Development, significance, and heterogeneity of mast cells with particular regard to the mast cell-specific proteases chymase and tryptase

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 233-245

  Welle, Monika ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Function; Human mast cells; Murine mast cells

Indexed keywords

CHYMASE; PROTEINASE; TRYPTASE;

ANIMAL CELL; CELL FUNCTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MAST CELL; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MURINAE; RODENTIA;

EID: 0030977229     PISSN: 07415400     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jlb.61.3.233     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Caughey, G. H. (1991) The structure and airway biology of mast cell proteinases. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 4, 387-394.
2. Benyon, R. C. (1989) The human skin mast cell. Clin. Exp. Allergy 19, 375-387.
3. Huntley, J. F. (1992) Mast cells and basophils: a review of their heterogeneity and function. J. Comp. Pathol. 107, 349-372.
4. Ehrlich, P. (1879) Beiträge zur kenntnis der granulierten bindegwebszellen und der eosinophilen leukozyten. Arch. Anat. Physiol. 3, 166-169.
5. Burnet, F. M. (1977) The probable relationship of some or all mast cells to the T-cell system. Cell. Immunol. 30, 358-360.
6. Zucker-Franklin, D., Grusky, G., Hirayama, N., Schnipper, E. (1981) The presence of mast cell precursors in rat peripheral blood. Blood 58, 544-551.
7. Czarnetzki, B. M., Sterry, W., Bazin, H., Kalveram, K. J. (1982) Evidence that tissue mast cells derive from mononuclear phagocytes. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 67, 44-48.
8. Kitamura, Y., Go, S., Hatanaka, K. (1978) Decrease of mast cells in W/Wv mice and their increase by bone marrow transplantation. Blood 52, 447-452.
9. Kitamura, Y., Matsuda, H., Hatanaka, K. (1979) Clonal nature of mast-cell clusters formed in W/Wv mice after bone marrow transplantation. Nature 281, 154-155.
10. Sonoda, T., Kitamura, Y., Haku, Y, Hara, H., Mori, K. J. (1983) Mast-cell precursors in various hematopoietic colonies of mice produced in vivo and in vitro. Br. J. Hematol. 53, 611-620.
11. Hatanaka, K., Kitamura, Y, Nishimune, Y. (1979) Local development of mast cells from bone marrow-derived precursors in the skin of mice. Blood 53, 142-147.
12. Hayashi, C., Sonoda, T., Nakano, T., Nakayama, H., Kitamura, Y. (1985) Mast-cell precursors in the skin of mouse embryos and their deficiency in embryos of SI/SId genotype. Dev. Biol. 109, 234-241.
13. Kitamura, Y., Fujita, J. (1989) Regulation of mast cell differentiation. Bio-Essays 10, 193-196.
14. Schrader, J. W. (1981) The in vitro production and cloning of the P cell, a bone marrow-derived null cell that expresses H-2 and Ia-antigens, has mast cell-like granules, and is regulated by a factor released by activated T cells. J. Immunol. 126, 452-458.
15. Ihle, J. H., Keller, J., Oroszlan, S., Henderson, L. E., Copeland, T. D., Fitch, F., Prystowsky, M. B., Goldwasser, E., Schrader, J. W., Palaszynski, E., Dy, M., Lebel, B. (1983) Biological properties of homogeneous interleukin 3. I. demonstration of WEHI-3 growth factor activity, mast cell growth factor activity, P cell-stimulating factor activity, colony-stimulating factor activity, and histamine-producing cell-stimulating factor activity. J. Immunol. 131, 282-287.
16. Thompson-Snipes, L., Dhar, V., Bond, M. W., Mosmann, T. R., Moore, K. W., Rennick, D. M. (1991) Interleukin-10: a novel stimulatory factor for mast cells and their progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 173, 507-510.
17. Dvorak, A. M., Schleimer, R. P., Lichtenstein, L. M. (1987) Morphological mast cell cycles. Cell. Immunol. 105, 199-204.
18. Kuriu, A., Sonoda, S., Kanakura, Y., Jozaki, K., Yamatodani, A., Kitamura, Y. (1989) Proliferation potential of degranulated murine peritoneal mast cells. Blood 74, 925-929.
19. Bienenstock, J., Befus, A. D., Denburg, J. (1986) Mast cell heterogeneity: basic questions and clinical implications. In Mast Cell Heterogeneity (A. D, Befus, J. Bienenstock, and J. A. Denburg, eds.), New York: Raven Press, 391-402.
20. Levi-Schaffer, F., Segal, V., Shalit, M. (1991) Effects of interleukins on connective tissue type mast cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. Immunol. 72, 174-180.
21. Rothe, M. J., Nowak, M., Kerdel, F. A. (1990) The mast cell in health and disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 23, 615-624.
22. Soter, N. A., Austen, K. F. (1976) The diversity of mast cell-derived mediators: implications for acute, subacute, and chronic cutaneous inflammatory disorders. J. Invest. Dermatol. 67, 313-319.
23. Töyry, S., Fräki, J., Tammi, R. (1988) Mast cell density in psoriatic skin. The effect of puva and corticosteroid therapy. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 280, 282-285.
24. Craig, S. S., DeBlois, G., Schwartz, L. B. (1986) Mast cells in human keloid, small intestine, and lung by an immunoperoxidase technique using a murine monoclonal antibody against tryptase. Am. J. Pathol. 124, 427-435.
25. Brody, I. (1984) Mast cell degranulation in the evolution of acute eruptive guttate psoriasis vulgaris. J. Invest. Dermatol. 82, 460-464.
26. Echtenacher, B., Männel, D. N., Hültner, L. (1996) Critical protective role of mast cells in a model of acute septic peritonitis. Nature 381, 75-77.
27. Malaviya, R., Ikeda, T., Ross, E., Abraham, S. N. (1996) Mast cell modulation of neutrophil influx and bacterial clearance at sites of infection through TNF-alpha. Nature 381, 77-80.
28. Folkman, J. (1986) How is blood vessel growth regulated in normal and neoplastic tissue? Cancer Res. 46, 467-473.
29. Norrby, K., Jakobsson, A., Sorbo, J. (1986) Mast-cell-mediated angiogenesis: a novel experimental model using the rat mesentery. Virchows Arch. Ser. B 52, 195-206.
30. Stead, R. H., Bienenstock, J. (1990) Cellular interactions between the immune and peripheral nervous systems. A normal role for mast cells? In Cell to Cell Interaction (M. M. Burger, B. Sordat, and R. M. Zinkernagel, eds.), Basel, Karger, 170-187.
31. Gordon, J. R., Burd, P. R., Galli, S. J. (1990) Mast cells as a source of multifunctional cytokines. Immunol. Today 11, 458-464.
32. Stevens, R, L., Austen, K. F. (1989) Recent advances in the cellular and molecular biology of mast cells. Immunol. Today 10, 381-386.
33. Borish, L., Joseph, B. Z. (1992) Inflammation and the allergic response. Med. Clin. North Am. 76, 765-787.
34. Harvima, I. T., Horsmanheimo, L., Naukkarinen, A., Horsmanheimo, M. (1994) Mast cell proteinases and cytokines in skin inflammation. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 287, 61-67.
35. Plaut, M., Pierce, J. H., Watson, C. J., Hanley-Hyde, J., Nordan, R. P., Paul, W. E. (1989) Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross-linkage of FcetaRI or to calcium ionophores. Nature 339, 64-67.
36. Bradding, P., Roberts, J. A., Britten, K. M., Montefort, S., Djukanovic, R., Mueller, R., Heusser, C. H., Howarth, P. H., Holgate, S. T. (1994) Interleukin-4, -5, and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and asthmatic airways: evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10, 471-480.
37. Walsh, L. J., Trinchieri, G., Waldorf, H. A., Whitaker, D., Murphy, G. F. (1991) Human dermal mast cells contain and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4220-4224.
38. Bradding, P., Feather, I. H., Howarth, P. H., Mueller, R., Roberts, J. A., Britten, K., Bews, J. P. A., Hunt, T. C., Okayama, Y., Heusser, C. H., Bullock, G. R., Church, M. K., Holgate, S. T. (1992) Interleukin 4 is localized to and released by human mast cells. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1381-1386.
39. Bradding, P., Feather, I. H., Wilson, S., Bardin, P. G., Heusser, C. H., Holgate, S. T., Howarth, P. H. (1993) Immunolocalization of cytokines in the nasal mucosa of normal and perennial rhinitic subjects. The mast cell as a source of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 in human allergic mucosal inflammation. J. Immunol. 151, 3853-3865.
40. Young, J. D. E., Liu, C.-C., Butler, G., Cohn, Z. A., Galli, S. J. (1987) Identification, purification, and characterization of a mast cell-associated cytolytic factor related to tumor necrosis factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 9175-9179.
41. Gordon, J. R., Galli, S. J. (1990) Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-alpha/cachectin. Nature 346, 274-276.
42. Okayama, Y., Bradding, P., Tunon-de-Lara, J. M., Holgate, S. T., Church, M. K. (1995) Cytokine production by human mast cells. Chem. Immunol. 61, 114-134.
43. Parwaresch, M. R., Horny, H.-P., Lennert, K. (1985) Tissue mast cells in health and disease. Pathol. Res. Pract. 179, 439-461.
44. Bochner, B. S., Charlesworth, E. N., Lichtenstein, L. M., Derse, C. P., Gillis, S., Dinarello, C. A., Schleimer, R. P. (1990) Interleukin-1 is released at sites of human cutaneous allergic reactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 86.
45. Finotto, S., Dolovich, J., Denburg, J. A., Jordana, M., Marshall, J. S. (1994) Functional heterogeneity of mast cells isolated from different microenvironments within nasal polyp tissue. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 95, 343-350.
46. Keith, P. K., Conway, M., Evans, S., Wong, D. A., Jordana, G., Pengelly, D., Dolovich, J. (1994) Nasal polyps: effects of seasonal allergen exposure. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 93, 567-574.
47. Marshall, J. S., Bienenstock, J. (1994) The role of mast cells in inflammatory reactions of the airways, skin and intestine. Curr. Op. Immunol. 6, 853-859.
48. Maximow, A. (1905) Ueber die zellformen des lockeren bindegewebes. Arch. Mikroskop. Anat. Entw. Gesch. 67, 680-757.
49. Enerbäck, L. (1966) Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. I. Effects of fixation. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 66, 289-302.
50. Enerbäck, L. (1966) Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. II. Dyebinding and metachromatic properties. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 66, 303-312.
51. Kaminer, M. S., Murphy, G. F., Zweiman, B., Lavker, R. M. (1995) Connective tissue mast cells exhibit time-dependent degranulation heterogeneity. Clin. Diagnos. Lab. Immunol. 2, 297-301.
52. Caughey, G. H., Lazarus, S. C., Viro, N. F., Gold, W. M., Nadel, J. A. (1988) Tryptase and chymase: comparison of extraction and release in two dog mastocytoma lines. Immunol. 63, 339-344.
53. Irani, A.-M. A., Craig, S. S., DeBlois, G., Elson, C. O., Schechter, N. M., Schwartz, L. B. (1987) Deficiency of the tryptase-positive, chymasenegative mast cell type in gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with defective T lymphocyte function. J. Immunol. 138, 4381-4386.
54. Czarnetzki, B. M., Figdor, C. G., Kolde, G., Vroom, T., Aalberse, R., De Vries, J. E. (1984) Development of human connective tissue mast cells from purified blood monocytes. Immunol. 51, 549-554.
55. Kitamura, Y., Sonoda, T., Nakano, T., Kanayama, Y. (1986) Probable dedifferentiation of mast cells in mouse connective tissues. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 20P, 325-332.
56. Kitamura, Y., Kanakura, Y., Sonoda, S., Asai, H., Nakano, T. (1987) Mutual phenotypic changes between connective tissue type and mucosal mast cells. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 82, 244-248.
57. Kitamura, Y. (1989) Heterogeneity of mast cells and phenotypic change between subpopulations. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7, 59-76.
58. Kirshenbaum, A. S., Goff, J. P., Dreskin, S. C., Irani, A.-M. A., Schwartz, L. B., Metcalfe, D. D. (1989) IL-3-dependent growth of basophil-like and mastlike cells from human bone marrow. J. Immunol. 142, 2424-2429.
59. Kirshenbaum, A. S., Goff, J. P., Metcalfe, D. D. (1989) Human macrophages cultured on agar but not agarose resemble mast cells. Immunol. 68, 120-125.
60. + pluripotent progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 148, 772-777.
61. Galli, S. J. (1990) New insights into "the riddle of the mast cells": micro-environmental regulation of mast cell development and phenotypic heterogeneity. Lab. Invest. 62, 5-33.
62. Haig, D. M., McMenamin, C., Redmond, J., Brown, D., Young, I. G., Cohen, S. D., Hapel, A. J. (1988) Rat IL-3 stimulates the growth of rat mucosal mast cells in culture. Immunol. 65, 205-211.
63. Zsebo, K. M., Williams, D. A., Geissler, E. N., Broudy, V. C., Martin, F. H., Atkins, H. L., Hsu, R.-Y., Birkett, N. C., Okino, K. H., Murdock, D. C., Jacobsen, F. W., Langley, K. E., Smith, K. A., Takeishi, T., Cattanach, B. M., Galli, S. J., Suggs, S. V. (1990) Stem cell factor is endoced at the SI locus of the mouse and is the ligand for the C-Kit tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell 63, 213-224.
64. Metcalfe, D. D., Mekori, J. A., Rottem, M. (1995) Mast cell ontogeny and apoptosis. Exp. Dermatol. 4, 227-230.
65. Ishizaka, T., Conrad, D. H., Huff, T. F., Metcalfe, D. D., Stevens, R. L., Lewis, R. A. (1985) Unique features of human basophilic granulocytes developed in in vitro culture. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 77, 137-143.
66. Valent, P., Schmidt, G. B. J., Mayer, P., Zenke, G., Liehl, E., Hinterberger, W., Lechner, K., Maurer, D., Bettelheim, P. (1989) Interleukin-3 is a differentiation factor for human basophils. Blood 73, 1763-1769.
67. Mayer, P., Valent, P., Schmidt, G., Liehl, E., Bettelheim, P. (1989) The in vivo effects of recombinant human interleukin-3: demonstration of basophil differentiation factor, histamine-producing activity, and priming of GM-CSF-responsive progenitors in nonhuman primates. Blood 74,613-621.
68. Valent, P., Besemer, J., Sillaber, C., Butterfield, J. H., Eher, R., Majdic, O., Kishi, K., Klepetko, W., Eckersberger, F., Lechner, K., Bettelheim, P. (1990) Failure to detect IL-3-binding sites on human mast cells. J. Immunol. 145, 3432-3437.
69. Tsuji, K., Nakahata, T., Takagi, M., Kobayashi, T., Ishiguro, A., Kikuchi, T., Naganuma, K., Koike, K., Miyajima, A., Arai, K., Akabane, T. (1990) Effects of interleukin-3 and interleukin-4 on the development of "connective tissue-type" mast cells: interleukin-3 supports their survival and interleukin-4 triggers and supports their proliferation synergistically with interleukin-3. Blood 75, 421-427.
70. Mitsui, H., Furitsu, T., Dvorak, A. M., Irani, A.-M. A., Schwarte, L. B., Inagaki, N., Takei, M., Ishizaka, K., Zsebo, K. M., Gillis, S., Ishizaka, T. (1993) Development of human mast cells from umbilical cord blood cells by recombinant human and murine C-Kit ligand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 735-739.
71. Furitsu, T., Saito, H., Dvorak, A. M., Schwartz, L. B., Irani, A.-M. A., Burdick, J. F., Ishizaka, K., Ishizaka, T. (1989) Development of human mast cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 10039-10043.
72. Ishizaka, T., Mitsui, H., Yanagida, M., Miura, T., Dvorak, A. M. (1993) Development of human mast cells from their progenitors. Curr. Op. Immunol. 5, 937-943.
73. Fritz, F. J., Pabst, R. (1989) Numbers and heterogeneity of mast cells in the male genital tract of the rat. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 88, 360-362.
74. Newlands, G. F., Huntley, J. F., Miller, H. R. (1984) Concomitant detection of mucosal mast cells and eosinophils in the intestines of normal and nippostrongylus-immune rats. A re-evaluation of histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Histochemistry 81, 585-589.
75. Kitamura, Y., Kasugai, T., Arizono, N., Matsuda, H. (1993) Development of mast cells and basophils: processes and regulation mechanisms. Am. J. Med. Sci. 306, 185-191.
76. Enerbäck, L. (1981) The gut mucosal mast cell. Monagr. Allergy 17, 222-232.
77. Chu, W., Johnson, D. A., Musich, P. R. (1992) Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse mast cell chymases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1121, 83-87.
78. Johnson, D. A., Barton, G. J. (1992) Mast cell tryptases: examination of unusual characteristics by multiple sequence alignment and molecular modeling. Protein Sci. 1, 370-377.
79. McNeil, H. P., Frenkel, D. P., Austen, K. F., Friend, D. S., Stevens, R. L. (1992) Translation and granule localization of mouse mast cell protease-5. J. Immunol. 149, 2466-2472.
80. McNeil, H. P., Reynolds, D. S., Schiller, V., Ghildyal, N., Gurley, D. S., Austen, K. F., Stevens, R. L. (1992) Isolation, characterization, and transcription of the gene encoding mouse mast cell protease 7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11174-11178.
81. Reynolds, D. S., Stevens, R. L., Lane, W. S., Carr, M. H., Austen, K. F., Serafin, W. E. (1990) Different mouse mast cell populations express various combinations of at least six distinct mast cell serine proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3230-3234.
82. Serafin, W. E., Guidry, U. A., Dayton, E. T., Kamada, M. M., Stevens, R. L., Austen, K. F. (1991) Identification of aminopeptidase activity in the secretory granules of mouse mast cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5984-5988.
83. Stevens, R. L., Friend, D. S., McNeil, H. P., Schiller, V., Ghildyal, N., Austen, K. F. (1994) Strain-specific and tissue-specific expression of mouse mast cell secretory granule proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 128-132.
84. Benfey, P. N., Yin, F. H., Leder, P. (1987) Cloning of the mast cell protease, RMCPII. Evidence for cell-specific expression and a multi-gene family. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5377-5384.
85. Cole, K. R., Kumar, S., Le Trong, H., Woodbury, R. G., Walsh, K. A., Neurath, H. (1991) Rat mast cell carboxypeptidase: amino acid sequence and evidence of enzyme activity within mast cell granules. Biochemistry 30, 648-655.
86. Everitt, M. T., Neurath, H. (1980) Rat peritoneal mast cell carboxypeptidase: localization, purification, and enzymatic properties. FEBS Lett. 110, 292-296.
87. Le Trong, H., Neurath, H., Woodbury, R. G. (1987) Substrate specificity of the chymotrypsin-like protease in secretory granules isolated from rat mast cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 364-367.
88. Ghildyal, N., McNeil, H. P., Gurish, M. F., Austen, K. F., Stevens, R. L. (1992) Tramcriptional regulation of the mucosal mast cell-specific protease gene, MMCP-2, by interleukin 10 and interleukin 3. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 8473-8477.
89. Gurish, M. F., Ghildyal, N., McNeil, H. P., Austen, K. F., Gillis, S., Stevens, R. L. (1992) Differential expression of secretory granule proteases in mouse mast cells exposed to interleukin 3 and C-Kit ligand. J. Exp. Med. 175, 1003-1012.
90. Befus, A. D., Chin, B., Pick, J., Evans, S., Osborn, S., Forstrom, J. (1995) Proteinases of rat mast cells. Peritoneal but not intestinal mucosal mast cells express mast cell proteinase 5 and carboxypeptidase A. J. lmmunal. 155, 4406-4411.
91. Huang, R. Y., Blom, T., Hellman, L. (1991) Cloning and structural analysis of MMCP-1, MMCP-4 and MMCP-5, three mouse mast cell-specific serine proteases. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 1611-1621.
92. Gurish, M. F., Nadeau, J. H., Johnson, K. R., McNeil, H. P., Grattan, K. M., Austen, K. F., Stevens, R. L. (1993) A closely linked complex of mouse mast cell-specific chymase genes on chromosome 14. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 11372-11379.
93. Serafin, W. E., Sullivan, T. P., Conder, G. A., Ebrahimi, A., Marcham, P., Johanson, S. S., Austen, K. F., Reynolds, D. S. (1991) Cloning of the cDNA and gene for mouse mast cell protease 4. Demonstration of its late transcription in mast cell subclasses and analysis of its homology to subclass-specific neutral proteases of the mouse and rat. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 1934-1941.
94. McNeil, H. P., Austen, K. F., Somerville, L. L., Gurish, M. F., Stevens, R. L. (1991) Molecular cloning of the mouse mast cell protease-5 gene. A novel secretory granule protease expressed early in the differentiation of serosal mast cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20316-20322.
95. Miller, J. S., Westin, E. H., Schwartz, L. R (1989) Cloning and characterization of complementary DNA for human tryptase. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1188-1195.
96. Reynolds, D. S., Gurley, D. S., Austen, K. F., Serafin, W. E. (1991) Cloning of the cDNA and gene of mouse mast cell protease-6. Transcription by progenitor mast cells and mast cells of the connective tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 3847-3853.
97. Huang, R., Hellman, L. (1991) Cloning and structural analysis of a novel mouse mast cell specific serine protease, the MMCP-6: a connective tissue specific tryptase. Proc. XIV Int. Congr. Allergology Clin. Immunol. 541. (Abstract)
98. Huang, R., Abrink, M., Gobl, A. E., Nilsson, G., Aveskogh, M., Larsson, L. G., Nilsson, K., Hellman, L. (1993) Expression of a mast cell tryptase in the human monocytic cell lines U-937 and Mono Mac 6. Scand. J. Immunol. 38, 359-367.
99. Craig, S. S., Irani, A.-M. A., Metcalfe, D. D., Schwartz, L. B. (1993) Ultrastructural localization of heparin to human mast cells of the MCTC and MCT types by labeling with antithrombin III-gold. Lab. Invest. 69, 552-561.
100. Strobel, S., Miller, H. R. P., Ferguson, A. (1981) Human intestinal mucosal mast cells: evaluation of fixation and staining techniques. J. Clin. Pathol. 34, 851-858.
101. Schwartz, L. B. (1990) Neutral Proteases of Mast Cells, Monographs in Allergy Basel: Karger, 101-105.
102. Irani, A.-M. A., Schechter, N. M., Craig, S. S., DeBlois, G., Schwartz, L. B. (1986) Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4464-4468.
103. Schwartz, L. B., Lewis, R. A., Austen, K. F. (1981) Tryptase from human pulmonary mast cells. Purification and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 11939-11943.
104. Schwartz, L. B. (1985) Monoclonal antibodies against human mast cell tryptase demonstrate shared antigenic sites on subunits of tryptase and selective localization of the enzyme in mast cells. J. Immunol. 134, 526-531.
105. Castells, M. C., Irani, A.-M. A., Schwartz, L. B. (1987) Evaluation of human peripheral blood leukocytes for mast cell tryptase. J. Immunol. 138, 2184-2189.
106. Schechter, N. M., Fräki, J. E., Geesin, J. C., Lazarus, G. S. (1983) Human skin chymotryptic proteinase. Isolation and relation to cathepsin G and rat mast cell proteinase I. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 2973-2978.
107. Schechter, N. M., Choi, J. K., Slavin, D. A., Deresienski, D. T., Sayama, S., Dong, G., Lavker, R. M., Proud, D., Lazarus, G. S. (1986) Identification of a chymotrypsin-like proteinase in human mast cells. J. Immunol. 137, 962-970.
108. Goldstein, S. M., Kaempfer, C. E., Kealey, J. T., Wintroub, B. U. (1989) Human mast cell carboxypeptidase. Purification and characterization. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 1630-1636.
109. Irani, A.-M. A., Goldstein, S. M., Wintroub, B. U., Bradford, T., Schwartz, L. B. (1991) Human mast cell carboxypeptidase. Selective localization to MCTC cells. J. Immunol. 147, 247-253.
110. Schechter, N. M., Irani, A.-M. A., Sprows, J. L., Abernethy, J., Wintroub, B., Schwartz, L. B. (1990) Identification of a cathepsin G-like proteinase in the MCTC type of human mast cell. J. Immunol. 145, 2652-2661.
111. Campbell, E. J., Silverman, E. K., Campbell, M. A. (1989) Elastase and cathepsin G of human monocytes. Quantification of cellular content, release in response to stimuli, and heterogeneity in elastase-mediated proteolytic activity. J. Immunol. 143, 2961-2968.
112. Meier, H. L., Schulman, E. S., Heck, L. W., MacGlashan, D., Newball, H. H., Kaplan, A. P. (1989) Release of elastase from purified human lung mast cells and basophils. Identification as a Hageman factor cleaving enzyme. Inflammation 13, 295-308.
113. Irani, A.-M. A., Schwartz, L. B. (1990) Neutral proteases as indicators of human mast cell heterogeneity. Monogr. Allergy 27, 146-162.
114. Craig, S. S., Schechter, N. M., Schwartz, L. B. (1988) Ultrastructural analysis of human T and TC mast cells identified by immunoelectron microscopy. Lab. Invest. 58, 682-691.
115. Craig, S. S., Schwartz, L. B. (1990) Human MCTC type of mast cell granule: the uncommon occurrence of discrete scrolls associated with focal absence of chymase. Lab. Invest. 63, 581-585.
116. Bradding, P., Okayama, Y., Howarth, P. H., Church, M. K., Holgate, S. T. (1995) Heterogeneity of human mast cells based on cytokine content. J. Immunol. 155, 297-307.
117. Osman, I. A. R., Garrett, J. R., Smith, R. E. (1989) Enzyme histochemical discrimination between tryptase and chymase in mast cells of human gut. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37, 415-421.
118. Harvima, I. T., Naukkarinen, A., Paukkonen, K., Harvima, R. J., Aalto, M.-L., Schwartz, L. B., Horsmanheimo, M. (1993) Mast cell tryptase and chymase in developing and mature psoriatic lesions. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 285, 184-192.
119. Irani, A.-M. A., Bradford, T. R., Kepley, C. L., Schechter, N. M., Schwartz, L. B. (1989) Detection of MCT and MCTC types of human mast cells by immunohistochemistry using new monoclonal anti-tryptase and anti-chymase antibodies. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37, 1509-1515.
120. Aldenborg, F., Enerbäck, L. (1994) The immunohistochemical demonstration of chymase and tryptase in human intestinal mast cells. Histochem. J. 26, 587-596.
121. Matin, R., Tam, E. K., Nadel, J. A., Caughey, G. H. (1992) Distribution of chymase-containing mast cells in human bronchi. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40, 781-786.
122. Sperr, W. R., Bankl, H. C., Mundigler, G., Klappacher, G., Grosschmidt, K., Agis, H., Simon, P., Laufer, P., Imhof, M., Radaszkiewicz, T. (1994) The human cardiac mast cell: localization, isolation, phenotype, and functional characterization. Blood 84, 3876-3884.
123. Patella, V., De Crescenzo, G., Ciccarelli, A., Marino, I., Adt, M., Marone, G. (1995) Human heart mast cells: a definitive case of mast cell heterogeneity. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 106, 386-393.
124. Massey, W. A., Guo, C.-B., Dvorak, A. M., Hubbard, W. C., Bhargavan, B. S., Cohan, V. L., Warner, J. A., Kagey-Sobotka, A., Lichtenstein, L. M. (1991) Human uterine mast cells. Isolation, purification, characterization, ultrastructure, and pharmacology. J. Immunol. 147, 1621-1627.
125. Tainsh, K. R., Lau, H. Y. A., Liu, W. L., Pearce, F. L. (1991) The human skin mast cell: a comparison with the human lung cell and a novel mast cell type, the uterine mast cell. Agents Actions 33, 16-19.
126. Guo, C.-B., Kagey-Sobotka, A., Lichtenstein, L. M., Bochner, B. S. (1992) Immunophenotyping and functional analysis of purified human uterine mast cells. Blood 3, 708-712.
127. Schwartz, L. B., Irani, A.-M. A., Roller, K., Castells, M. C., Schechter, N. M. (1987) Quantitation of histamine, tryptase, and chymase in dispersed human T and TC mast cells. J. Immunol. 138, 2611-2615.
128. Sakai, K., Ren, S., Schwartz, L. B. (1996) A novel heparin-dependent processing pathway for human tryptase. Autocatalysis followed by activation with dipeptidyl peptidase I. J. Clin. Invest. 15, 988-995.
129. Schwartz, L. B., Bradford, T. R., Lee, D. C., Chlebowsky, J. F. (1990) Immunologic and physiochemical evidence for conformational changes occurring on conversion of human mast cell tryptase from active tetramer to inactive monomer. Production of monoclonal antibodies recognizing active tryptase. J. Immunol. 144, 2304-2311.
130. Goldstein, S. M., Leong, J., Schwartz, L. B., Cooke, D. (1992) Protease composition of exocytosed human skin mast cell protease-proteoglycan complexes. Tryptase resides in a complex distinct from chymase and carboxypeptidase. J. Immunol. 148, 2475-2482.
131. Whitaker-Menezes, D., Schechter, N. M., Murphy, G. F. (1993) Localization of cathepsin G to cutaneous mast cell granules: evidence for regional segregation of mast cell proteinases within granules. Clin. Res. 41, 473A.
132. Craig, S. S., Schechter, N. M., Schwartz, L. B. (1989) Ultrastructural Analysis of maturing human T and TC mast cells in situ. Lab. Invest. 60, 147-157.
133. Schwartz, L. B. (1994) Mast cells: function and contents. Curr. Op. Immunol. 6, 91-97.
134. Little, S. S., Johnson, D. A. (1995) Human mast cell tryptase isoforms: separation and examination of substrate-specificity differences. Biochem. J. 307, 341-346.
135. Sekizawa, K., Caughey, G. H., Lazarus, S. C., Gold, W. M., Nadel, J. A. (1989) Mast cell tryptase causes airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in dogs. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 175-179.
136. Caughey, G. H., Viro, N. F., Calonico, L. D., McDonald, D. M., Lazarus, S. C., Gold, W. M. (1988) Chymase and tryptase in dog mastocytoma cells: asynchronous expression as revealed by enzyme cytochemical staining. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 36, 1053-1060.
137. Tam, E. K., Caughey, G. H. (1990) Degradation of airway neuropeptides by human lung tryptase. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3, 27-32.
138. Cairns, J. A., Walls, A. F. (1996) Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for epithelial cells. Stimulation of IL-8 production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. J. Immunol. 156, 275-283.
139. Walls, A. F., He, S., Teran, L. M., Buckley, M. G., Jung, K.-S., Holgate, S. T., Shute, J. K., Cairns, J. A. (1995) Granulocyte recruitment by human mast cell tryptase. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 107, 372-373.
140. Lohi, J., Harvima, I., Keski-Oja, J. (1992) Pericellular substrates of human mast cell tryptase: 72,000 dalton gelatinase and fibronectin. J. Cell. Biochem. 50, 337-349.
141. Adams, J. C., Watt, F. M. (1989) Fibronectin inhibits the terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes. Nature 340, 307-309.
142. Gruber, B. L., Marchese, M. J., Suzuki, K., Schwartz, L. B., Okada, Y., Nagase, H., Ramamurthy, N. S. (1989) Synovial procollagenase activation by human mast cell tryptase dependence upon matrix metalloproteinase 3 activation. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1657-1662.
143. Lees, M., Taylor, D. J., Woolley, D. E. (1994) Mast cell proteinases activate precursor forms of collagenase and stromelysin, but not of gelatinases A and B. Ear. J. Biochem. 223, 171-177.
144. Schwartz, L. B., Bradford, T. R., Littman, B. H., Wintroub, B. U. (1985) The fibrinogenolytic activity of purified tryptase from human lung mast cells. J. Immunol. 135, 2762-2767.
145. Fräki, J. E. (1977) Human skin proteases: effect of separated proteases on vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration in skin. Acta Dermatol. Venereal. 57, 393-398.
146. Hartmann, T., Ruoss, S. J., Caughey, G. H. (1994) Modulation of thrombin and thrombin receptor peptide mitogenicity by human lung mast cell tryptase. Am. J. Physiol. 267, L113-L119.
147. Schwartz, L. B., Kawahara, M. S., Hugli, T. E., Vik, D., Fearson, D. T., Austen, K. F. (1983) Generation of C3a anaphylatoxin from human C3 by human mast cell tryptase. J. Immunol. 130, 1891-1895.
148. Schwartz, L. B. (1995) Mast cell tryptase: properties and roles in human allergic responses. In Mast Cell Proteases in Immunology and Biology (G. H. Caughey, ed.), New York: Dekker, 9-23.
149. Wenzel, S., Irani, A.-M. A., Sanders, J. M., Bradford, T. R., Schwartz, L. B. (1986) Immunoassay of tryptase from human mast cells. J. Immunol. Meth. 86, 139-142.
150. Schwartz, L. B., Kepley, C. (1994) Development of markers for human basophils and mast cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 94, 1231-1240.
151. Caughey, G. H. (1995) Mast cell chymases and tryptases: phylogeny, family relations, and biogenesis. In Mast Cell Proteases in Immunology and Biology (G. H. Caughey, ed.), New York: Dekker, 305-329.
152. Caughey, G. H., Zerweck, E. H., Vanderslice, P. (1991) Structure, chromosomal assignment, and deduced amino acid sequence of a human gene for mast cell chymase. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 12956-12963.
153. Urata, H., Boehm, K. D., Philip, A., Kinoshita, A., Gabrovsek, J., Bumpus, F. M., Husain, A. (1993) Cellular localization and regional distribution of an angiotensin II-forming chymase in the heart. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1269-1281.
154. Urata, H., Karnik, S. S., Graham, R. M., Husain, A. (1993) Dipeptide processing activates recombinant human prochymase. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 24318-24322.
155. Caughey, G. H., Raymond, W. W., Vanderslice, P. (1990) Dog mast cell chymase: molecular cloning and characterization. Biochemistry 29, 5166-5171.
156. Caughey, G. H. (1990) Tryptase and chymase in dog mast cells. Monogr. Allergy 27, 67-89.
157. Sayama, S., Iozzo, R. V., Lazarus, G. S., Schechter, N. M. (1987) Human skin chymotrypsin-like proteinase chymase. Subcellular localization to mast cell granules and interaction with heparin and other glycosaminoglycans. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 6808-6815.
158. Hoit, B. D., Shao, Y., Kinoshita, A., Gabel, M., Husain, A., Walsh, R. A. (1995) Effects of angiotensin II generated by antiogensin converting enzyme-independent pathway on left ventricular performance in the conscious baboon. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 1519-1527.
159. Wintroub, B. U., Schechter, N. M., Lazarus, G. S., Kaempfer, C. E., Schwartz, L. B. (1984) Angiotensin I conversion by human and rat chymotryptic proteinases. J. Invest. Dermatol. 83, 336-339.
160. Wintroub, B. U., Kaempfer, C. E., Schechter, N. M., Proud, D. (1986) A human lung mast cell chymotrypsin-like enzyme. Identification and partial characterization. J. Clin. Invest. 77, 196-201.
161. Shiota, N., Okunishi, H., Fukamizu, A., Sakonjo, H., Kikumori, M., Nishimura, T., Nakagawa, T., Murakami, K., Miyazaki, M. (1993) Activation of two angiotensin-generating systems in the balloon-injured artery. FEBS Lett. 323, 239-242.
162. Franconi, G. M., Graf, P. D., Lazarus, S. C., Nadel, J. A., Caughey, G. H. (1989) Mast cell tryptase and chymase reverse airway smooth muscle relaxation induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide in the ferret. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248, 947-951.
163. Reilly, C. F., Schechter, N. B., Travis, J. (1985) Inactivation of bradykinin and kallidin by cathepsin G and mast cell chymase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127, 443-449.
164. Caughey, G. H., Leidig, F., Viro, N. F., Nadel, J. A. (1988) Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide degradation by mast cell tryptase and chymase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244, 133-137.
165. Varsano, S., Basbaum, C. B., Forsberg, L. S., Borson, D. B., Caughey, G., Nadel, J. A. (1987) Dog tracheal epithelial cells in culture synthesize sulfated macromolecular glycoconjugates and release them from the cell surface upon exposure to extracellular proteinases. Exp. Lung Res. 13, 157-184.
166. Sommerhoff, C. P., Caughey, G. H., Finkbeiner, W. E., Lazarus, S. C., Basbaum, C. B., Nadel, J. A. (1989) Mast cell chymase. A potent secretagogue for airway gland serous cells. J. Immunol. 142, 2450-2456.
167. Brain, S. D., Williams, T. J. (1988) Substance P regulates the vasodilator activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature 335, 73-75.
168. Rubinstein, I., Nadel, J. A., Graf, P. D., Caughey, G. H. (1990) Mast cell chymase potentiates histamine-induced wheal formation in the skin of ragweed-allergic dogs. J. Clin. Invest. 86, 555-559.
169. Mizutani, H., Schechter, N., Lazarus, G., Black, R. A., Kupper, T. S. (1991) Rapid and specific conversion of precursor interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) to an active IL-1 species by human mast cell chymase. J. Exp. Med. 174, 821-825.
170. Briggaman, R. A., Schechter, N. M., Fräki, J., Lazarus, G. S. (1984) Degradation of the epidermal-dermal junction by proteolytic enzymes from human skin and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Exp. Med. 160, 1027-1042.
171. Schwartz, L. B. (1989) Heterogeneity of mast cells in humans. In Mast Cell and Basophil Differentiation and Function in Health and Disease (S. J. Galli and K. F. Austen, eds.), New York: Raven Press, 93-105.
172. Taipale, J., Lohi, J., Saarinen, J., Kovanen, P. T., Keski-Oja, J. (1995) Human mast cell chymase and leukocyte elastase release latent transforming growth factor-betal from the extracellular matrix of cultured human epithelial and endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 4689-4696.
173. Saarinen, J., Kalkkinen, N., Welgus, H. G., Kovanen, P. T. (1994) Activation of human interstitial procollagenase through direct cleavage of the Leu83-Thr84 bond by mast cell chymase. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18134-18140.
174. Enerbäck, L. (1987) Mucosal mast cells in the rat and in man. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 82, 249-255.
175. Irani, A.-M. A., Schwartz, L. B. (1994) Human mast cell heterogeneity. Allergy Proc. 15, 303-308.
176. Schwartz, L. B. (1992) Heterogeneity of human mast cells. In Lung Biology in Health and Disease. The Mast Cell in Health and Disease (M. A. Kaliner and D. D. Metcalfe, eds.), New York: Dekker, 219-236.
177. Weidner, N., Austen, K. F. (1993) Heterogeneity of mast cells at multiple body sites. Fluorescent determination of avidin binding and immunofluorescent determination of chymase, tryptase, and carboxypeptidase content. Pathol. Res. Pract. 189, 156-162.