamura N, Semler BL, Rothberg PG, Larsen GR, Adler CJ, Dorner AJ, Emini EA, Hanecak R, Lee JJ, Van der Werf S, Anderson CW, Wimmer E (1981). Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA. Nature 291: 547-553.
137. Kliewer S, Dasgupta A (1988). An RNA polymerase II transcription factor inactivated in poliovirus-infected cells copurifies with transcription factor TFIID. Mol Cell Biol 8: 3175-3182.
138. Kliewer S, Muchardt C, Gaynor RB, Dasgupta A (1990). Loss of a phosphorylated form of transcription factor CREB/ATF in poliovirus-infected cells. J Virol 64: 4507-4517.
139. Koike S, Aoki J, Nomoto A (1994). Transgenic mouse for the study of poliovirus pathogenicity. In: Cellular receptors for animal viruses. Wimmer E (ed). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp 463-479.
140. Koike S, Horie H, Ise I, Okitsu A, Yoshida M, Iizuka N, Takeuchi K, Takegami T, Nomoto A (1990). The poliovirus receptor protein is produced both as membrane-bound and secreted forms. EMBO J 9: 3217-3224.
141. Koike S, Ise I, Nomoto A (1991a). Functional domains of the poliovirus receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4104-4108.
142. Koike S, Ise I, Sato Y, Yonekawa H, Gotoh O, Nomoto A (1992). A 2nd gene for the African green monkey poliovirus receptor that has no putative N-glycosylation site in the functional N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain. J Virol 66: 7059-7066.
143. Koike S, Taya C, Kurata T, Abe S, Ise I, Yonekawa H, Nomoto A (1991b). Transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 88: 951-955.
144. Krausslich HG, Hölscher C, Reuer Q, Harber J, Wimmer E (1990) Myristoylation of the poliovirus polyprotein is required for proteolytic processing of the capsid and for viral infectivity. J Virol 64: 2433-2436.
145. Krausslich HG, Nicklin MJ, Toyoda H, Etchison D, Wimmer E (1987). Poliovirus proteinase 2A induces cleavage of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F polypeptide p220. J Virol 61: 2711-2718.
146. Kyuwa S, Stohlman SA (1990). Pathogenesis of a neurotropic murine coronavirus, strain JHM in the central nervous system of mice. Sem Virol 1: 273-280.
147. La Monica N, Almond JW, Racaniello VR (1987a). A mouse model for poliovirus neurovirulence identifies mutations that attenuate the virus for humans. J Virol 61: 2917-2920.
148. La Monica N, Kupsky WJ, Racaniello VR (1987b). Reduced mouse neurovirulence of poliovirus type 2 Lansing antigenic variants selected with monoclonal antibodies. Virology 161: 429-437.
149. La Monica N, Meriam C, Racaniello VR (1986). Mapping of sequences required for mouse neurovirulence of poliovirus type 2 Lansing. J Virol 57: 515-525.
150. La Monica N, Racaniello VR (1989). Differences in replication of attenuated and neurovirulent polioviruses in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. J Virol 63: 2357-2360.
151. Lama J, Carrasco L (1996). Screening for membrane-permeabilizing mutants of the poliovirus protein 3AB. J Gen Virol 77: 2109-2119.
152. Lama J, Paul AV, Harris KS, Wimmer E (1994). Properties of purified recombinant poliovirus protein 3AB as substrate for viral proteinases and as co-factor for RNA polymerase 3Dpol. J Biol Chem 269: 66-70.
153. Lama J, Sanz MA, Rodriguez PL (1995). A role for 3AB protein in poliovirus genome replication. J Biol Chem 270: 14430-14438.
154. Landsteiner K and Popper E (1908). Mickroscopische Präparate von einem menschlichen und zwei affentückemmarker. Wien klin Wschr 21: 1830.
155. Lee CK, Nomoto A, Detjen BM, Wimmer E (1977). A protein covalently linked to poliovirus genome RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 59-63.
156. Lenk R, Penman S (1979). The cytoskeletal framework and poliovirus metabolism. Cell 16: 289-301.
157. Lentz KN, Smith AD, Geisler SC, Cox S, Buontempo P, Skelton A, Demartino J, Rozhon E, Schwartz J, Girijavallabhan V, O'Connell J, Arnold E (1997). Structure of poliovirus type 2 Lansing complexed with antiviral agent sch48973 - comparison of the structural and biological properties of the three poliovirus serotypes. Structure 5: 961-978.
158. Leon-Monzon ME, Dalakas MC (1995). Detection of poliovirus antibodies and poliovirus genome in patients with post-polio syndrome (PPS). In: The post-polio syndrome. Dalakas MC, Bartfeld H, Kurland LT (eds). The New York Academy of Sciences: New York, 753, 208-218.
159. Leparc-Goffart I, Julien J, Fuchs F, Janatova I, Aymard M, Kopecka H (1996). Evidence of presence of poliovirus genomic sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with postpolio syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 34: 2023-2026.
160. Li CP, Schaeffer M (1953). Adaptation of type 1 poliomyelitis virus to mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 82: 477-481.
161. Li J, Zhang LB, Yoneyama T, Yoshida H, Shimizu H, Yoshii K, Hara M, Nomura T, Yoshikura H, Miyamura T, Hagiwara A (1996). Genetic basis of the neurovirulence of type 1 polioviruses isolated from vaccine-associated paralytic patients. Arch Virol 141: 1047-1054.
162. Li JP, Baltimore D (1990). An intragenic revertant of a poliovirus 2C mutant has an uncoating defect. J Virol 64: 1102-1107.
163. Lloyd RE, Bovee M (1993). Persistent infection of human erythroblastoid cells by poliovirus. Virology 194: 200-209.
164. Lonberg-Holm KL, Gosser LB, Kauer JJ (1975). Early alteration of poliovirus in infected cells and its specific inhibition. J Gen Virol 27: 329-342.
165. Lonberg-Holm KL, Gosser LB, Shimshick EJ (1976). Interaction of liposomes with subviral particles of poliovirus type 2 and rhinovirus type 2. J Virol 19: 746-749.
166. Lopez-Rivas A, Castrillo JL, Carrasco L (1987). Cation content in poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. J Gen Virol 68: 335-342.
167. Lu HH, Yang CF, Murdin AD, Klein MH, Harber JJ, Kew OM, Wimmer E (1994). Mouse neurovirulence determinants of poliovirus type 1 strain LS-a map to the coding regions of capsid protein VP1 and proteinase 2Apro. J Virol 68: 7507-7515.
168. Lu Z, Asher D, Levenbook I, Chumakov K (1996). Succession of mutations in the Sabin strain of type 3 poliovirus replicating in the central nervous system of monkeys. Virology 220: 285-289.
169. Lwoff A (1959). Factors influencing the evolution of viral diseases at the cellular level and in the organism. Bacterial Rev 23: 109-124.
170. Macadam A, Stone DM, Almond JW, Minor PD (1994a). The 5′ noncoding region and virulence of poliovirus vaccine strains. Tren Microbiol 2: 449-454.
171. Macadam AJ, Arnold C, Howlett J, John A, Marsden S, Taffs F, Reeve P, Hamada N, Wareham K, Almond J, Cammack N, Minor PD (1989). Reversion of the attenuated and temperature-sensitive phenotypes of the Sabin type 3 strain of poliovirus in vaccinees. Virology 172: 408-414.
172. Macadam AJ, Ferguson G, Arnold C, Minor PD (1991a). An assembly defect as a result of an attenuating mutation in the capsid proteins of the poliovirus type-3 vaccine strain. J Virol 65: 5225-5231.
173. Macadam AJ, Ferguson G, Burlison J, Stone D, Skuce R, Almond JW, Minor PD (1992). Correlation of RNA secondary structure and attenuation of Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus in tissue culture. Virology 189: 415-422.
174. Macadam AJ, Ferguson G, Fleming T, Stone DM, Almond JW, Minor PD (1994b). Role for poliovirus protease 2A in cap independent translation. EMBO J 13: 924-927.
175. Macadam AJ, Pollard SR, Ferguson G, Dunn G, Skuce R, Almond JW, Minor PD (1991b). The 5′ noncoding region of the type 2 poliovirus vaccine strain contains determinants of attenuation and temperature sensitivity. Virology 181: 451-458.
176. Macadam AJ, Pollard SR, Ferguson G, Skuce R, Wood D, Almond JW, Minor PD (1993). Genetic basis of attenuation of the Sabin type 2 vaccine strain of poliovirus in primates. Virology 192: 18-26.
177. Marc D, Drugeon G, Haenni AL, Girard M, Van der Werf S (1989). Role of myristoylation of poliovirus capsid protein VP4 as determined by site-directed mutagenesis of its N-terminal sequence. EMBO J 8: 2661-2668.
178. Martin A, Bénichou D, Couderc T, Hogle J, Wychowski C, Van der Werf S, Girard M (1991). Use of type 1/ type 2 chimeric polioviruses to study determinants of poliovirus type 1 neurovirulence in a mouse model. Virology 180: 648-658.
179. Martin A, Wychowski C, Couderc T, Crainic R, Hogle J, Girard M (1988). Engineering a poliovirus type 2 antigenic site on a type 1 capsid results in a chimeric virus which is neurovirulent for mice. EMBO J 7: 2839-2847.
180. McBride AE, Schlegel A, Kirkegaard K (1996). Human protein Sam68 relocalization and interaction with poliovirus RNA polymerase in infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2296-2301.
181. McGoldrick A, Macadam AJ, Dunn G, Rowe A, Burlison J, Minor PD, Meredith J, Evans DJ, Almond JW (1995). Role of mutations G-480 and C-6203 in the attenuation phenotype of Sabin type 1 poliovirus. J Virol 69: 7601-7605.
182. Meerovitch K, Svitkin YV, Lee HS, Lejbkowicz F, Kenan DJ, Chan EK, Agol VI, Keene JD, Sonenberg N (1993). La autoantigen enhances and corrects aberrant translation of poliovirus RNA in reticulocyte lysate. J Virol 67: 3798-3807.
183. Mendelsohn CL, Wimmer E, Racaniello VR (1989). Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cell 56: 855-865.
184. Miller JR (1981). Prolonged intracerebral infection with poliovirus in asymptomatic mice. Ann Neurol 9: 590-596.
185. Minor P (1991). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. In: Fifth report of the international committee of taxonomy of viruses. Francki RIB (ed). Springer-Verlag: New York, pp 320-326.
186. Minor P (1997). Poliovirus. In: Viral pathogenesis. Nathanson N (ed). Lippincott-Raven Publishers: Philadelphia, pp 555-574.
187. Minor PD (1992). The molecular biology of poliovaccines. J Gen Virol 73: 3065-3077.
188. Minor PD (1996). Poliovirus biology. Structure 4: 775-778.
189. Minor PD, Dunn G (1988). The effect of sequences in the 5′ non-coding region on the replication of polioviruses in the human gut. J Gen Virol 69: 1091-1096.
190. Mirzayan C, Wimmer E (1994). Biochemical studies on poliovirus polypeptide 2C: evidence for ATPase activity. Virology 199: 176-187.
191. Modlin J (1995). Poliomyelitis and poliovirus immunization. In: Human enterovirus infections. Rotbart HA (ed). ASM Press: Washington, DC, pp 195-220.
192. Molla A, Paul AV, Schmid M, Jang SK, Wimmer E (1993). Studies on dicistronic polioviruses implicate viral proteinase 2Apro in RNA replication. Virology 196: 739-747.
193. Morrison ME, He YJ, Wien MW, Hogle JM, Racaniello VR (1994). Homolog-scanning mutagenesis reveals poliovirus receptor residues important for virus binding and replication. J Virol 68: 2578-2588.
194. Morrison ME, Racaniello VR (1992). Molecular cloning and expression of a murine homolog of the human poliovirus receptor gene. J Virol 66: 2807-2813.
195. Moss EG, O'Neill RE, Racaniello VR (1989). Mapping of attenuating sequences of an avirulent poliovirus type 2 strain. J Virol 63: 1884-1890.
196. Moss EG, Racaniello VR (1991). Host range determinants located on the interior of the poliovirus capsid. EMBO J 10: 1067-1074.
197. Mosser AG, Caliguiri LA, Tamm I (1972). Incorporation of lipid precursors into cytoplasmic membranes of poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Virology 47: 39-47.
198. Mosser AG, Sgro JY, Rueckert RR (1994). Distribution of drug resistance mutations in type 3 poliovirus identifies three regions involved in uncoating functions. J Virol 68: 8193-8201.
199. Muir P, Nicholson F, Sharief MK, Thompson EJ, Cairns NJ, Lantos P, Spencer GT, Kaminski HJ, Banatvala JE (1995). Evidence for persistent enterovirus infection of the central nervous system in patients with previous paralytic poliomyelitis. In: The post-polio syndrome. Dalakas MC, Bartfeld H, Kurland LT (eds). The New York Academy of Sciences: New York, 753, pp 219-232.
200. Mulders MN, Lipskaya GY, Vanderavoort HGAM, Koopmans MPG, Kew OM, Vanloon AM (1995). Molecular epidemiology of wild poliovirus type 1 in Europe, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. J Infect Dis 171: 1399-1405.
201. Munoz A, Carrasco L (1983). Effect of interferon treatment on blockade of protein synthesis induced by poliovirus infection. Eur J Biochem 137: 623-629.
202. Murray MG, Bradley J, Yang XF, Wimmer E, Moss EG, Racaniello VR (1988). Poliovirus host range is determined by a short amino acid sequence in neutralization antigenic site 1. Science 241: 213-215.
203. Nakano JH, Hatch MH, Thieme ML, Nottay B (1978). Parameters for differentiating vaccine-derived and wild poliovirus strains. Prog Med Virol 24: 178-206.
204. Neufeld KL, Galarza JM, Richards OC, Summers DF, Ehrenfeld E (1994). Identification of terminal adenylyl transferase activity of the poliovirus polymerase 3Dpol. J Virol 68: 5811-5818.
205. Nomoto A, Omata T, Toyoda H, Kuge S, Horie H, Kataoka Y, Genba Y, Nakano Y, Imura N (1982). Complete nucleotide sequence of the attenuated poliovirus Sabin 1 strain genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 5793-5797.
206. Novoa I, Feduchi E, Carrasco L (1994). Hybrid proteins between Pseudomonas exotoxin A and poliovirus protease 2A(pro). FEBS Lett 355: 45-48.
207. Nugent CI, Kirkegaard K (1995). RNA binding properties of poliovirus subviral particles. J Virol 69: 13-22.
208. O'Neill RE, Racaniello VR (1989). Inhibition of translation in cells infected with a poliovirus 2Apro mutant correlates with phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eucarvotic initiation factor 2. J Virol 63: 5069-5075.
209. Oldstone MBA (1989). Viral persistence. Cell 56: 517-520.
210. Olson NH, Kolatkar PR, Oliveira MA, Cheng RH, Greve JM, McClelland A, Baker TS, Rossmann MG (1993). Structure of a human rhinovirus complexed with its receptor molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 507-511.
211. Omata T, Kohara M, Kuge S, Komatsu T, Abe S, Semler BL, Kameda A, Itoh H, Arita M, Wimmer E, Nomoto A (1986). Genetic analysis of the attenuation phenotype of poliovirus type 1. J Virol 58: 348-358.
212. Otelea D, Guillot S, Furione M, Combiescu AA, Balanant J, Candrea A, Crainic R (1993). Genomic modifications in naturally occuring neurovirulent revertants of Sabin 1 polioviruses. Dev Biol Stand 78: 33-38.
213. Pasca S (1961). Poliovirus-carrying lines of HeLa cells: their establishment and sensitivity to viruses. Acta Microbiol Hung 4: 329-332.
214. Pavio N, Buc-Caron M-H, Colbère-Garapin F (1996). Persistent poliovirus infection of human fetal brain cells. J Virol 70: 6395-6401.
215. Pelletier I, Couderc T, Borzakian S, Wyckoff E, Crainic R, Ehrenfeld E, Colbère-Garapin F (1991). Characterization of persistent poliovirus mutants selected in human neuroblastoma cells. Virology 180: 729-737.
216. Pelletier J, Kaplan G, Racaniello VR, Sonenberg N (1988). Cap-independent translation of poliovirus mRNA is conferred by sequence elements within the 5′-noncoding region. Mol Cell Biol 8: 1103-1112.
217. Pelletier J, Sonenberg N (1989). Internal binding of eucaryotic ribosomes on poliovirus RNA: translation in HeLa cell extracts. J Virol 63: 441-444.
218. Perez L, Carrasco L (1993). Entry of poliovirus into cells does not require a low-pH step. J Virol 67: 4543-4548.
219. Pfister T, Pasamontes L, Troxler M, Egger D, Bienz K (1992). Immunocytochemical localization of capsidrelated particles in subcellular fractions of poliovirus-infected cells. Virology 188: 676-684.
220. Phillips BA, Fennel R (1973). Polypeptide composition of poliovirions, naturally occuring empty capsids, 14S precursor proteins. J Virol 12: 291-299.
221. Pilipenko EV, Blinov VM, Romanova LI, Sinvakov AN, Maslova SV, Agol VI (1989). Conserved structural domains in the 5′-untranslated region of picornaviral genomes: an analysis of the segment controlling translation and neurovirulence. Virology 168: 201-209.
222. Pilipenko EV, Gmyl AP, Maslova SV, Svitkin YV, Sinvakov AN, Agol VI (1992). Prokaryotic-like cis elements in the cap-independent internal initiation of translation on picornavirus RNA. Cell 68: 119-131.
223. Pilipenko EV, Poperechny KV, Maslova SV, Melchers WJG, Slot HJB, Agol VI (1996). Cis-element oriR, involved in the initiation of (-) strand poliovirus RNA: a quasi-globular multi-domain RNA structure maintained by tertiary (kissing) interactions. EMBO J 15: 5428-5436.
224. Plotch SJ, Palant O (1995). Poliovirus protein 3AB forms a complex with and stimulates the activity of the viral RNA polymerase. 3D(pol). J Virol 69: 7169-7179.
225. Racaniello V, Ren R (1996). Poliovirus biology and pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 206: 305-325.
226. Racaniello VR (1996). The poliovirus receptor: a hook, or an unzipper? Structure 4: 769-773.
227. Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (1981). Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 4887-4891.
228. Ren R, Moss EG, Racaniello VR (1991). Identification of two determinants that attenuate vaccine-related type 2 poliovirus. J Virol 65: 1377-1382.
229. Ren R, Racaniello VR (1992a). Human poliovirus receptor gene expression and poliovirus tissue tropism in transgenic mice. J Virol 66: 296-304.
230. Ren R, Racaniello VR (1992b). Poliovirus spreads from muscle to the central nervous system by neural pathways. J Infect Dis 166: 747-752.
231. Ren RB, Costantini F, Gorgacz EJ, Lee JJ, Racaniello VR (1990). Transgenic mice expressing a human poliovirus receptor: a new model for poliomyelitis. Cell 63: 353-362.
232. Rezapkin GV, Chumakov KM, Lu ZB, Ran YX, Dragunsky EM, Levenbook IS (1994). Microevolution of Sabin 1 strain in vitro and genetic stability of oral poliovirus vaccine. Virology 202: 370-378.
233. Rezapkin GV, Norwood LP, Taffs RE, Dragunsky EM, Levenbook IS, Chumakov KM (1995). Microevolution of type 3 Sabin strain of poliovirus in cell cultures and its implications for oral poliovirus vaccine quality control. Virology 211: 377-384.
234. Rodriguez PL, Carrasco L (1993). Poliovirus protein-2C has ATPase and GTPase activities. J Biol Chem 268: 8105-8110.
235. Roehl HH, Semler BL (1995). Poliovirus infection enhances the formation of two ribonucleoprotein complexes at the 3′ end of viral negative-strand RNA. J Virol 69: 2954-2961.
236. Rohll JB, Percy N, Ley R, Evans DJ, Almond JW, Barclay WS (1994). The 5′-untranslated regions of picornavirus RNAs contain independent functional domains essential for RNA replication and translation. J Virol 68: 4384-4391.
237. Ron D, Tal J (1985). Coevolution of cells and virus as a mechanism for the persistence of lymphotropic minute virus of mice in L cells. J Virol 55: 424-430.
238. Rossmann MG, Arnold E, Erickson JW, Frankenberger EA, Griffith JP, Hecht JH, Johnson JE, Kamer G, Luo M, Mosser AG, Rueckert RR, Sherry B, Vriend G (1985). Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationships to other picornaviruses. Nature 317: 145-153.
239. Rubinstein SJ, Dasgupta A (1989). Inhibition of rRNA synthesis by poliovirus: specific inactivation of transcription factors. J Virol 63: 4689-4696.
240. Rueckert R, Wimmer E (1984). Systematic nomenclature of picornavirus proteins. J Virol 50: 957-959.
241. Rueckert RR (1996). Picornaviridae and their replication. In: Virology. Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds). Raven Press Ltd: New York, 1, pp 609-654.
242. Sabin AB (1956). Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis. Reappraisal in the light of new data. Science 123: 1151-1157.
243. Sabin AB (1985). Oral poliovirus vaccine: history of its development and use and current challenge to eliminate poliomyelitis from the world. J Infect Dis 151: 420-436.
244. Sabin AB, Boulger LR (1973). History of Sabin attenuated poliovirus oral live vaccine strains. J Biol Stand 1: 115-118.
245. Salk JE (1955). Consideration in the preparation and use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine. J Amer Med Ass 1548: 1239-1248.
246. Schlegel A, Giddings TH, Ladinsky MS, Kirkegaard K (1996). Cellular origin and ultrastructure of membranes induced during poliovirus infection. J Virol 70: 6576-6588.
247. Schlegel A, Kirkegaard K (1995). Cell biology of enterovirus infection. In: Human enterovirus infection. Rotbart HA (ed). ASM: Washington. DC, pp 135-154.
248. Schneider-Schaulies S, ter Meulen V (1992). Molecular aspects of measles virus induced central nervous system disease. In: Molecular Neurovirology. Roos RP (ed). Human Press Inc: Totowa, New Jersey, pp 419-449.
249. Selinka HC, Zibert A, Wimmer E (1991). Poliovirus can enter and infect mammalian cells by way of an intercellular adhesion molecule 1 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 3598-3602.
250. Selinka HC, Zibert A, Wimmer E (1992). A chimeric poliovirus/CD4 receptor confers susceptibility to poliovirus on mouse cells. J Virol 66: 2523-2526.
251. Sharief MK, Hentges MR, Ciardi M (1991). Intrathecal immune response in patients with the post-polio syndrome. N Engl J Med 325: 749-755.
252. Shiroki K, Ishii T, Aoki T, Kobashi M, Ohka S, Nomoto A (1995). A new cis-acting element for RNA replication within the 5′ noncoding region of poliovirus type 1 RNA. J Virol 69: 6825-6832.
253. Shiroki K, Ishii T, Aoki T, Ota Y, Yang WX, Komatsu T, Ami Y, Arita M, Abe S, Hashizume S, Nomoto A (1997). Host range phenotype induced by mutations in the internal ribosomal entry site of poliovirus RNA. J Virol 71: 1-8.
254. Shiroki K, Kato H, Koike S, Odaka T, Nomoto A (1993). Temperature-sensitive mouse cell factors for strand-specific initiation of poliovirus RNA synthesis. J Virol 67: 3989-3996.
255. Sicinski P, Rowinski J, Warchol JB, Jarzabek Z, Gut W, Szczygiel B, Bielicki K, Koch G (1990). Poliovirus type 1 enters the human host through intestinal M cells. Gastroenterology 98: 56-58.
256. Skinner MA, Racaniello VR, Dunn G, Cooper J, Minor PD, Almond JW (1989). New model for the secondary structure of the 5′-noncoding RNA of poliovirus is supported by biochemical and genetic data that also shows that RNA secondary structure is important in neurovirulence. J Mol Biol 207: 379-392.
257. Slobodskaya OR, Gmyl AP, Maslova SV, Tolskaya EA, Viktorova EG, Agol VI (1996). Poliovirus neurovirulence correlates with the presence of a cryptic AUG upstream of the initiator codon. Virology 221: 141-150.
258. Sommergruber W, Ahorn H, Klump H, Seipelt J, Zoephel A, Fessl F, Krystek E, Blaas D, Kuechler E, Liebig HD, Skern T (1994), 2A proteinases of coxsackie- and rhinovirus cleave peptides derived from eIF-4 gamma via a common recognition motif. Virology 198: 741-745.
259. Sonenberg N (1987). Regulation of translation by poliovirus. Adv Virol Res 33: 175-204.
260. Stanway G, Cann AJ, Hauptmann R, Hughes P, Clarke LD, Mountford RC, Minor PD, Schild GC, Almond JW (1983). The nucleotide sequence of poliovirus type 3 Leon 12a1b: comparison with poliovirus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res 11: 5629-5643.
261. Stanway G, Hughes PJ, Mountford RC, Reeve P, Minor PD, Schild GC, Almond JW (1984). Comparison of the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomes of the neurovirulent poliovirus P3/Leon/37 and its attenuated Sabin vaccine derivative PS/Leon 12a, b. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 1539-1543.
262. Strebel PM, Aubertcombiescu A, Ionnedelcu N, Biberimoroeanu S, Combiescu M, Sutter RW, Kew OM, Pallansch MA, Patriarca PA, Cochi SL (1994). Paralytic poliomyelitis in Romania, 1984-1992: evidence for a high risk of vaccine-associated disease and reintroduction of wild-virus infection. Am J Epidemiol 140: 1111-1124.
263. Strebel PM, Sutter RW, Pallansch MA, Cochi SL (1995). Intramuscular injections and vaccine-associated poliomyelitis - Reply. N Engl J Med 333: 64.
264. Svitkin YV, Cammack N, Minor PD, Almond JW (1990). Translation deficiency of the Sabin type 3 poliovirus genome: association with an attenuating mutation C472 → U. Virology 175: 103-109.
265. Svitkin YV, Pestova TV, Maslova SV, Agol VI (1988). Point mutations modify the response of poliovirus RNA to a translation initiation factor: a comparison of neurovirulent and attenuated strains. Virology 166: 394-404.
266. Taffs RE, Chumakov KM, Rezapkin GV, Lu ZB, Douthitt M, Dragunsky EM, Levenbook IS (1995). Genetic stability and mutant selection in Sabin 2 strain of oral poliovirus vaccine grown under different cell culture conditions. Virology 209: 366-373.
267. Tardy-Panit M, Blondel B, Martin A, Tekaia F, Horaud F, Delpeyroux F (1993). A mutation in the RNA polymerase of poliovirus type 1 contributes to attenuation in mice. J Virol 67: 4630-4638.
268. Tatem JM, Weeks-Levy C, Georgiu A, Dimichele SJ, Gorgacz EJ, Racaniello VR, Cano FR, Mento SJ (1992). A mutation present in the amino terminus of Sabin-3 poliovirus VP1 protein is attenuating. J Virol 66: 3194-3197.
269. Teterina NL, Kean KM, Gorbalenya AE, Agol VI, Girard M (1992). Analysis of the functional significance of amino acid residues in the putative NTP-binding pattern of the poliovirus-2C protein. J Gen Virol 73: 1977-1986.
270. Tolskaya EA, Ivannikova TA, Kolesnikova MS, Drozdov SG, Agol VI (1992). Postinfection treatment with antiviral serum results in survival of neural cells productively infected with virulent poliovirus. J Virol 66: 5152-5156.
271. Tolskaya EA, Romanova L, Kolesnikova MS, Ivannikova TA, Smirnova EA, Raikhlin NT, Agol VI (1995). Apoptosis-inducing and apoptosis-preventing functions of poliovirus. J Virol 69: 1181-1189.
272. Tosteson MT, Chow M (1997). Characterization of the ion channels formed by poliovirus in planar lipid membranes. J Virol 71: 507-511.
273. Towner JS, Ho TV, Semler BL (1996). Determinants of membrane association for poliovirus protein 3AB. J Biol Chem 271: 26810-26818.
274. Toyoda H, Kohara M, Kataoka Y, Suganuma T, Omata T, Imura I, Nomoto A (1984). Complete nucleotide sequences of all three poliovirus serotype genomes. Implication for genetic relationship, gene function and antigenic determinants. J Mol Biol 174: 561-585.
275. Toyoda H, Yang CF, Takeda N, Nomoto A, Wimmer E (1987). Analysis of RNA synthesis of type 1 poliovirus by using an in vitro molecular genetic approach. J Virol 61: 2816-2822.
276. Trono D, Andino R, Baltimore D (1988). An RNA sequence of hundreds of nucleotides at the 5′ end of poliovirus RNA is involved in allowing viral protein synthesis. J Virol 62: 2291-2299.
277. Tucker SP, Thornton CL, Wimmer E, Compans RW (1993). Vectorial release of poliovirus from polarized human intestinal epithelial cells. J Virol 67: 4274-4282.
278. van der Werf S (1994). Poliovirus. In: Synthetic vaccines. Nicholson BH (ed). Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, pp 494-531.
279. Wallace RE (1969). Susceptibility of human lymphoblasts (RPMI 7466) to viral infections in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 130: 702-710.
280. Watanabe Y, Watanabe K, Katagiri K, Hinuma Y (1965). Virus-specific proteins produced in HeLa cells infected with poliovirus: characterization of a subunit-like protein. J Biochem 57: 733-741.
281. Wenner HA, Kamitsuka P (1957). Primary sites of virus multiplication following intra-muscular inoculation of poliomyelitis in Cynomolgus monkeys. Virology 3: 429-443.
282. Westrop GD, Wareham KA, Evans DMA, Dunn G, Minor PD, Magrath DI, Taffs F, Marsden S, Skinner MA, Schild GC, Almond JW (1989). Genetic basis of attenuation of the Sabin type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine. J Virol 63: 1338-1344.
283. WHO (1990). Requirements for poliomyelitis vaccine (oral). WHO Technical Report series 800: 30-65.
284. WHO (1996). Poliomyelitis outbreak, Albania. Wkly Epidemiol Rec: 39: 293-295.
285. Wiegers K, Uhlig H, Dernick R (1989). NAg1B of poliovirus type 1: A discontinuous epitope formed by two loops of VP1 comprising residues 96-104 and 141-152. Virology 170: 583-586.
286. Wien MW, Chow M, Hogle JM (1996). Poliovirus: New insights from an old paradigm. Structure 4: 763-767.
287. Wimmer E, Harber J, Bibb J, Gromeier M, Lu H-H, Bernhardt G (1994). Poliovirus receptor. In: Cellular receptors for animal viruses. Wimmer E (ed). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: New York, pp 101-127.
288. Wimmer E, Hellen CU, Cao XM (1993). Genetics of poliovirus. Ann Rev Genet 27: 353-436.
289. Wyatt HV (1990). Incubation of poliomyelitis as calculated from the time of entry into the central nervous system via the peripheral nerve pathways. Rev Infect Dis 12: 547-556.
290. Wyckoff EE, Hershey JWB, Ehrenfeld E (1990). Eukaryotic initiation factor-3 is required for poliovirus 2A protease-induced cleavage of the p220 component of eukaryotic initiation factor-4F. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 9529-9533.
291. Wyckoff EE, Lloyd RE, Ehrenfeld E (1992). The relationship of eukaryotic initiation factor-3 to the poliovirus-induced p220 cleavage activity. J Virol 66: 2943-2951.
292. Yalamanchili P, Datta U, Dasgupta A (1997). Inhibition of host cell transcription by poliovirus: cleavage of transcription factor CREB by poliovirus-encoded protease 3C(pro). J Virol 71: 1220-1226.
293. Yalamanchili P, Harris K, Wimmer E, Dasgupta A (1996). Inhibition of basal transcription by poliovirus: a virusencoded protease (3Cpro) inhibits formation of TBP-TATA box complex in vitro. J Virol 70: 2922-2929.
294. Yeates TO, Jacobson DH, Martin A, Wychowski C, Girard M, Filman DJ, Hogle JM (1991). Three-dimensional structure of a mouse-adapted type-2/type-1 poliovirus chimera. EMBO J 10: 2331-2341.
295. Ypma-Wong MF, Dewalt PG, Johnson VH, Lamb JG, Semler BL (1988). Protein 3CD is the major poliovirus proteinase responsible for cleavage of the P1 capsid precursor. Virology 166: 265-270.
296. Yu SF, Benton P, Bovee M, Sessions J, Lloyd RE (1995). Defective RNA replication by poliovirus mutants deficient in 2A protease cleavage activity. J Virol 69: 247-252.
297. Zeichardt H, Wetz K, Willingmann P, Habermehl KO (1985). Entry of poliovirus type 1 and mouse Elberfeld (ME) virus into HEp-2 cells: receptor mediated endocytosis and endosomal or lysosomal uncoating J Gen Virol 66: 483-492.
298. Zhang S, Racaniello VR (1997). Expression of the poliovirus receptor in intestinal epithelial cells is not sufficient to permit poliovirus replication in the mouse gut. J Virol 71: 4915-4920.
299. Zimmerman EF, Heeter M, Darnell JE (1963). RNA synthesis in poliovirus-infected cells. Virology 19: 400-408.