Diet, nutrients and gastrointestinal cancer

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 325-346

  Hensrud, D D ^a   Heimburger, D C ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; BETA CAROTENE;

CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOUTH CANCER; NUTRIENT; REVIEW; SMALL INTESTINE CANCER; STOMACH CANCER;

EID: 0031814745     PISSN: 08898553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70006-6     Document Type: Article

References (203)

1. Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers N Engl J Med 330 1994 1029
2. American Cancer Society 1996 Advisory Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention: Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity CA Cancer J Clin 46 1996 325
3. B. Armstrong R. Doll Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices Int J Cancer 15 1975 617
4. C.F. Babbs Free radicals and the etiology of colon cancer Free Rad Biol Med 8 1990 191
5. J. Barone E. Taioli J.R. Hebert Vitamin supplement use and risk for oral and esophageal cancer Nutr Cancer 18 1992 31
6. E. Benito A. Stiggelbout F.X. Bosch Nutritional factors in colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study in Majorca Int J Cancer 49 1991 161
7. E. Bichler G. Daxenbichler C. Marth Vitamin A status and retinoid-binding proteins in carcinomas of the head and neck region Oncology 40 1983 336
8. L.F. Bjeldanes M.M. Morris J.S. Felton Effect of meat composition and cooking conditions on mutagen formation in fried ground beef J Agriculture Food Chem 31 1983 18
9. M. Blasser Hypotheses on the pathogenesis and natural history of Helicobacter pylori induced inflammation Gastroenterology 102 1992 1720
10. G. Block B. Patterson A. Subar Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence Nutr Cancer 18 1992 1
11. W.J. Blot S.S. Devesa R.W. Kneller Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia JAMA 265 1991 1287
12. Blot W.J. Li J.-Y. P.R. Talor Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence and disease specific mortality in the general population J Natl Cancer Inst 85 1993 1483
13. W.J. Blot J. McLauglin D. Winn Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer Cancer Res 48 1988 3282
14. W.J. Blot D.M. Winn Fraumeni J.F. Jr Oral cancer and mouthwash J Natl Cancer Inst 70 1983 251
15. R.M. Bostick Diet and nutrition in the etiology and primary prevention of colon cancer Bendich A. Deckelbaum R.J. Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals 1997 Humana Totowa, NJ
16. R.M. Bostick J.D. Potter L.H. Kushi Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States) Cancer Causes Control 5 1994 38
17. R.M. Bostick J.D. Potter T.A. Sellers Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to incidence of colon cancer among older women: The Iowa Women's Health Study Am J Epidemiol 137 1993 1302
18. P. Boyle G. MacFarlane W.J. Blot Oral carcinogenesis in Europe Oral Oncol Eur J Cancer 31B 1995 1
19. L.M. Brown W.J. Blot S.H. Schuman Environmental factors and a high risk of esophageal cancer among men in coastal South Carolina J Natl Cancer Inst 80 1988 1620
20. L.M. Brown D.T. Silverman L.M. Pottern Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in white men in the United States: Alcohol, tobacco and socioeconomic factors Cancer Causes Control 5 1994 333
21. L.M. Brown C.A. Swanson G. Gridley Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Role of obesity and diet J Natl Cancer Inst 87 1995 104
22. E. Buiatti D. Palli A. Decarli Case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy Int J Cancer 44 1989 611
23. D.P. Burkitt Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum Cancer 28 1971 3
24. H.J.R. Bussey J.J. DeCosse E.E. Deschner A randomized trial of ascorbic acid in polyposis coli Cancer 50 1982 1434
25. T. Byers G. Perry Dietary carotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers Ann Rev Nutr 12 1992 139
26. R.J. Cahill K.R. O'Sullivan P.M. Mathias Effects of vitamin antioxidant supplementation on cell kinetics of patients with adenomatous polyps Gut 34 1993 963
27. C.P.J. Caygill M.J. Hill Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality Eur J Cancer Prev 4 1995 329
28. N.A. Chaudhy N.A. Jafarey K. Ibrahim Plasma vitamin A and carotene levels in relation to the clinical stages of carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx J Pakistan Med Assoc 30 1980 221
29. J. Chen C. Geissler B. Parpia Antioxidant status and cancer mortality in China Int J Epidemiol 21 1992 625
30. K.K. Cheng N.E. Day Nutrition and esophageal cancer Cancer Causes Control 7 1996 33
31. K.K. Cheng N.E. Day S.W. Duffy Pickled vegetables in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in Hong Kong Chinese Lancet 339 1992 1314
32. C. Chomchai N. Bhadrachari N.D. Nigro The effect of bile on the induction of experimental intestinal tumors in rats Dis Colon Rectum 17 1974 310
33. L.C. Clark The epidemiology of selenium and cancer Fed Proc 44 1985 2584
34. L.C. Clark G.F. Combs B.W. Turnbull Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: A randomized controlled trial JAMA 276 1996 1957
35. D. Coggon D.J.P. Barker R.B. Cole Stomach cancer and food storage J Natl Cancer Inst 81 1989 1178
36. P.J. Cook-Mozaffari F. Azordegan N.E. Day Oesophageal cancer studies in the Casian littoral of Iran: Results of a case-control study Br J Cancer 39 1979 293
37. P. Correa C. Cuello E. Duque Gastric cancer in Colombia: III. Natural history of precursor lisions J Natl Cancer Inst 57 1976 1027
38. P. Correa E. Fontham L.W. Pickle Dietary determinants of gastric cancer in south Louisiana inhabitants J Natl Cancer Inst 75 1985 645
39. M.L. Cravo J.B. Mason Y. Dayal Folate deficiency enhances the development of colonic neoplasia in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats Cancer Res 52 1992 5002
40. G.L. Day R.E. Shore W.J. Blot Dietary factors and second primary cancers: a follow-up of oral and pharyngeal cancer patients Nutr Cancer 21 1994 223
41. N.E. Day N. Munoz Oesophagua Schottenfeld D. Fraumeni J.F. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 1982 WB Saunders Philadelphia 596
42. A. Decarli P. Liati E. Negri Vitamin A and other dietary factors in the etiology of esophageal cancer Nutr Cancer 10 1987 29
43. J.J. DeCosse M. Adams J.F. Kuzma Effect of ascorbic acid on rectal polyps of patients with familial polyposis Surgery 78 1975 608
44. J.J. DeCosse H.H. Miller M.L. Lesser Effect of wheat fiber and vitamins C and E on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis J Natl Cancer Inst 81 1989 1290
45. De Jong U.W. N. Breslow E.H. Goh Aetiological factors in oesophageal cancer in Singapore Chinese Int J Cancer 13 1974 291
46. De Stefani E. N. Munoz J. Esteve Mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, diet, and esophageal cancer in Uruguay Cancer Res 50 1990 426
47. de Verdier M.G. U. Hagman R.K. Peters Meat, cooking methods and colorectal cancer: A case-referent study in Stockholm Int J Cancer 49 1991 520
48. R. Doll R. Peto The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today J Natl Cancer Inst 66 1981 1191
49. J.F. Dorgan A. Schatzkin Antioxidant micronutrients in cancer prevention Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 5 1991 43
50. N. Dungal Stomach cancer in Iceland Can Cancer Conf 6 1966 441
51. Eurogast Study Group An international association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer Lancet 341 1993 1359
52. A.P. Feinberg B. Vogelstein Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counterparts Nature 301 1983 89
53. S. Franceschi E. Bidoli A. Baron Maize and risk of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus in northeastern Italy J Natl Cancer Inst 82 1990 1407
54. Franceschi S. La Vecchia C. Alcohol and the risk of cancer of the stomach and colon-rectum Dig Dis 12 1994 276
55. J.L. Freudenheim S. Graham J.R. Marshal Folate intake and carcinogenesis of the colon and rectum Int J Epidemiol 20 1991 368
56. E.T.H. Fontham Prevention of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers Bendich A. Deckelbaum R.J. Preventive Nutrition 1997 Humana Totowa, NJ
57. D. Forman Are nitrates a significant risk factor in human cancer Cancer Surv 8 1989 443
58. D. Forman D.G. Newell F. Fullerton Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: Evidence from a prospective investigation BMJ 302 1991 1302
59. M.D. Gammon J.B. Schoenberg H. Ahsan Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia J Natl Cancer Inst 89 1997 1277
60. Y.T. Gao J.K. McLaughlin W.J. Blot Reduced risk of esophageal cancer associated with green tea consumption J Natl Cancer Inst 86 1994 855
61. C. Garland E. Barrett-Connor A.H. Rossof Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: A 19-year prospective study in men Lancet 1 1985 307
62. C.F. Garland F.C. Garland E.K. Shaw Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: Eight-year prospective study Lancet 2 1989 1176
63. P. Ghadirian Thermal irritation and esophageal cancer in northern Iran Cancer 60 1987 1909
64. E. Giovannucci Insulin and colon cancer Cancer Causes Control 6 1995 164
65. E. Giovannucci A. Ascherio E.B. Rimm Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men Ann Intern Med 122 1995 327
66. E. Giovannucci E.B. Rimm A. Ascherio Alcohol, low-methionine-low-folate-diets, and risk of colon cancer in men J Natl Cancer Inst 87 1995 265
67. E. Giovannucci E.B. Rimm M.J. Stampfer Intake of fat, meat and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men Cancer Res 54 1994 2390
68. E. Giovannucci M.J. Stampfer G. Colditz Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men J Natl Cancer Inst 84 1992 91
69. E. Giovannucci M.J. Stampfer G.A. Colditz Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma J Natl Cancer Inst 85 1993 875
70. E. Giovannucci W.C. Willett Dietary factors and risk of colon cancer Ann Med 26 1994 443
71. S.E. Goelz B. Vogelstein S.R. Hamilton Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms Science 228 1985 187
72. Goldbohm R.A. van den Brandt P.A. van't Veer P. A prospective cohort study on the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer Cancer Res 54 1994 718
73. S. Graham H. Dayal T. Rohner Dentition, diet, tobacco and alcohol in the epidemiology of oral cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 59 1977 1611
74. S. Graham B. Haughey J. Marshall Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer Nutr Cancer 13 1990 19
75. S. Graham J. Marshall B. Haughey Nutritional epidemiology of cancer of the esophagus Am J Epidemiol 131 1990 454
76. J. Gredaniel P. Boffetta E. Buiatti Tobacco smoking and gastric cancer: Review and meta-analysis Int J Cancer 72 1997 565
77. E.R. Greenberg J.A. Baron M.R. Karagas Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation JAMA 275 1996 699
78. E.R. Greenberg J.A. Baron T.D. Tosteson A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma N Engl J Med 331 1994 141
79. G. Gridley J.K. McLaughlin G. Block Diet and oral and pharyngeal cancer among blacks Nutr Cancer 14 1990 219
80. G. Gridley J.K. McLaughlin G. Block Vitamin supplement use and reduced risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer Am J Epidemiol 135 1992 1083
81. W. Haenszel M. Kurihara Studies of Japanese migrants: I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States J Natl Cancer Inst 40 1968 43
82. W. Haenszel M. Kurihara F.B. Locke Stomach cancer in Japan J Natl Cancer Inst 56 1976 265
83. W. Haenszel F.B. Locke M. Segi A case-control study of large bowel cancer in Japan J Natl Cancer Inst 64 1980 17
84. C.H. Hennekens J.E. Buring J.E. Manson Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease N Engl J Med 334 1996 1145
85. J. Higginson Etiological factors in gastrointestinal cancer in man J Natl Cancer Inst 37 1966 527
86. M.H. Hill V.C. Aries Faecal steroid composition and its relationship to cancer of the large bowel J Pathol 104 1971 129
87. M.J. Hill B.C. Morson H.J.R. Bussey Aetiology of adenoma-carcinoma sequence in large bowel Lancet 1 1978 245
88. T. Hirayama Epidemiology of stomach cancer Gann Monogr Cancer Res 11 1971 3
89. T. Hirayama Life-style and Mortality: A Large-Scale Census-Based Cohort Study in Japan Basel, Karger 1990
90. A.D. Hitchins F.E. McDonough Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects of fermented milk Am J Clin Nutr 49 1989 675
91. J. Hoey C. Montvernay R. Lambert Wine and tobacco: Risk factors of gastric cancer in France Am J Epidemiol 113 1981 668
92. W.K. Hong J. Endicott L.M. Itri 13-cis retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia N Engl J Med 315 1986 1501
93. G.R. Howe E. Benito R. Castellato Dietary intake of fiber and decreased risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: Evidence from the combined analysis of 13 case-control studies J Natl Cancer Inst 84 1992 1887
94. K. Ibrahim N.A. Jafarey S.J. Zuberi Plasma vitamin “A” and carotene levels in squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and oropharynx Clin Oncol 2 1977 203
95. Iran-IARC Study Group Esophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: Results of population studies: A prodrome J Natl Cancer Inst 59 1977 1127
96. J.V. Joossens M.J. Hill P. Elliott Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries Int J Epidemiol 25 1996 494
97. G.C. Kabat J.R. Hebert E.L. Wynder Risk factors for oral cancer in women Cancer Res 49 1989 2803
98. G.C. Kabat S.K. Ng E.L. Wynder Tobacco, alcohol intake and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia Cancer Causes Control 4 1993 123
99. P. Knekt A. Reunanen H. Takkunen Body iron stores and risk of cancer Int J Cancer 56 1994 379
100. R.W. Kneller J.K. McLaughlin E. Bjelke A cohort study of stomach cancer in a high risk population Cancer 68 1991 672
101. S. Kono T. Hirohata Nutrition and stomach cancer Cancer Causes Control 7 1996 41
102. R.M. Krauss R.J. Deckelbaum N. Ernst Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults: A statement for health professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association Circulation 94 1996 1795
103. R.J. Kuczmarski K.M. Flegal S.M. Campbell Increasing prevalence of overweight among U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys, 1960 to 1991 JAMA 272 1994 205
104. S. Kune G.M. Kune F. Watson Case-control study of dietary etiologic factors: The Melbourne colorectal cancer study Nutr Cancer 9 1987 21
105. S.J. Laken G.M. Petersen S.B. Gruber Familial colorectal cancer in ashkenazim due to a hypermutable tract in APC Nat Genet 17 1997 79
106. La Vecchia C. B. D'Avanzo L. Airoldi Nitrosamine intake and gastric cancer risk Eur J Cancer Prev 4 1995 469
107. La Vecchia C. E. Negri B. D'Avanzo Dietary indicators of oral and pharyngeal cancer Int J Epidemiol 20 1991 39
108. J.Y. Li P.R. Taylor B. Li Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with eophageal dysplasia J Natl Cancer Inst 85 1993 1492
109. S.M. Lippman J.G. Batsakis B.B. Toth Comparison of low-dose isotretinoin with beta-carotene to prevent oral carcinogenesis N Engl J Med 328 1993 15
110. P. Lointier M.J. Wargovich S. Saez The role of vitamin D3 in the proliferation of a human colon cancer cell line in vitro Anticancer Res 7 1987 817
111. L. Lopez-Carrillo M.H. Avila R. Dubrow Chili pepper consumption and gastric cancer in Mexico: A case-control study Am J Epidemiol 139 1994 263
112. J.L. Lyon A.W. Mahoney Fried foods and the risk of colon cancer Am J Epidemiol 128 1988 1000
113. G.J. Macfarlane P. Boyle T.V. Evstifeeva Rising trends of oral cancer mortality among males worldwide: The return of an old public health problem Cancer Causes Control 5 1994 259
114. G.J. Macfarlane T. Zheng J.R. Marshall Alcohol, tobacco, diet and the risk of oral cancer: A pooled analysis of three case-control studies Eur J Cancer 31B 1995 181
115. J. Marshall S. Graham C. Mettlin Diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer Nutr Cancer 3 1982 145
116. J.R. Marshall P. Boyle Nutrition and oral cancer Cancer Causes Control 7 1996 101
117. J.R. Marshall S. Graham B.P. Haughey Smoking, alcohol, dentition and diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer Oral Oncol Eur J Cancer 28B 1992 9
118. P. Marteau P. Pochart B. Flourie Effects of chronic ingestion of a fermented dairy product containing lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium bifidum on metabolic activities of the colonic flora in humans Am J Clin Nutr 52 1990 685
119. I. Martinez Factors associated with cancer of the esophagus, mouth and pharynx in Puerto Rico J Natl Cancer Inst 42 1969 1069
120. G. McKeown-Eyssen C. Holloway V. Jazmaji A randomized trial of vitamins C and E in the prevention of recurrence of colorectal polyps Cancer Res 48 1988 4701
121. J.K. McLaughlin G. Gridley G. Block Dietary factors in oral and pharyngeal cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 80 1988 1237
122. F. Megraud Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22 1993 73
123. C. Mettlin S. Graham R. Priore Diet and cancer of the esophagus Nutr Cancer 2 1981 143
124. S.S. Mirvish Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer Cancer 58 1986 1842
125. S.S. Mirvish The etiology of gastric cancer: Intragastric nitrosamide formation and other theories J Natl Cancer Inst 71 1983 629
126. N. Munoz M. Hayashi L. Jian-Bang Effect of riboflavine, retinol and zinc on micronuclei of buccal mucosa and esophagus: A randomized double-blind intervention study in China J Natl Cancer Inst 79 1987 687
127. N. Munoz J. Wahrendorf L. Fian-Bang No effect of riboflavine, retinol and zinc on prevalence of precancerous lesions of esophagus Lancet 2 1985 111
128. J.E. Muscat E.L. Wynder The consumption of well-done red meat and the risk of colorectal cancer Am J Public Health 84 1994 856
129. A. Nandakumar K.T. Thimmasetty N.M. Sreeramareddy A population-based case-control investigation on cancers of the oral cavity in Bangalore, India Br J Cancer 62 1990 847
130. National Research Council, Committee on Diet and Health Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk 1989 National Academy Press Washington, DC
131. C.M. Nazario M. Szklo E. Diamond Salt and gastric cancer: A case-control study in Puerto Rico Int J Epidemiol 22 1993 790
132. R.L. Nelson S.J. Yoo J.C. Tanure The effect of iron on experimental colorectal carcinogenesis Anticancer Res 9 1989 1477
133. A.I. Neuget M. Hayek G. Howe Epidemiology of gastric cancer Semin Oncol 23 1996 281
134. H.L. Newmark M.J. Wargovich W.R. Bruce Colon cancer and dietary fat, phosphate and calcium: A hypothesis J Natl Cancer Inst 72 1984 1323
135. A. Nomura J.S. Grove G.N. Stemmermann A prospective study of stomach cancer and its relation to diet, cigarettes and alcohol consumption Cancer Res 50 1990 627
136. A. Nomura G.N. Stemmermann P.H. Chyou Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii N Engl J Med 325 1991 1132
137. P.N. Notani K. Jayant Role of diet in upper digestive cancers Nutr Cancer 10 1987 103
138. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans ed 4 1995 US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services Washington, DC
139. G.S. Omenn G.E. Goodman M.D. Thornquist Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease N Engl J Med 334 1996 1189
140. G.M. Paganelli G. Biasco G. Brandi Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas J Natl Cancer Inst 84 1992 47
141. S.L. Parker T. Tong S. Bolden Cancer statistics, 1997 CA Cancer J Clin 47 1997 5
142. D. Parkin C. Muir S. Whelan Cancer Incidence in Five Continents 1992 IARC Scientific Publications Lyon, France
143. J. Parsonnet G.D. Friedman D.P. Vandersteen Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma N Engl J Med 325 1991 1127
144. B.C. Pence F. Buddingh Inhibition of dietary fat-promoted colon carcinogenesis in rats by supplemental calcium or vitamin D3 Carcinogenesis 9 1988 187
145. Perdigon G. Nader de Macias M.E. S. Alvarez Effect of a mixture of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus administered orally on the immune system in mice J Food Protect 49 1986 986
146. J.D. Potter Nutrition and colorectal cancer Cancer Causes Control 7 1996 127
147. J.D. Potter The epidemiology of colorectal cancer Young G.P. Levin B. Rozen P. Prevention and Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer: Principles and Practice 1995 WB Saunders London
148. J.D. Potter M.L. Slattery R.M. Bostick Colon cancer: A review of the epidemiology Epidemiol Rev 15 1993 499
149. J. Powell C. McConkey Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and adjacent sites Br J Cancer 62 1990 440
150. J.M. Ramon L. Serra C. Cerdo Dietary factors and gastric cancer risk: A case-control study in Spain Cancer 71 1993 1731
151. R. Ranken R. Wilson P.M. Bealmear Increased turnover of intestinal mucosal cell of germfree mice induced by cholic acid Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138 1971 230
152. B.S. Reddy Nutritional factors and colon cancer Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 35 1995 175
153. B.S. Reddy K. Watanabe J.H. Weisberger Promoting effect of bile acids in colon carcinogenesis in germ-free and conventional F344 rats Cancer Res 37 1977 3238
154. H.A. Risch M. Jain N.W. Choi Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach Am J Epidemiol 122 1985 947
155. M.A.M. Rogers D.B. Thomas S. Davis A case-control study of element levels and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2 1993 305
156. M.A.M. Rogers D.B. Thomas S. Davis A case-control study of oral cancer and pre-diagnostic concentrations of selenium and zinc in nail tissue Int J Cancer 48 1991 182
157. L. Roncucci P. DiDonato L. Carati Antioxidant vitamins or lactulose for the prevention of the recurrence of colorectal adenomas Dis Colon Rectum 36 1993 227
158. M.A. Rossing T.L. Vaughan B. McKnight Diet and pharyngeal cancer Int J Cancer 44 1989 593
159. K. Rothman A. Keller The effect of joint exposure to alcohol and tobacco on risk of cancer of the mouth and pharynx J Chronic Dis 25 1972 711
160. B. Ruiz J.C. Rood E.T.H. Fontham Vitamin C concentration in gastric juice before and after anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment Am J Gastroenterol 89 1994 533
161. L.A. Schackelford D.R. Rao C.B. Chawan Effect of feeding fermented milk on the incidence of chemically induced colon tumours in rats Nutr Cancer 5 1983 159
162. M.H. Schiffman J.S. Felton Fried foods and the risk of colon cancer [letter] Am J Epidemiol 131 1990 376
163. M. Segi Tea-gruel as a possible factor for cancer of the oesophagus Gann 66 1975 199
164. C.P. Siegers D. Bumann G. Baretton Dietary iron enhances the tumour rate in dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice Cancer Lett 41 1988 251
165. M. Slattery J.D. Potter G.D. Friedman Tobacco use and colon cancer Int J Cancer 70 1997 259
166. K. Steinmetz J.D. Potter Vegetables, fruits, and cancer: II. Mechanisms Cancer Causes Control 2 1991 427
167. K.A. Steinmetz L.H. Kushi R.M. Bostick Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study Am J Epidemiol 139 1994 1
168. R.G. Stevens D.Y. Jones M.S. Micozzi Body iron stores and the risk of cancer N Engl J Med 319 1988 1047
169. H.F. Stich A.P. Hornby B. Mathew Response of oral leukoplakias to the administration of vitamin A Cancer Lett 40 1988 83
170. H.F. Stich M.P. Rosin A.P. Hornby Remission of oral leukoplakias and micronuclei in tobacco quid chewers treated with beta-carotene and with beta-carotene plus vitamin A Int J Cancer 42 1988 195
171. T. Sugimura S. Sato Mutagens—carcinogens in foods Cancer Res 43 1983 2415s
172. T. Tanaka Chemoprevention of oral carcinogenesis Oral Oncol Eur J Cancer 316 1995 3
173. M.J. Thun E.E. Calle M.M. Namboodiri Risk factors for fatal cancer in a large prospective study J Natl Cancer Inst 84 1992 1491
174. D.I. Thurnham P. Rathakette K.M. Hambidge Riboflavin, vitamin A, and zinc status in Chinese subjects in a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 36C 1982 337
175. B. Trock E. Lanza P. Greenwald Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: Critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence J Natl Cancer Inst 82 1990 650
176. S. Tsugane M. Akabane T. Inami Urinary salt intake excretion and stomach cancer mortality among four Japanese populations Cancer Causes Control 2 1991 165
177. S. Tsugane M. Kabuto H. Imai Helicobacter pylori, dietary factors, and atrophic gastritis in five Japanese populations with different gastric cancer mortality Cancer Causes Control 4 1993 297
178. A.J. Tuyns E. Riboli G. Doombos Diet and esophageal cancer in Calvados (France) Nutr Cancer 9 1987 81
179. A. Tzonou L. Lipworth A. Garidou Diet and risk of esophageal cancer by histologic type in a low-risk population Int J Cancer 68 1996 300
180. Van Rensburg S.J. E.S. Bradshaw D. Bradshaw Oesophageal cancer in Zulu men, South Africa: A case-control study Br J Cancer 51 1985 399
181. A. Vassallo P. Correa de Stefani E. Esophageal cancer in Uruguay: A case control study J Natl Cancer Inst 75 1985 1005
182. T.L. Vaughan S. Davis A. Kristal Obesity, alcohol and tobacco as risk factors for cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia: Adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4 1995 85
183. C.G. Victora N. Munoz N.E. Day Hot beverages and oesophageal cancer in southern Brazil: A case control study Int J Cancer 39 1987 710
184. J. Wahrendorf N. Munoz L. Jiang-Bang Blood retinol, zinc, and riboflavine status in relation to precancerous lesions of the esophagus: Findings from a vitamin intervention trial in the People's Republic of China Cancer Res 48 1988 2280
185. I.R. Walker R.G. Strickland B. Ungar Simple atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma Gut 12 1971 906
186. M.J. Wargovich A.R. Baer Basic and clinical investigations of dietary calcium in the prevention of colorectal cancer Prev Med 18 1989 672
187. M.J. Wargovich V.W.S. Eng H. Newmark Calcium inhibits the damaging and compensatory proliferative effects of fatty acids on mouse colon epithelium Cancer Lett 23 1984 253
188. J.H. Weisburger N.E. Spingarm Mutagens as a function of mode of cooking of meats Miller E.C. Naturally Occurring Carcinogens—Mutagens and Modulators of Carcinogens 1979 University Park Press Baltimore 177
189. W.C. Willett Diet, nutrition, and avoidable cancer Environ Health Perspect 103 suppl 8 1995 165
190. W.C. Willett M.J. Stampfer G.A. Colditz Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women N Engl J Med 323 1990 1664
191. D.M. Winn Diet and nutrition in the etiology of oral cancer Am J Clin Nutr 61 suppl 1995 437S
192. D.M. Winn W.J. Blot J.K. McLaughlin Mouthwash use and oral conditions in the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer Cancer Res 51 1991 3044
193. A.H. Wu-Williams M.C. Yu T.M. Mack Lifestyle, workplace and stomach cancer by subsite in young men of Los Angeles county Cancer Res 50 1990 2569
194. E.L. Wynder T. Shigematsu Environmental factors of cancer of the colon and rectum Cancer 20 1967 1520
195. M.C. Yu D.H. Garabrant J.M. Peters Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation and carcinoma of the esophagus Cancer Res 48 1988 3845
196. Y. Yu P.R. Taylor J.Y. Li Retrospective cohort study of risk factors for oesophageal cancer in Linxian, People's Republic of China Cancer Causes Control 4 1993 195
197. H.M. Zhang N. Wakisaka O. Maeda Vitamin C inhibits the growth of a bacterial risk factor for gastric carcinoma: Helicobacter pylori Cancer 80 1997 1897
198. T. Zheng P. Boyle H. Hu Dentition, oral hygiene, and risk of oral cancer: A case-control study in the People's Republic of China Cancer Causes Control 1 1990 235
199. T. Zheng P. Boyle W.C. Willett A case-control study of oral cancer in Beijing, People's Republic of China: Associations with nutrient intakes, foods, and food groups Oral Oncol Eur J Cancer 29B 1993 45
200. W. Zheng W.J. Blot E.L. Diamond Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer Cancer Res 53 1993 795
201. W. Zheng W.J. Blot X.O. Shu Risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer in Shanghai, with emphasis on diet Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1 1992 441
202. R.G. Ziegler L.E. Morris W.J. Blot Esophageal cancer among Black men in Washington, DC: II. Role of nutrition J Natl Cancer Inst 67 1981 1199
203. J. Zimmerman Does dietary calcium supplementation reduce the risk of colon cancer? Nutr Rev 51 1993 109