Role of intestinal mast cells in modulating gastrointestinal pathophysiology

Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

Volumn 81, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-12

  Stenton, Grant R ^a   Vliagoftis, Harissios ^a   Befus, A Dean ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 10; NITRIC OXIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; CELL MATURATION; FOOD ALLERGY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INTESTINE CELL; MAST CELL; MASTOCYTOSIS; MEDIATOR RELEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE INJURY;

EID: 0031870032     PISSN: 10811206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63105-5     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Metcalfe DD. Mast cell mediators with emphasis on intestinal mast cells. Ann Allergy 1984;53:563-75.
2. Bischoff SC, Schwengberg S, Wordelmann K, et al. Effect of c-kit ligand, stem cell factor, on mediator release by human intestinal mast cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls. Gut 1996;38:104-14.
3. Knutson L, Ahrenstedt O, Odlind B, Hallgren R. The jejunal secretion of histamine is increased in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1990;98:849-54.
4. Kitamura Y, Kasugai T, Nomura S, Matsuda H. Development of mast cells and basophils. In: Foreman JC, ed. Immunopharmacology of mast cells and basophils. London: Academic Press, 1993:5-27.
5. Schwartz LB, Huff T. Biology of mast cells and basophils. In: Middleton E, ed. Allergy principles and practice. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994: 135-68.
6. Galli SJ. The mast cell: a versatile effector cell for a challenging world. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997;113: 14-22.
7. Maximow A. Über die zellformen des lockeren bindegewebes. Arch Mikrosk Anat Entwicklungsmech 1906; 67:680-757.
8. Enerbäck L. Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. I. Effect of fixation. Acta Path Micro Scand 1966;66: 289-302.
9. Enerbäck L. Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. II. Dye binding and metachromatic properties. Acta Path Micro Scand 1966;66:303-12.
10. Enerbäck L. Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. III. Reactivity towards compound 48/80. Acta Path Micro Scand 1966;66:312-22.
11. Galli SJ. New concepts about the mast cell. N Engl J Med 1993;328: 257-65.
12. Irani AM, Schwartz LB. Human mast cell heterogeneity. Allergy Proc 1994;15:303-8.
13. Befus AD. The immunophysiology of mast cells in intestinal immunity and symbiosis. In: Blaser MJ, Smith PD, Ravdin JI, et al, eds. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract. New York: Raven Press, 1995:227-36.
14. Welle M. Development, significance, and heterogeneity of mast cells with particular regard to the mast cell-specific proteases chymase and tryptase. J Leukoc Biol 1997;61: 233-45.
15. Pearce FL, Befus AD, Gauldie J, Bienenstock J. Mucosal mast cells. II. Effects of anti-allergic compounds on histamine secretin by isolated intestinal mast cells. J Immunol 1982;128: 2481-6.
16. Bissonnette EY, Enciso JA, Befus AD. Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release from mast cells by the anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium. Clin Exp Immunol 1995;102:78-84.
17. Befus AD, Chin B, Pick J, et al. Proteinases of rat mast cells. Peritoneal but not intestinal mucosal mast cells express mast cell proteinase 5 and carboxypeptidase. Am J Immunol 1995;155:4406-11.
18. Lutzelschwab C, Pejler G, Aveskogh M, Hellman L. Secretory granule proteases in rat mast cells. Cloning of 10 different serine proteases and a carboxypeptidase A from various rat mast cell populations. J Exp Med 1997;185:13-29.
19. Leung KBP, Flint KC, Brostoff J, et al. Effects of sodium cromoglycate and nedocromyl sodium on histamine secretion from human lung mast cells. Thorax 1988;43:756-61.
20. Irani AA, Schechter NM, Craig SS, et al. Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:4464-8.
21. TC types of human mast cells by immunohistochemistry using new monoclonal anti-tryptase and anti-chymase antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 1989;37:1509-15.
22. Holgate SJ. The immunopharmacology of mild asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:s7-s16.
23. Gray I, Harten M, Walzer M. Studies in mucous membrane hypersensitiveness. IV. The allergic reaction in the passively sensitized mucous membranes of the ileum and colon in humans. Am J Intern Med 1940;13: 2050-61.
24. Baenkler HW, Lux G, Oltsch H. Food-induced histamine release from gastric and duodenal mucosa. Hepatogastroenterology 1984;31:233-5.
25. Baenkler HW, Lux G. Antigen-induced histamine-release from duodenal biopsy in gastrointestinal food allergy. Ann Allergy 1989;62: 449-52.
26. Scott RB, Diamant SC, Gall DG. Motility effects of intestinal anaphylaxis in the rat. Am J Physiol 1988;255: G505-11.
27. Diamant SC, Gall DG, Scott RB. The effect of intestinal anaphylaxis on postprandial motility in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1989;67: 1326-30.
28. Burakoff R, Nastos E, Won S, Percy WH. Comparison of the effects of leukotrienes B4 and D4 on distal colonic motility in the rabbit in vivo. Am J Physiol 1989;257:G860-4.
29. Wang YZ, Cooke HJ. H2 receptors mediate cyclical chloride secretion in guinea pig distal colon. Am J Physiol 1990;258:G887-93.
30. Burakoff R, Nastos E, Won S. Effects of PGF2 alpha and of indomethacin on rabbit small and large intestinal motility in vivo. Am J Physiol 1990; 258:G231-7.
31. Scott RB, Gall DG, Maric M. Mediation of food protein-induced jejunal smooth muscle contraction in sensitized rats. Am J Physiol 1990;259: G6-14.
32. Scott RB, Maric M. Mediation of anaphylaxis-induced jejunal circular smooth muscle contraction in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:396-402.
33. Catto-Smith AG, Patrick MK, Scott RB, et al. Gastric response to mucosal IgE-mediated reactions. Am J Physiol 1989;257:G704-8.
34. Szelenyi I, Postius S. Evidence for an anaphylactic reaction-induced gastric acid secretion from the isolated stomach of the mouse. Agents Actions 1985;16:208-10.
35. Andre F, Andre C. Gastric ulcer disease: gastric ulcer induced by mucosal anaphylaxis in ovalbumin-sensitized Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. Am J Pathol 1981;102:133-5.
36. Andre F, Gillon J, Andre C, Fournier S. Role of mast cell mediators in pathogenesis of anaphylactic gastric ulcer. Digestion 1983;28:108-13.
37. Rioux KP, Wallace JL. Mast cell activation augments gastric mucosal injury through a leukotriene-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol 1994;266: G863-9.
38. Field M, Rao MC, Chang EB. Intestinal electrolyte transport and diarrheal disease (1). N Engl J Med 1989; 321:800-6.
39. Field M, Rao MC, Chang EB. Intestinal electrolyte transport and diarrheal disease (2). N Engl J Med 1989; 321:879-83.
40. Perdue MH, Gall DG. Transport abnormalities during intestinal anaphylaxis in the rat: effect of antiallergic agents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 76:498-503.
41. Cuthbert AW, McLaughlan P, Coombs RR. Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to beta-lactoglobulin in the epithelium lining the colon of guinea pigs fed cows' milk. Int Arch Allergy Applied Immunol 1983;72: 34-40.
42. Castro GA, Harari Y, Russell D. Mediators of anaphylaxis-induced ion transport changes in small intestine. Am J Physiol 1987;253:G540-8.
43. Baird AW, Cuthbert AW. Neuronal involvement in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions in gut epithelia. Brit J Pharmacol 1987;92:647-55.
44. Crowe SE, Sestini P, Perdue MH. Allergic reactions of rat jejunal mucosa. Ion transport responses to luminal antigen and inflammatory mediators. Gastroenterology 1990;99:74-82.
45. Crowe SE, Perdue MH. Gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity: basic mechanisms of pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 1992;103:1075-95.
46. Bischoff SC, Mayer J, Meier PN, et al. Clinical significance of the colonoscopic allergen provocation test. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997; 113:348-51.
47. Bischoff SC, Mayer J, Wedemeyer J, et al. Colonoscopic allergen provocation (COLAP): a new diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal food allergy. Gut 1997;40:745-53.
48. Cherner JA, Jensen RT, Dubois A, et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in systemic mastocyosis. Gastroenterology 1988;95:657-67.
49. Soter NA, Austen KF, Wasseman SI. Oral disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of systemic mastcytosis. N Engl J Med 1979;301:465-9.
50. Horan RF, Sheffer AL, Austen KF. Cromolyn sodium in the management of systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;85:852-5.
51. King SJ, Miller HR. Anaphylactic release of mucosal mast cell protease and its relationship to gut permeability in Nippostrongylus-primed rats. Immunology 1984;51:653-60.
52. Soda K, Kawabori S, Perdue MH, Bienenstock J. Macrophage engulfment of mucosal mast cells in rats treated with dexamethasone. Gastroenterology 1991;100:929-37.
53. Scudamore CL, Pennington AM, Thornton E, et al. Basal secretion and anaphylactic release of rat mast cell protease-II (RMCP-II) from ex vivo perfused rat jejunum: translocation of RMCP-II into the gut lumen and its relation to mucosal histology. Gut 1995;37:235-41.
54. Sage H, Woodbury RG, Bornstein P. Structural studies on human type IV collagen. J Biol Chem 1979;254: 9893-900.
55. Scudamore CL, Thornton EM, McMillan L, et al. Release of the mucosal mast cell granule chymase, rat mast cell protease-II, during anaphylaxis is associated with the rapid development of paracellular permeability to macromolecules in rat jejunum. J Exp Med 1995;182:1871-81.
56. Wastling JM, Scudamore CL, Thornton EM, et al. Constitutive expression of mouse mast cell protease-1 in normal BALB/c mice and its up-regulation during intestinal nematode infection. Immunology 1997;90:308-13.
57. Scudamore CL, McMillan L, Thornton EM, et al. Mast cell heterogeneity in the gastrointestinal tract: variable expression of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) in intraepithelial mucosal mast cells in nematode-infected and normal BALB/c mice. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1661-72.
58. Sekizawa K, Caughey GH, Lazarus SC, et al. Mast cell tryptase causes airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in dogs. J Clin Invest 1989; 83:175-9.
59. Adams JC, Watt FM. Fibronectin inhibits the terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes. Nature 1989; 340:307-9.
60. Lohi J, Harvima I, Keski-Oja J. Pericellular substrates of human mast cell tryptase: 72,000 dalton gelatinase and fibronectin. J Cell Biochem 1992;50: 337-49.
61. Little SS, Johnson DA. Human mast cell tryptase isoforms: separation and examination of substrate-specificity differences. Biochem J 1995;307: 341-6.
62. Cairns JA, Walls AF. Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for epithelial cells. Stimulation of IL-8 production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. J Immunol 1996;156: 275-83.
63. Huang C, Friend DS, Qiu WT, et al. Induction of a selective and persistent extravasation of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity by tryptase mouse mast cell protease 6. J Immunol 1998; 160:1910-19.
64. Franconi GM, Graf PD, Lazarus SC, et al. Mast cell tryptase and chymase reverse airway smooth muscle relaxation induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide in the ferret. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;248:947-51.
65. Caughey GH, Leidig F, Viro NF, Nadel JA. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide degradation by mast cell tryptase and chymase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;244:133-7.
66. Cummins AG, Munro GH, Miller HR, Ferguson A. Association of maturation of the small intestine at weaning with mucosal mast cell activation in the rat. Immunol Cell Biol 1988; 66:417-22.
67. Cummins AG, Labroy JT, Shearman DJ. The effect of cyclosporin A in delaying maturation of the small intestine during weaning in the rat. Clin Exp Immunol 1989;75:451-6.
68. Cummins AG, Munro GH, Ferguson A. Effect of cyclosporin A on rat mucosal mast cells and the associated protease RMCPII. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;72:136-40.
69. Shanahan F, Denburg JA, Fox J, et al. Mast cell heterogeneity: effects of neuroenteric peptides on histamine release. J Immunol 1985;135:1331-7.
70. Pothoulakis C, Castagliuolo I, LaMont JT, et al. CP-96,345, a substance P antagonist, inhibits rat intestinal responses to Clostridium difficile toxin A but not cholera toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91: 947-51.
71. Cummins AG, Antoniou D, Thompson FM. Neuropeptide depletion by capsaicin does not prevent mucosal mast cell activation in the rat at weaning. Immunol Cell Biol 1994;72: 230-3.
72. Salvemini D, Masini E, Anggard E, et al. Synthesis of a nitric oxide-like factor from L-arginine by rat serosal mast cells: stimulation of guanylate cyclase and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Biochem Biophys Res Com 1990;169:596-601.
73. Bissonnette EY, Hogaboam CM, Wallace JL, Befus AD. Potentiation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity of mast cells by their production of nitric oxide. J Immunol 1991;147:3060-5.
74. Mannaioni PF, Bello MG, Di Bello MG, et al. Interaction between histamine and nitric oxide in rat mast cells and in isolated guinea pig hearts. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997;113: 297-9.
75. Kanwar S, Wallace JL, Befus D, Kubes P. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases epithelial permeability via mast cells. Am J Physiol 1994; 266:0222-0229.
76. Kanwar S, Tepperman BL, Payne D, et al. Time course of nitric oxide production and epithelial dysfunction during ischemia/reperfusion of the feline small intestine. Circ Shock 1994; 42:135-40.
77. Sababi M, Nylander O. Comparative study of the effects of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition on duodenal functions in rats anaesthetized with inactin, urethane or alpha-chloralose. Acta Physiol Scand 1996;158:45-52.
78. Davies NM, Jamali F. Pharmacological protection of NSAID-induced intestinal permeability in the rat: effect of tempo and metronidazole as potential free radical scavengers. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997;16:345-9.
79. Masini E, Salvemini D, Pistelli A, et al. Rat mast cells synthesize a nitric oxide like-factor which modulates the release of histamine. Agents Actions 1991;33:61-3.
80. Salvemini D, Masini E, Pistelli A, et al. Nitric oxide: a regulatory mediator of mast cell reactivity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17:8258-5264.
81. Qiu B, Pothoulakis C, Castagliuolo I, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits rat intestinal secretion by Clostridium difficile toxin A but not Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:409-18.
82. Eastmond NC, Banks EM, Coleman JW. Nitric oxide inhibits IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells and is the principle intermediate in IFN-gamma-induced suppression of exocytosis. J Immunol 1997;159: 1444-50.
83. Boughton-Smith NK, Evans SM, Laszlo F, et al. The induction of nitric oxide synthase and intestinal vascular permeability by endotoxin in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1993;110:1189-95.
84. Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Stadler J, et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during endotoxemia promotes intrahepatic thrombosis and an oxygen radical-mediated hepatic injury. J Leukoc Biol 1992;52:390-4.
85. Alican I, Kubes P. A critical role for nitric oxide in intestinal barrier function and dysfunction. Am J Physiol 1996;270:0225-37.
86. Nussler AK, Billiar TR. Inflammation, immunoregulation, and indueible nitric oxide synthase. J Leukoc Biol 1993;54:171-8.
87. Lin TJ, Befus AD. Mast cells and eosinophils in mucosal defence and pathogenesis. Mucosal Immunology. In: Ogra PL, Mestecky L, Lamm ME, et al, eds. Mucosal immunology. San Diego: Academic Press, In Press.
88. Romagnani S. Regulation of the development of type 2 T-helper cells in allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 1994;6: 838-46.
89. Gauchat JF, Henchoz S, Mazzei G, et al. Induction of human IgE synthesis in B cells by mast cells and basophils. Nature 1993;365:340-3.
90. van Halteren AG, van der Cammen MJ, Biewenga J, et al. IgE and mast cell response on intestinal allergen exposure: a murine model to study the onset of food allergy. J Allergy din Immunol 1997;99:94-9.
91. Rothwell TL. Immune expulsion of parasitic nematodes from the alimentary tract. Int J Parasitol 1989;19: 139-68.
92. Malaviya R, Ikeda T, Ross E, Abraham SN. Mast cell modulation of neutrophil influx and bacterial clearance at sites of infection through TNF-alpha. Nature 1996;381:77-80.
93. Armstrong L, Jordan N, Millar A. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from human alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes. Thorax 1996;51:143-9.
94. Kambayashi T, Jacob CO, Strassmann G. 1L-4 and IL-13 modulate IL-10 release in endotoxin-stimulated murine peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes. Cell Immunol 1996;171:153-8.
95. Mijatovic T, Kruys V, Caput D, et al. Interleukin-4 and -13 inhibit tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA translational activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse macrophages. J Biol Chem 1997;272:14394-8.
96. Zurawski G, de Vries JE. Interleukin 13, an interleukin 4-like cytokine that acts on monocytes and B cells, but not on T cells. Immunol Today 1994; 15:19-26.
97. Smith TJ, Ducharme LA, Weis JH. Preferential expression of interleukin-12 or interleukin-4 by murine bone marrow mast cells derived in mast cell growth factor or interleukin-3. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:822-6.
98. Marietta EV, Chen Y, Weis JH. Modulation of expression of the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin-13 and interleukin-10 by interleukin-3. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:49-56.
99. Madsen KL, Tavernini MM, Mosmann TR, Fedorak RN. Interleukin 10 modulates ion transport in rat small intestine. Gastroenterology 1996;111:936-44.
100. Chiossone DC, Simon PL, Smith PL. Interleukin-1: effects on rabbit ileal mucosal ion transport in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 1990;180:217-28.
101. Chang EB, Musch MW, Mayer L. Interleukins 1 and 3 stimulate anion secretion in chicken intestine. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1518-24.
102. Madara JL, Stafford J. Interferongamma directly affects barrier function of cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers. J Clin Invest 1989;83:724-7.
103. Mullin JM, Snock KV. Effect of tumor necrosis factor on epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial permeability. Cancer Res 1990;50:2172-6.
104. Adams RB, Planchon SM, Roche JK. IFN-gamma modulation of epithelial barrier function. Time course, reversibility and site of cytokine binding. J Immunol 1993;150:2356-63.
105. Madsen KL, Lewis SA, Tavernini MM, et al. Interleukin 10 prevents cytokine-induced disruption of T84 monolayer barrier integrity and limits chloride secretion. Gastroenterology 1997;113:151-9.
106. van Deventer SJ, Elson CO, Fedorak RN. Multiple doses of intravenous interleukin 10 in steroid-refractory Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:383-9.
107. Benyon RC, Bissonnette EY, Befus AD. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha dependent cytotoxicity of human skin mast cells is enhanced by anti-IgE antibodies. J Immunol 1991;147: 2253-8.
108. Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Release of both preformed and newly synthesized tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)/cachectin by mouse mast cells stimulated via the Fc epsilon RI. A mechanism for the sustained action of mast cell-derived TNF-alpha during IgE-dependent biological responses. J Exp Med 1991;174:103-7.
109. Bissonnette EY, Chin B, Befus AD. Interferons differentially regulate histamine and TNF-alpha in rat intestinal mucosal mast cells. Immunology 1995;86:12-7.
110. Lin TJ, Bissonnette EY, Hirsh A, Befus AD. Stem cell factor potentiates histamine secretion by multiple mechanisms, but does not affect tumour necrosis factor-alpha release from rat mast cells. Immunology 1996;89:301-7.
111. Stricter RM, Kunkel SL, Bone RC. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in disease states and inflammation. Crit Care Med 1993;21:S447-63.
112. Nicholls S, Stephens S, Braegger CP, et al. Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhoea. J Clin Pathol 1993;46:757-60.
113. Mahmud N, O'Connell MA, Stinson J, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and microalbuminuria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7: 215-9.
114. van Dullemen HM, van Deventer SJ, Hommes DW, et al. Treatment of Crohn's disease with anti-tumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2). Gastroenterology 1995; 109:129-35.
115. Neurath MF, Fuss I, Pasparakis M, et al. Predominant pathogenic role of tumor necrosis factor in experimental colitis in mice. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1743-50.
116. Marshall JS, Leal-Berumen I, Nielsen L, et al. Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits long-term IL-6 production but not preformed mediator release from rat peritoneal mast cells. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1122-8.
117. Lin TJ, Befus AD. Differential regulation of mast cell function by IL-10 and stem cell factor. J Immunol 1997; 159:4015-23.
118. Kuhn R, Lohler J, Rennick D, et al. Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 1993;75:263-74.
119. Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Sumiyoshi K, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha up-regulates decay-accelerating factor gene expression in human intestinal epithelial cells. Immunology 1997;90:358-63.
120. Uesu T, Mizuno M, Inoue H, et al. Enhanced expression of decay accelerating factor and CD59/homologous restriction factor 20 on the colonic epithelium of ulcerative colitis. Lab Invest 1995;72:587-91.
121. Galli SJ, Tsai M, Wershil BK. The c-kit receptor, stem cell factor, and mast cells. What each is teaching us about the others. Am J Path 1993; 142:965-74.
122. Nilsson G, Butterfield JH, Nilsson K, Siegbahn A. Stem cell factor is a chemotactic factor for human mast cells. J Immunol 1994;153:3717-23.
123. Kawasaki H, Inagaki N, Kimata M, et al. Selective potentiation of IgE-dependent histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells by stem cell factor. Life Sci 1995;57:2377-83.
124. Hill PB, MacDonald AJ, Thornton EM, et al. Stem cell factor enhances immunoglobulin E-dependent mediator release from cultured rat bone marrow-derived mast cells: activation of previously unresponsive cells demonstrated by a novel ELISPOT assay. Immunology 1996;87:326-33.
125. Bischoff SC, Schwengberg S, Wordelmann K, et al. Effect of c-kit ligand, stem cell factor, on mediator release by human intestinal mast cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls. Gut 1996;38:104-14.
126. Gibbs BF, Arm JP, Gibson K, et al. Human lung mast cells release small amounts of interleukin-4 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in response to stimulation by anti-IgE and stem cell factor. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;327: 73-8.